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Eilenberg W, Stojkovic S, Piechota-Polanczyk A, Kaider A, Kozakowski N, Weninger WJ, Nanobachvili J, Wojta J, Huk I, Demyanets S, Neumayer C. Neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) is elevated in type 2 diabetics with carotid artery stenosis and reduced under metformin treatment. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2017; 16:98. [PMID: 28789657 PMCID: PMC5549375 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-017-0579-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), an acute phase protein released by neutrophils, has been described as biomarker of inflammatory states. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by increased inflammation and an elevated risk for embolization of carotid artery stenosis (CAS). We aimed to explore the role of NGAL systemically and in plaques of diabetics undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Moreover, the potential anti-inflammatory effect of metformin on NGAL was addressed in diabetics. Methods Serum NGAL and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9/NGAL levels were measured in 136 patients (67 with T2DM vs. 69 non-diabetics) by specific ELISA. Endarterectomy samples were graded histologically according to the American Heart Association´s classification. NGAL mRNA expression was detected using RealTime-PCR in carotid endarterectomy specimens. Results Serum NGAL [median 107.4 ng/ml (quartiles: 75.2–145.0) vs. 64.4 (50.4 –81.3), p < 0.0001] and MMP-9/NGAL [41.5 ng/ml (20.8–63.9) vs. 27.6 (16.0–42.4), p = 0.017] were significantly elevated in diabetics compared to non-diabetics, as were leukocytes, neutrophils, C-reactive protein and fibrinogen (all p < 0.05). In patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic CAS diabetics had higher NGAL levels compared to non-diabetics [128.8 ng/ml (100.8–195.6) vs. 64.8 (48.9–82.2] and [101.6 ng/ml (70.1–125.3) vs. 63.8 (51.0–81.3), respectively, both p < 0.0001]. Presence of T2DM and type VI plaques (with surface defect, hemorrhage or thrombus) had a profound impact on NGAL levels (both p < 0.01) in multiple linear regression analysis. NGAL mRNA was detectable in 95% of analyzed carotid artery lesions of diabetics compared to 5% of non-diabetics (p < 0.0001). Accordingly, cerebral embolization was more frequent in diabetics (52.2% vs. 29%, p = 0.006). Metformin treatment was associated with decreased NGAL [60.7 ng/ml (51.9–69.2) vs. 121.7 (103.7–169.9), p < 0.0001] and MMP-9/NGAL [20.8 ng/ml (12.1–26.5) vs. 53.7 (27.4–73.4), p = 0.007] in diabetics and reduced leukocyte infiltration in carotid lesions of diabetics. Conclusions Higher NGAL levels in serum and plaques are associated with T2DM in patients with CAS. Metformin significantly reduced the inflammatory burden including NGAL in diabetics. Early treatment of these patients may be recommended, as elevated NGAL levels were linked with vulnerable plaques prone for embolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Eilenberg
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Stojkovic
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Piechota-Polanczyk
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - A Kaider
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - N Kozakowski
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - W J Weninger
- Center of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Nanobachvili
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Wojta
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - I Huk
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Demyanets
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Neumayer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland.
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Insights from lncRNAs Profiling of MIN6 Beta Cells Undergoing Inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:9275106. [PMID: 27698546 PMCID: PMC5028877 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9275106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease characterized by chronic and progressive apoptotic destruction of pancreatic beta cells. During the initial phases of T1DM, cytokines and other inflammatory mediators released by immune cells progressively infiltrate islet cells, induce alterations in gene expression, provoke functional impairment, and ultimately lead to apoptosis. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a new important class of pervasive genes that have a variety of biological functions and play key roles in many diseases. However, whether they have a function in cytokine-induced beta cell apoptosis is still uncertain. In this study, lncRNA microarray technology was used to identify the differently expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs in MIN6 cells exposed to proinflammatory cytokines. Four hundred forty-four upregulated and 279 downregulated lncRNAs were detected with a set filter fold-change ≧2.0. To elucidate the potential functions of these lncRNAs, Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway analyses were used to evaluate the potential functions of differentially expressed lncRNAs. Additionally, a lncRNA-mRNA coexpression network was constructed to predict the interactions between the most strikingly regulated lncRNAs and mRNAs. This study may be utilized as a background or reference resource for future functional studies on lncRNAs related to the diagnosis and development of new therapies for T1DM.
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Stojkovic S, Kaun C, Basilio J, Rauscher S, Hell L, Krychtiuk KA, Bonstingl C, de Martin R, Gröger M, Ay C, Holnthoner W, Eppel W, Neumayer C, Huk I, Huber K, Demyanets S, Wojta J. Tissue factor is induced by interleukin-33 in human endothelial cells: a new link between coagulation and inflammation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25171. [PMID: 27142573 PMCID: PMC4855148 DOI: 10.1038/srep25171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is the primary trigger of coagulation. Elevated levels of TF are found in atherosclerotic plaques, and TF leads to thrombus formation when released upon plaque rupture. Interleukin (IL)-33 was previously shown to induce angiogenesis and inflammatory activation of endothelial cells (ECs). Here, we investigated the impact of IL-33 on TF in human ECs, as a possible new link between inflammation and coagulation. IL-33 induced TF mRNA and protein in human umbilical vein ECs and coronary artery ECs. IL-33-induced TF expression was ST2- and NF-κB-dependent, but IL-1-independent. IL-33 also increased cell surface TF activity in ECs and TF activity in ECs-derived microparticles. IL-33-treated ECs reduced coagulation time of whole blood and plasma but not of factor VII-deficient plasma. In human carotid atherosclerotic plaques (n = 57), TF mRNA positively correlated with IL-33 mRNA expression (r = 0.691, p < 0.001). In this tissue, IL-33 and TF protein was detected in ECs and smooth muscle cells by immunofluorescence. Furthermore, IL-33 and TF protein co-localized at the site of clot formation within microvessels in plaques of patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis. Through induction of TF in ECs, IL-33 could enhance their thrombotic capacity and thereby might impact on thrombus formation in the setting of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Stojkovic
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Kaun
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Jose Basilio
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Lena Hell
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Clinical Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Cornelia Bonstingl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer de Martin
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Marion Gröger
- Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Cihan Ay
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Clinical Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holnthoner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Centre, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Eppel
- Department of Obstetrics, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Neumayer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Ihor Huk
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Kurt Huber
- 3rd Medical Department for Cardiology and Emergency Medicine, Wilhelminen Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Svitlana Demyanets
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Wojta
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria.,Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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