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Dimopoulos MA, Leleu X, Palumbo A, Moreau P, Delforge M, Cavo M, Ludwig H, Morgan GJ, Davies FE, Sonneveld P, Schey SA, Zweegman S, Hansson M, Weisel K, Mateos MV, Facon T, Miguel JFS. Expert panel consensus statement on the optimal use of pomalidomide in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2014; 28:1573-85. [PMID: 24496300 PMCID: PMC4131249 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this report, a panel of European myeloma experts discuss the role of pomalidomide in the treatment of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). Based on the available evidence, the combination of pomalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone is a well-tolerated and effective treatment option for patients with RRMM who have exhausted treatment with lenalidomide and bortezomib. The optimal starting dose of pomalidomide is 4 mg given on days 1-21 of each 28-day cycle, whereas dexamethasone is administered at a dose of 40 mg weekly (reduced to 20 mg for patients aged >75 years). The treatment should continue until evidence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Dose-modification schemes have been established for patients who develop neutropenia, thrombocytopaenia and other grade 3-4 adverse events during pomalidomide therapy. Guidance on the prevention and management of infections and venous thromboembolism is provided, based on the available clinical evidence and the experience of panel members. The use of pomalidomide in special populations, such as patients with advanced age, renal impairment or unfavourable cytogenetic features, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - X Leleu
- Service des Maladies du Sang, Hôpital Huriez, CHRU Lille, Lille, France
| | - A Palumbo
- Divisione di Ematologia dell'Università di Torino, Azienda Ospedaliera S Giovanni Battista, Turin, Italy
| | - P Moreau
- Service d'Hematologie, CHU, Nantes, France
| | - M Delforge
- University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Cavo
- Seràgnoli Institute of Hematology, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - H Ludwig
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Oncology and Hematology, Wilhelminenhospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - G J Morgan
- Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - F E Davies
- Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - P Sonneveld
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S A Schey
- Department of Haemato-oncology, King's College Hospital and King's College London, London, UK
| | - S Zweegman
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Hansson
- Department of Hematology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - K Weisel
- University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - M V Mateos
- Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, CIC, IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - T Facon
- Service des Maladies du Sang, Hôpital Huriez, CHRU Lille, Lille, France
| | - J F S Miguel
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro Investigaciones Medicas Aplicada (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
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Troeltzsch M, Oduncu F, Mayr D, Ehrenfeld M, Pautke C, Otto S. Root Resorption Caused by Jaw Infiltration of Multiple Myeloma: Report of a Case and Literature Review. J Endod 2014; 40:1260-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Mark TM, Coleman M, Niesvizky R. Preclinical and clinical results with pomalidomide in the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Leuk Res 2014; 38:517-24. [PMID: 24690110 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite the evolution of effective frontline treatment strategies, many patients with myeloma inevitably relapse. Treatment can be complicated by the interplay of disease-, treatment-, and patient-related factors. Unfortunately, many patients eventually develop disease that is refractory to lenalidomide and bortezomib and have few treatment options. Pomalidomide is a distinct IMiD agent recently approved in the US and Europe. We review the pomalidomide mechanism of action, summarizing its direct antimyeloma, immunomodulatory, and stromal-support inhibitory activities. We also detail its clinical development, including establishment of the approved dose/schedule, phase 2 and 3 trials in relapsed and refractory patients, and novel pomalidomide-based combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer M Mark
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital - Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Morton Coleman
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital - Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruben Niesvizky
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital - Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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55
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Forsberg PA, Mark TM. Pomalidomide in the treatment of relapsed multiple myeloma. Future Oncol 2014; 9:939-48. [PMID: 23837756 DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel agents bortezomib and lenalidomide improve outcomes in multiple myeloma, yet most patients will relapse after exhausting treatment. Management of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) is challenging owing to disease-, patient- and treatment-related factors, and new therapies for these patients are required. Pomalidomide (POM) is an immunomodulatory compound that has been recently approved in the USA for the treatment of RRMM after two prior therapies, including lenalidomide and bortezomib. POM has several potential mechanisms of action and has a unique pharmacokinetic profile. Several trials demonstrate the efficacy and safety of POM in RRMM, including subjects refractory to lenalidomide and bortezomib. Herein, POM is reviewed as a clinically active new treatment option for RRMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Forsberg
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, NY 10021, USA
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56
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Semeraro M, Vacchelli E, Eggermont A, Galon J, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Lenalidomide-based immunochemotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e26494. [PMID: 24482747 PMCID: PMC3897503 DOI: 10.4161/onci.26494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lenalidomide is a synthetic derivative of thalidomide currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for use in patients affected by multiple myeloma (in combination with dexamethasone) and low or intermediate-1 risk myelodysplastic syndromes that harbor 5q cytogenetic abnormalities. For illustrative purposes, the mechanism of action of lenalidomide can be subdivided into a cancer cell-intrinsic, a stromal, and an immunological component. Indeed, lenalidomide not only exerts direct cell cycle-arresting and pro-apoptotic effects on malignant cells, but also interferes with their physical and functional interaction with the tumor microenvironment and mediates a robust, pleiotropic immunostimulatory activity. In particular, lenalidomide has been shown to stimulate the cytotoxic functions of T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, to limit the immunosuppressive impact of regulatory T cells, and to modulate the secretion of a wide range of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α, interferon γ as well as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and IL-12. Throughout the last decade, the antineoplastic and immunostimulatory potential of lenalidomide has been investigated in patients affected by a wide variety of hematological and solid malignancies. Here, we discuss the results of these studies and review the status of clinical trials currently assessing the safety and efficacy of this potent immunomodulatory drug in oncological indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Semeraro
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U1015, CICBT507; Villejuif, France
| | - Erika Vacchelli
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France
| | | | - Jerome Galon
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI; Paris, France ; Equipe 15, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; INSERM, U872; Paris, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U1015, CICBT507; Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP; Paris, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
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Gay F, Mina R, Troia R, Bringhen S. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of pomalidomide for the treatment of myeloma. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:1517-27. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.827169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Tosi P. Diagnosis and treatment of bone disease in multiple myeloma: spotlight on spinal involvement. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:104546. [PMID: 24381787 PMCID: PMC3870870 DOI: 10.1155/2013/104546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone disease is observed in almost 80% of newly diagnosed symptomatic multiple myeloma patients, and spine is the bone site that is more frequently affected by myeloma-induced osteoporosis, osteolyses, or compression fractures. In almost 20% of the cases, spinal cord compression may occur; diagnosis and treatment must be carried out rapidly in order to avoid a permanent sensitive or motor defect. Although whole body skeletal X-ray is considered mandatory for multiple myeloma staging, magnetic resonance imaging is presently considered the most appropriate diagnostic technique for the evaluation of vertebral alterations, as it allows to detect not only the exact morphology of the lesions, but also the pattern of bone marrow infiltration by the disease. Multiple treatment modalities can be used to manage multiple myeloma-related vertebral lesions. Surgery or radiotherapy is mainly employed in case of spinal cord compression, impending fractures, or intractable pain. Percutaneous vertebroplasty or balloon kyphoplasty can reduce local pain in a significant fraction of treated patients, without interfering with subsequent therapeutic programs. Systemic antimyeloma therapy with conventional chemotherapy or, more appropriately, with combinations of conventional chemotherapy and compounds acting on both neoplastic plasma cells and bone marrow microenvironment must be soon initiated in order to reduce bone resorption and, possibly, promote bone formation. Bisphosphonates should also be used in combination with antimyeloma therapy as they reduce bone resorption and prolong patients survival. A multidisciplinary approach is thus needed in order to properly manage spinal involvement in multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Tosi
- Hematology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Infermi Hospital, Viale Settembrini 2, 47100 Rimini, Italy
- *Patrizia Tosi:
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Miceli TS, Colson K, Faiman BM, Miller K, Tariman JD. Maintaining bone health in patients with multiple myeloma: survivorship care plan of the International Myeloma Foundation Nurse Leadership Board. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2012; 15 Suppl:9-23. [PMID: 21816707 DOI: 10.1188/11.s1.cjon.9-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
About 90% of individuals with multiple myeloma will develop osteolytic bone lesions from increased osteoclastic and decreased osteoblastic activity. Severe morbidities from pathologic fractures and other skeletal events can lead to poor circulation, blood clots, muscle wasting, compromised performance status, and overall poor survival. Supportive care targeting bone disease is an essential adjunct to antimyeloma therapy. In addition, the maintenance of bone health in patients with multiple myeloma can significantly improve quality of life. Oncology nurses and other healthcare providers play a central role in the management of bone disease and maintenance throughout the course of treatment. Safe administration of bisphosphonates, promotion of exercise, maintenance of adequate nutrition, vitamin and mineral supplementation, scheduled radiographic examinations, and monitoring of bone complications are among the important functions that oncology nurses and healthcare providers perform in clinical practice.
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