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Kjørstad KE, Baksaas ST, Bundgaard D, Halbakken E, Hasselgård T, Jonung T, Jørgensen GT, Jørgensen JJ, Krog AH, Krohg-Sørensen K, Laxdal E, Mathisen SR, Oskarsson GV, Seljeskog S, Settemsdal I, Vetrhus M, Viddal BA, Wesche J, Aasgaard F, Mattsson E. Editor's Choice - The National Norwegian Carotid Study: Time from Symptom Onset to Surgery is too Long, Resulting in Additional Neurological Events. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2017; 54:415-422. [PMID: 28844552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND The objective was to observe for 1 year all patients in Norway operated on for symptomatic carotid stenosis with respect to (i) the time from the index event to surgery and neurological events during this time; (ii) the level in the healthcare system causing delay of surgical treatment; and (iii) the possible relationship between peri-operative use of platelet inhibitors and neurological events while awaiting surgery. METHODS This was a prospective national multicentre study of a consecutive series of symptomatic patients. Patients were eligible for inclusion when referred for surgery. An index event was defined as the neurological event prompting contact with the healthcare system. All 15 departments in Norway performing carotid endarterectomy (CEA) participated. RESULTS Three hundred and seventy one patients were eligible for inclusion between 1 April 2014 and 31 March 2015, and 368 patients (99.2%) were included. Fifty-four percent of the patients contacted their general practitioner on the day of the index event. Primary healthcare referred 84.2% of the patients to hospital on the same day as examined. In hospital median time from admission to referral for vascular surgery was 3 days. Median time between referral to the operating unit and actual CEA was 5 days. Overall, 61.7% of the patients were operated on within 2 weeks of the index event. Twelve patients (3.3%) suffered a new neurological event while awaiting surgery. The percentage of patients on dual antiplatelet therapy was lower (25.0%) in this group than among the other patients (62.6%) (p = .008). The combined 30 day mortality and stroke rate was 3.8%. CONCLUSION This national study with almost complete inclusion and follow-up shows that the delays occur mainly at patient level and in hospital. The delay is associated with new neurological events. Dual antiplatelet therapy is associated with reduced risk of having a new neurological event before surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Kjørstad
- University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | | - T Jonung
- Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - J J Jørgensen
- Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - A H Krog
- Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - K Krohg-Sørensen
- Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - E Laxdal
- Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - S Seljeskog
- Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | | | - M Vetrhus
- Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - B A Viddal
- Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - J Wesche
- University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - F Aasgaard
- St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - E Mattsson
- St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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52
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Dharmakidari S, Bhattacharya P, Chaturvedi S. Carotid Artery Stenosis: Medical Therapy, Surgery, and Stenting. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2017; 17:77. [DOI: 10.1007/s11910-017-0786-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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53
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Naylor AR. A Game of Unknowns. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017. [PMID: 28637696 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Ross Naylor
- From the Department of Vascular Surgery, Leicester Royal Infirmary, United Kingdom.
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Bissacco D, Carmo M, Barbetta I, Dallatana R, Settembrini PG. Medical Therapy Before Carotid Endarterectomy: Changes Over a 13-Year Period and Comparison Between Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Patients. Angiology 2017; 69:113-119. [PMID: 28446026 DOI: 10.1177/0003319717706626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the evolution of chronic medical therapy in patients admitted for carotid endarterectomy (CEA) over a 13-year period and to analyze the difference in medical treatment between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. A retrospective study was conducted on patients treated between 2002 and 2015. The use of antiplatelets (acetylsalicylic acid [ASA], ticlopidine, and clopidogrel), oral anticoagulant therapy (OAT), statins and antihypertensives (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors [ACE-I]/angiotensin receptor blockers [ARBs], β-blockers [BB]) administration was evaluated. During the study period, 852 CEAs were performed in 681 (79.9%) asymptomatic patients. Prescription rate increased significantly for ASA (+29.2%), clopidogrel (+10.3%), statins (+60.8%), ACE-I/ARBs (+31.1%), and BB (+19.3%; all Ptrend < .05). No significant modification was observed for ticlopidine and OAT (ticlopidine use was abandoned in the recent years, but this difference was not significant due to the small numbers). A lower medication intake was recorded for symptomatic patients when compared with asymptomatic patients, except for OAT and clopidogrel. Our analysis suggests that medical therapy has changed over the years for patients with carotid stenosis. Although this is a big step toward best medical therapy, preoperative drug therapy remains suboptimal in symptomatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bissacco
- 1 Division of Vascular Surgery, Ospedale San Carlo Borromeo, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Carmo
- 1 Division of Vascular Surgery, Ospedale San Carlo Borromeo, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Iacopo Barbetta
- 1 Division of Vascular Surgery, Ospedale San Carlo Borromeo, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaello Dallatana
- 1 Division of Vascular Surgery, Ospedale San Carlo Borromeo, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
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Illuminati G, Schneider F, Pizzardi G, Masci F, Calio' FG, Ricco JB. Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Does Not Increase the Risk of Bleeding After Carotid Endarterectomy: Results of a Prospective Study. Ann Vasc Surg 2017; 40:39-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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56
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Naylor AR. Medical treatment strategies to reduce perioperative morbidity and mortality after carotid surgery. Semin Vasc Surg 2017; 30:17-24. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semvascsurg.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Rathenborg LK. Commentary on 'Protamine Reduces Bleeding Complications Without Increasing the Risk of Stroke After Carotid Endarterectomy: A Meta-analysis'. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2016; 52:308. [PMID: 27424007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L K Rathenborg
- Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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58
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Chisci E, Rehring TF, Pigozzi C, Colon S, Borgheresi A, Tramacere L, Ercolini L, Michelagnoli S. Cranial nerve injury is associated with dual antiplatelet therapy use and cervical hematoma after carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg 2016; 64:985-989.e2. [PMID: 27266596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2016.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine predictors of cranial nerve injury (CNI) after carotid endarterectomy (CEA). METHODS Consecutive CEAs performed over a 5-year period were enrolled in this study. Outcomes analyzed included 30-day major adverse event rate (composite of stroke, death, and myocardial infarction), death, stroke, disabling stroke, myocardial infarction, cervical hematoma and CNI rate, reoperation, and hospital readmission at 30 days. RESULTS There were 1258 CEAs were included in the study, 1168 (93%) were performed using an eversion technique. Patients with symptoms comprised 27% of the cohort (n = 340). At 30 days, there were no deaths, 23 major adverse events (1.8%), 11 strokes (0.9%: nine minor, two major), 12 myocardial infarctions (0.9%), 41 cervical hematomas (3.3%), 9 reoperations (0.7%) and 10 hospital readmissions (0.8%). Median duration of stay was 1 day (interquartile range, 1-2 days). CNI rate at discharge was 2.3% (n = 29). Two patients (9%) had more than one cranial nerve affected. The marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve was most frequently involved (n = 16; 52%), followed by the hypoglossal (n = 9; 29%), the vagus (n = 4; 13%), and the spinal accessory nerve (n = 2; 6%). Horner's syndrome, consistent with an injury to the cervical sympathetic chain, occurred in 13 patients (1%) who had a true cranial nerve affected as well. The vast majority (94%) of these CNIs and all Horner's syndrome neurapraxias were transient; only the two accessory lesions persisted at their follow-up visit (median, 32 months; range, 8-72 months). Significant predictors for CNI included diabetes (odds ratio [OR], 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-6.2; P = .048), cervical hematoma (OR, 41.7; 95% CI, 13.8-125.4; P < .001), and dual antiplatelet therapy (OR, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.7-11.4; P = .002). CONCLUSIONS CNI is predominantly a transient complication, but is associated significantly with dual antiplatelet therapy use and the occurrence of a postoperative cervical hematoma. Scrupulous attention to hemostasis might reduce the incidence of CNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Chisci
- Department of Surgery, Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Unit, "San Giovanni di Dio" Hospital, Florence, Italy.
| | - Thomas F Rehring
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Permanente Colorado Region, Denver, Colo
| | - Clara Pigozzi
- Department of Surgery, Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Unit, "San Giovanni di Dio" Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Serena Colon
- Department of Medicine, Neurology Unit, "San Giovanni di Dio" Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Borgheresi
- Department of Medicine, Neurology Unit, "San Giovanni di Dio" Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Luciana Tramacere
- Department of Medicine, Neurology Unit, "San Giovanni di Dio" Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Leonardo Ercolini
- Department of Surgery, Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Unit, "San Giovanni di Dio" Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Michelagnoli
- Department of Surgery, Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Unit, "San Giovanni di Dio" Hospital, Florence, Italy
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Qureshi MI, Davies AH. Carotid intervention following transient ischaemic attack: What are we waiting for? Vascular 2016; 24:556-8. [PMID: 27136949 DOI: 10.1177/1708538116648063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Transient ischaemic attack secondary to carotid stenosis has the highest risk of stroke recurrence compared with other aetiological subtypes. International guidelines advocate carotid intervention within one to two weeks of the index neurological event. Traditionally, delayed carotid intervention was perceived to be a safer management strategy, yet classic trials of endarterectomy and recent meta-analysis of carotid intervention demonstrate the safety of hyperacute carotid intervention. Data from international studies suggest that targets are not being met, the reasons for which are multifactorial, but patients suffering transient or ocular symptoms are particularly delayed. Efforts should be made to conduct regional studies investigating the root causes of delayed intervention, with subsequent policy adjustment to expedite intervention, and interim optimisation of medical management to reduce the incidence of recurrent stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alun H Davies
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Imperial College London, UK
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60
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Naylor AR. Invited commentary. J Vasc Surg 2016; 63:1271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jones DW, Goodney PP, Conrad MF, Nolan BW, Rzucidlo EM, Powell RJ, Cronenwett JL, Stone DH. Dual antiplatelet therapy reduces stroke but increases bleeding at the time of carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg 2016; 63:1262-1270.e3. [PMID: 26947237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Controversy persists regarding the perioperative management of clopidogrel among patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA). This study examined the effect of preoperative dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin and clopidogrel) on in-hospital CEA outcomes. METHODS Patients undergoing CEA in the Vascular Quality Initiative were analyzed (2003-2014). Patients on clopidogrel and aspirin (dual therapy) were compared with patients taking aspirin alone preoperatively. Study outcomes included reoperation for bleeding and thrombotic complications defined as transient ischemic attack (TIA), stroke, or myocardial infarction. Secondary outcomes were in-hospital death and composite stroke/death. Univariate and multivariable analyses assessed differences in demographics and operative factors. Propensity score-matched cohorts were derived to control for subgroup heterogeneity. RESULTS Of 28,683 CEAs, 21,624 patients (75%) were on aspirin and 7059 (25%) were on dual therapy. Patients on dual therapy were more likely to have multiple comorbidities, including coronary artery disease (P < .001), congestive heart failure (P < .001), and diabetes (P < .001). Patients on dual therapy were also more likely to have a drain placed (P < .001) and receive protamine during CEA (P < .001). Multivariable analysis showed that dual therapy was independently associated with increased reoperation for bleeding (odds ratio [OR], 1.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20-2.42; P = .003) but was protective against TIA or stroke (OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.43-0.87; P = .007), stroke (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.41-0.97; P = .03), and stroke/death (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.44-0.98; P = .04). Propensity score matching yielded two groups of 4548 patients and showed that patients on dual therapy were more likely to require reoperation for bleeding (1.3% vs 0.7%; P = .004) but less likely to suffer TIA or stroke (0.9% vs 1.6%; P = .002), stroke (0.6% vs 1.0%; P = .04), or stroke/death (0.7% vs 1.2%; P = .03). Within the propensity score-matched groups, patients on dual therapy had increased rates of reoperation for bleeding regardless of carotid symptom status. However, asymptomatic patients on dual therapy demonstrated reduced rates of TIA or stroke (0.6% vs 1.5%; P < .001), stroke (0.4% vs 0.9%; P = .01), and composite stroke/death (0.5% vs 1.0%; P = .02). Among propensity score-matched patients with symptomatic carotid disease, these differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative dual antiplatelet therapy was associated with a 40% risk reduction for neurologic events but also incurred a significant increased risk of reoperation for bleeding after CEA. Given its observed overall neurologic protective effect, continued dual antiplatelet therapy throughout the perioperative period is justified. Initiating dual therapy in all patients undergoing CEA may lead to decreased neurologic complication rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Jones
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass
| | - Philip P Goodney
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH; The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Hanover, NH
| | - Mark F Conrad
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Brian W Nolan
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH; The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Hanover, NH
| | - Eva M Rzucidlo
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Richard J Powell
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Jack L Cronenwett
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH; The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Hanover, NH
| | - David H Stone
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH.
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