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Martire S, Mosca L, d'Erme M. PARP-1 involvement in neurodegeneration: A focus on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Mech Ageing Dev 2015; 146-148:53-64. [PMID: 25881554 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage is the prime activator of the enzyme poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase1 (PARP-1) whose overactivation has been proven to be associated with the pathogenesis of numerous central nervous system disorders, such as ischemia, neuroinflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases. Under oxidative stress conditions PARP-1 activity increases, leading to an accumulation of ADP-ribose polymers and NAD(+) depletion, that induces energy crisis and finally cell death. This review aims to explain the contribution of PARP-1 in neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, to stimulate further studies on this issue and thereby engage a new perspective regarding the design of possible therapeutic agents or the identification of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Martire
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Roma, Italy
| | - Luciana Mosca
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Roma, Italy
| | - Maria d'Erme
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Roma, Italy.
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Ai Z, Li C, Li L, He G. Resveratrol inhibits β-amyloid-induced neuronal apoptosis via regulation of p53 acetylation in PC12 cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:2429-34. [PMID: 25483559 PMCID: PMC4337594 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.3034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural product resveratrol possesses diverse biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer and anti-aging effects in multiple organisms. The neuroprotective role of resveratrol has recently been reported in a cell model of amyloid (A)β(25–35)-induced neurotoxic injury using PC12 cells. However, the pathomechanism by which resveratrol inhibits neuronal apoptosis has remained to be elucidated. The present study therefore aimed to confirm the neuroprotective effects of resveratrol in an Aβ(25–35)-induced model of neurotoxicity in PC12 cells and elucidate the mechanisms underlying these effects. It was demonstrated that resveratrol exerted neuronal protection through inhibition of cell apoptosis, which was associated with an increased acetylation level of p53. In accordance with this effect, when the acetylation level of p53 was decreased by p53 acetylation inhibitor pifithrin-α, the protective effects of resveratrol were abrogated. In conclusion, it was revealed that resveratrol inhibited Aβ(25–35)-induced cell apoptosis via the acetylation of p53 in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibing Ai
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Chengyan Li
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Longti Li
- Department of Neurology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Guohou He
- Department of Neurology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
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53
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Ma T, Tan MS, Yu JT, Tan L. Resveratrol as a therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:350516. [PMID: 25525597 PMCID: PMC4261550 DOI: 10.1155/2014/350516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, but there is no effective therapy till now. The pathogenic mechanisms of AD are considerably complex, including Aβ accumulation, tau protein phosphorylation, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Exactly, resveratrol, a polyphenol in red wine and many plants, is indicated to show the neuroprotective effect on mechanisms mostly above. Recent years, there are numerous researches about resveratrol acting on AD in many models, both in vitro and in vivo. However, the effects of resveratrol are limited by its pool bioavailability; therefore researchers have been trying a variety of methods to improve the efficiency. This review summarizes the recent studies in cell cultures and animal models, mainly discusses the molecular mechanisms of the neuroprotective effects of resveratrol, and thus investigates the therapeutic potential in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Ma
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Hiser Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266034, China
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, No. 5 Donghai Middle Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Meng-Shan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, No. 5 Donghai Middle Road, Qingdao 266071, China
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, No. 5 Donghai Middle Road, Qingdao 266071, China
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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Pasinetti GM, Wang J, Ho L, Zhao W, Dubner L. Roles of resveratrol and other grape-derived polyphenols in Alzheimer's disease prevention and treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1852:1202-8. [PMID: 25315300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating disorder that strikes 1 in 10 Americans over the age of 65, and almost half of all Americans over 85 years old. The odds of an individual developing AD double every five years after the age of 65. While it has become increasingly common to meet heart attack or cancer survivors, there are no AD survivors. There is mounting evidence that dietary polyphenols, including resveratrol, may beneficially influence AD. Based on this consideration, several studies reported in the last few years were designed to validate sensitive and reliable translational tools to mechanistically characterize brain bioavailable polyphenols as disease-modifying agents to help prevent the onset of AD dementia and other neurodegenerative disorders. Several research groups worldwide with expertise in AD, plant biology, nutritional sciences, and botanical sciences have reported very high quality studies that ultimately provided the necessary information showing that polyphenols and their metabolites, which come from several dietary sources, including grapes, cocoa etc., are capable of preventing AD. The ultimate goal of these studies was to provide novel strategies to prevent the disease even before the onset of clinical symptoms. The studies discussed in this review article provide support that the information gathered in the last few years of research will have a major impact on AD prevention by providing vital knowledge on the protective roles of polyphenols, including resveratrol. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Resveratrol: Challenges in translating pre-clinical findings to improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Maria Pasinetti
- Department of Neurology, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Lap Ho
- Department of Neurology, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Lauren Dubner
- Department of Neurology, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Ma X, Sun Z, Liu Y, Jia Y, Zhang B, Zhang J. Resveratrol improves cognition and reduces oxidative stress in rats with vascular dementia. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:2050-9. [PMID: 25206513 PMCID: PMC4146064 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.22.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol possesses beneficial biological effects, which include anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties. Recently, resveratrol has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective effects in models of Parkinson's disease, cerebral ischemia and Alzheimer's disease. However, its effects on vascular dementia remain unclear. The present study established a rat model of vascular dementia using permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. At 8–12 weeks after model induction, rats were intragastrically administered 25 mg/kg resveratrol daily. Our results found that resveratrol shortened the escape latency and escape distances in the Morris water maze, and prolonged the time spent percentage and swimming distance percentage in the target quadrant during the probe test, indicating that resveratrol improved learning and memory ability in vascular dementia rats. Further experiments found that resveratrol decreased malonyldialdehyde levels, and increased superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione levels in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of vascular dementia rats. These results confirmed that the neuroprotective effects of resveratrol on vascular dementia were associated with its anti-oxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingrong Ma
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhikun Sun
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan Province, China
| | - Yanru Liu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Yanjie Jia
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Boai Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Jiewen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan Province, China
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Hottman DA, Chernick D, Cheng S, Wang Z, Li L. HDL and cognition in neurodegenerative disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 72 Pt A:22-36. [PMID: 25131449 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are a heterogeneous group of lipoproteins composed of various lipids and proteins. HDL is formed both in the systemic circulation and in the brain. In addition to being a crucial player in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway, HDL possesses a wide range of other functions including anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, pro-endothelial function, anti-thrombosis, and modulation of immune function. It has been firmly established that high plasma levels of HDL protect against cardiovascular disease. Accumulating evidence indicates that the beneficial role of HDL extends to many other systems including the central nervous system. Cognition is a complex brain function that includes all aspects of perception, thought, and memory. Cognitive function often declines during aging and this decline manifests as cognitive impairment/dementia in age-related and progressive neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A growing concern is that no effective therapy is currently available to prevent or treat these devastating diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that HDL may play a pivotal role in preserving cognitive function under normal and pathological conditions. This review attempts to summarize recent genetic, clinical and experimental evidence for the impact of HDL on cognition in aging and in neurodegenerative disorders as well as the potential of HDL-enhancing approaches to improve cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hottman
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Dustin Chernick
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Shaowu Cheng
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Li J, Feng L, Xing Y, Wang Y, Du L, Xu C, Cao J, Wang Q, Fan S, Liu Q, Fan F. Radioprotective and antioxidant effect of resveratrol in hippocampus by activating Sirt1. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:5928-39. [PMID: 24722566 PMCID: PMC4013605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15045928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species can lead to functional alterations in lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and an accumulation of ROS (Reactive oxygen species) is considered to be one factor that contributes to neurodegenerative changes. An increase in ROS production occurs following irradiation. Neuronal tissue is susceptible to oxidative stress because of its high oxygen consumption and modest antioxidant defenses. As a polyphenolic compound, resveratrol is frequently used as an activator of Sirt1 (Sirtuin 1). The present study was designed to explore the radioprotective and antioxidant effect of resveratrol on Sirt1 expression and activity induced by radiation and to provide a new target for the development of radiation protection drugs. Our results demonstrate that resveratrol inhibits apoptosis induced by radiation via the activation of Sirt1. We demonstrated an increase in Sirt1 mRNA that was present on 21 days of resveratrol treatment following irradiation in a concentration-dependent manner. Such mRNA increase was accompanied by an increase of Sirt1 protein and activity. Resveratrol effectively antagonized oxidation induced by irradiation, supporting its cellular ROS-scavenging effect. These results provide evidence that the mitochondrial protection and the antioxidant effect of resveratrol contribute to metabolic activity. These data suggest that Sirt1 may play an important role to protect neurons from oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Li
- Tianjin Key Lab of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Li Feng
- Tianjin Key Lab of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Yonghua Xing
- Tianjin Key Lab of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Tianjin Key Lab of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Liqing Du
- Tianjin Key Lab of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Chang Xu
- Tianjin Key Lab of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Jia Cao
- Tianjin Key Lab of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Qin Wang
- Tianjin Key Lab of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Saijun Fan
- Tianjin Key Lab of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Qiang Liu
- Tianjin Key Lab of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Feiyue Fan
- Tianjin Key Lab of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
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58
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Ferretta A, Gaballo A, Tanzarella P, Piccoli C, Capitanio N, Nico B, Annese T, Di Paola M, Dell'aquila C, De Mari M, Ferranini E, Bonifati V, Pacelli C, Cocco T. Effect of resveratrol on mitochondrial function: implications in parkin-associated familiar Parkinson's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:902-15. [PMID: 24582596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress occur in Parkinson's disease (PD), but the molecular mechanisms controlling these events are not completely understood. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) is a transcriptional coactivator known as master regulator of mitochondrial functions and oxidative metabolism. Recent studies, including one from our group, have highlighted altered PGC-1α activity and transcriptional deregulation of its target genes in PD pathogenesis suggesting it as a new potential therapeutic target. Resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic compound proved to improve mitochondrial activity through the activation of several metabolic sensors resulting in PGC-1α activation. Here we have tested in vitro the effect of resveratrol treatment on primary fibroblast cultures from two patients with early-onset PD linked to different Park2 mutations. We show that resveratrol regulates energy homeostasis through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and raise of mRNA expression of a number of PGC-1α's target genes resulting in enhanced mitochondrial oxidative function, likely related to a decrease of oxidative stress and to an increase of mitochondrial biogenesis. The functional impact of resveratrol treatment encompassed an increase of complex I and citrate synthase activities, basal oxygen consumption, and mitochondrial ATP production and a decrease in lactate content, thus supporting a switch from glycolytic to oxidative metabolism. Moreover, resveratrol treatment caused an enhanced macro-autophagic flux through activation of an LC3-independent pathway. Our results, obtained in early-onset PD fibroblasts, suggest that resveratrol may have potential clinical application in selected cases of PD-affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ferretta
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Organs of Senses, University of Bari 'A. Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Gaballo
- Institute of Nanoscience-NNL, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Lecce, Italy
| | - Paola Tanzarella
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Organs of Senses, University of Bari 'A. Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Piccoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Nazzareno Capitanio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Beatrice Nico
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Organs of Senses, University of Bari 'A. Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Annese
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Organs of Senses, University of Bari 'A. Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Di Paola
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | | | - Michele De Mari
- Department of Neurology, 'Bonomo' Hospital, Andria (BA), Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Bonifati
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Consiglia Pacelli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Organs of Senses, University of Bari 'A. Moro', Bari, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Cocco
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Organs of Senses, University of Bari 'A. Moro', Bari, Italy.
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59
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Sun ZK, Ma XR, Jia YJ, Liu YR, Zhang JW, Zhang BA. Effects of resveratrol on apoptosis in a rat model of vascular dementia. Exp Ther Med 2014; 7:843-848. [PMID: 24660032 PMCID: PMC3961111 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol widely present in plants, particularly in the skin of red grapes and in wine. It possesses a wide range of biological effects and exhibits neuroprotective effects in numerous diseases. However, data evaluating the effects of resveratrol in vascular dementia (VaD) are lacking. In the present study, the permanent, bilateral common carotid artery occlusion rat model was used to study the effects of resveratrol on VaD. The Morris water maze was used to test the spatial learning and memory performance of the rats. The expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in the hippocampus were measured. The results showed that resveratrol inhibited memory impairment in the VaD rat model, and attenuated the increases in the expression levels of Bax, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP and the reductions in the expression levels of Bcl-2 that were induced by VaD. These results provide a novel insight into the neuroprotective effects of resveratrol and its possible therapeutic role in VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Kun Sun
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Rong Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Jie Jia
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Ru Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P.R. China
| | - Jie-Wen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P.R. China
| | - Bo-Ai Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P.R. China
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60
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Wu SB, Wu YT, Wu TP, Wei YH. Role of AMPK-mediated adaptive responses in human cells with mitochondrial dysfunction to oxidative stress. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:1331-44. [PMID: 24513455 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations are an important cause of mitochondrial diseases, for which there is no effective treatment due to complex pathophysiology. It has been suggested that mitochondrial dysfunction-elicited reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of mitochondrial diseases, and the expression levels of several clusters of genes are altered in response to the elevated oxidative stress. Recently, we reported that glycolysis in affected cells with mitochondrial dysfunction is upregulated by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and such an adaptive response of metabolic reprogramming plays an important role in the pathophysiology of mitochondrial diseases. SCOPE OF REVIEW We summarize recent findings regarding the role of AMPK-mediated signaling pathways that are involved in: (1) metabolic reprogramming, (2) alteration of cellular redox status and antioxidant enzyme expression, (3) mitochondrial biogenesis, and (4) autophagy, a master regulator of mitochondrial quality control in skin fibroblasts from patients with mitochondrial diseases. MAJOR CONCLUSION Induction of adaptive responses via AMPK-PFK2, AMPK-FOXO3a, AMPK-PGC-1α, and AMPK-mTOR signaling pathways, respectively is modulated for the survival of human cells under oxidative stress induced by mitochondrial dysfunction. We suggest that AMPK may be a potential target for the development of therapeutic agents for the treatment of mitochondrial diseases. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Elucidation of the adaptive mechanism involved in AMPK activation cascades would lead us to gain a deeper insight into the crosstalk between mitochondria and the nucleus in affected tissue cells from patients with mitochondrial diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Frontiers of Mitochondrial Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Bei Wu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Wu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Pu Wu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Huei Wei
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan.
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61
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Wang S, Yang X, Lin Y, Qiu X, Li H, Zhao X, Cao L, Liu X, Pang Y, Wang X, Chi Z. Cellular NAD depletion and decline of SIRT1 activity play critical roles in PARP-1-mediated acute epileptic neuronal death in vitro. Brain Res 2013; 1535:14-23. [PMID: 23994215 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Intense poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) activation was implicated as a major cause of caspase-independent cell death in the hippocampal neuronal culture (HNC) model of acute acquired epilepsy (AE). The molecular mechanisms are quite complicated. The linkage among neuronal death, cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) levels, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) translocation, SIRT1 expression and activity were investigated here. The results showed that PARP-1 over-activation caused by Mg²⁺-free stimuli led to cellular NAD depletion which could block AIF translocation from mitochondria to nucleus and attenuate neuronal death. Also, SIRT1 deacetylase activity was reduced by Mg²⁺-free treatment, accompanied by elevated ratio of neuronal death, which could be rescued by NAD repletion. These data demonstrated that cellular NAD depletion and decline of SIRT1 activity play critical roles in PARP-1-mediated epileptic neuronal death in the HNC model of acute AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, China
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Zielinsky P, Piccoli AL, Vian I, Zílio AM, Naujorks AA, Nicoloso LH, Barbisan CW, Busato S, Lopes M, Klein C. Maternal restriction of polyphenols and fetal ductal dynamics in normal pregnancy: an open clinical trial. Arq Bras Cardiol 2013; 101:217-25. [PMID: 23949325 PMCID: PMC4032301 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20130166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have recently demonstrated reversal of fetal ductal constriction after dietary maternal restriction of polyphenol-rich foods (PRF), due to its inhibitory action on prostaglandin synthesis. OBJECTIVE To test the hyphotesis that normal third trimester fetuses also improve ductus arteriosus dynamics after maternal restriction of polyphenols. METHODS Open clinical trial with 46 fetuses with gestational age (GA) > 28 weeks submitted to 2 Doppler echocardiographic studies with an interval of at least 2 weeks, being the examiners blinded to maternal dietary habits. A validated food frequency questionnaire was applied and a diet based on polyphenol-poor foods (<30 mg/100 mg) was recommended. A control group of 26 third trimester fetuses was submitted to the same protocol. Statistics used t test for independent samples. RESULTS Mean GA was 33 ± 2 weeks. Mean daily maternal estimated polyphenol intake (DMPI) was 1277 mg, decreasing to 126 mg after dietary orientation (p=0.0001). Significant decreases in systolic (SDV) and diastolic (DDV) ductal velocities, and RV/LV diameters ratio, as well as increase in ductal PI were observed [DSV = 1.2 ± 0.4 m/s (0.7-1.6) to 0.9 ± 0.3 m/s (0.6-1.3) (p = 0.018); DDV = 0.21 ± 0.09 m/s (0.15-0.32) to 0.18 ± 0.06 m/s (0.11-0.25) (p = 0.016); RV/LV ratio = 1.3 ± 0.2 (0.9-1.4) to 1.1 ± 0.2 (0.8-1.3) (p=0.004); ductal PI = 2.2 ± 0.03 (2.0-2.7) to 2.4 ± 0.4(2.2-2.9) (p = 0.04)]. In the control group, with GA of 32 ± 4 weeks, there were no significant differences in DMPI, mean SDV, DDV, PI and RV/LV ratio. CONCLUSION The oriented restriction of third trimester maternal ingestion of polyphenol-rich foods for a period of 2 weeks or more improve fetal ductus arteriosus flow dynamics and right ventricular dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Zielinsky
- Mailing Address: Paulo Zielinsky, Av. Princesa Isabel, 370, Santana.
Postal Code 90620-000, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail:
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AMPK: An emerging target for modification of injury-induced pain plasticity. Neurosci Lett 2013; 557 Pt A:9-18. [PMID: 23831352 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a critical medical problem afflicting hundreds of millions of people worldwide with costly effects on society and health care systems. Novel therapeutic avenues for the treatment of pain are needed that are directly targeted to the molecular mechanisms that promote and maintain chronic pain states. Recent evidence suggests that peripheral pain plasticity is promoted and potentially maintained via changes in translation control that are mediated by mTORC1 and MAPK pathways. While these pathways can be targeted individually, stimulating the AMPK pathway with direct or indirect activators achieves inhibition of these pathways via engagement of a single kinase. Here we review the form, function and pharmacology of AMPK with special attention to its emerging role as a potential target for pain therapeutics. We present the existing evidence supporting a role of AMPK activation in alleviating symptoms of peripheral nerve injury- and incision-induced pain plasticity and the blockade of the development of chronic pain following surgery. We argue that these preclinical findings support a strong rationale for clinical trials of currently available AMPK activators and further development of novel pharmacological strategies for more potent and efficacious manipulation of AMPK in the clinical setting. Finally, we posit that AMPK represents a unique opportunity for drug development in the kinase area for pain because it is pharmacologically manipulated via activation rather than inhibition potentially offering a wider therapeutic window with interesting additional pharmacological opportunities. Altogether, the physiology, pharmacology and therapeutic opportunities surrounding AMPK make it an attractive target for novel intervention for chronic pain and its prevention.
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Hurtado O, Hernández-Jiménez M, Zarruk JG, Cuartero MI, Ballesteros I, Camarero G, Moraga A, Pradillo JM, Moro MA, Lizasoain I. Citicoline (CDP-choline) increases Sirtuin1 expression concomitant to neuroprotection in experimental stroke. J Neurochem 2013; 126:819-26. [PMID: 23600725 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CDP-choline has shown neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemia. In humans, although a recent trial International Citicoline Trial on Acute Stroke (ICTUS) has shown that global recovery is similar in CDP-choline and placebo groups, CDP-choline was shown to be more beneficial in some patients, such as those with moderate stroke severity and not treated with t-PA. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the beneficial actions of CDP-choline. We have now studied the participation of Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) in the neuroprotective actions of CDP-choline. Fischer rats and Sirt1⁻/⁻ mice were subjected to permanent focal ischemia. CDP-choline (0.2 or 2 g/kg), sirtinol (a SIRT1 inhibitor; 10 mg/kg), and resveratrol (a SIRT1 activator; 2.5 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally. Brains were removed 24 and 48 h after ischemia for western blot analysis and infarct volume determination. Treatment with CDP-choline increased SIRT1 protein levels in brain concomitantly to neuroprotection. Treatment with sirtinol blocked the reduction in infarct volume caused by CDP-choline, whereas resveratrol elicited a strong synergistic neuroprotective effect with CDP-choline. CDP-choline failed to reduce infarct volume in Sirt1⁻/⁻ mice. Our present results demonstrate a robust effect of CDP-choline like SIRT1 activator by up-regulating its expression. Our findings suggest that therapeutic strategies to activate SIRT1 may be useful in the treatment of stroke. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is implicated in a wide range of cellular functions. Regarding stroke, there is no direct evidence. We have demonstrated that citicoline increases SIRT1 protein levels in brain concomitantly to neuroprotection. Citicoline fails to reduce infarct volume in Sirt1⁻/⁻ mice. Our findings suggest that therapeutic strategies acting on SIRT1 may be useful in the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Hurtado
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos-IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
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Chang CY, Choi DK, Lee DK, Hong YJ, Park EJ. Resveratrol confers protection against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity by modulating myeloperoxidase levels in glial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60654. [PMID: 23593274 PMCID: PMC3620483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) functions as a key molecular component of the host defense system against diverse pathogens. We have previously reported that increased MPO levels and activity is a distinguishing feature of rotenone-exposed glial cells, and that either overactivation or deficiency of MPO leads to pathological conditions in the brain. Here, we provide that modulation of MPO levels in glia by resveratrol confers protective effects on rotenone-induced neurotoxicity. We show that resveratrol significantly reduced MPO levels but did not trigger abnormal nitric oxide (NO) production in microglia and astrocytes. Resveratrol-induced down-regulation of MPO, in the absence of an associated overproduction of NO, markedly attenuated rotenone-triggered inflammatory responses including phagocytic activity and reactive oxygen species production in primary microglia and astrocytes. In addition, impaired responses of primary mixed glia from Mpo−/− mice to rotenone were relieved by treatment with resveratrol. We further show that rotenone-induced neuronal injury, particularly dopaminergic cell death, was attenuated by resveratrol in neuron-glia co-cultures, but not in neurons cultured alone. Similar regulatory effects of resveratrol on MPO levels were observed in microglia treated with MPP+, another Parkinson’s disease-linked neurotoxin, supporting the beneficial effects of resveratrol on the brain. Collectively, our findings provide that resveratrol influences glial responses to rotenone by regulating both MPO and NO, and thus protects against rotenone-induced neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Young Chang
- Cancer Immunology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Graduate School of Ewha Woman’s University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea
| | - Dae Kee Lee
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Graduate School of Ewha Woman’s University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Jun Hong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Jung Park
- Cancer Immunology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Resveratrol inhibits β-amyloid-induced neuronal apoptosis through regulation of SIRT1-ROCK1 signaling pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59888. [PMID: 23555824 PMCID: PMC3610881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and loss of neurons. Recently, a growing body of evidences have indicated that as a herbal compound naturally derived from grapes, resveratrol modulates the pathophysiology of AD, however, with a largely unclear mechanism. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the protection of resveratrol against the neurotoxicity of β-amyloid peptide 25–35 (Aβ25–35) and further explore its underlying mechanism in the present study. PC12 cells were injuried by Aβ25–35, and resveratrol at different concentrations was added into the culture medium. We observed that resveratrol increased cell viability through the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) colorimetric assays. Flow cytometry indicated the reduction of cell apoptosis by resveratrol. Moreover, resveratrol also stabilized the intercellular Ca2+ homeostasis and attenuated Aβ25–35 neurotoxicity. Additionally, Aβ25–35-suppressed silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) activity was significantly reversed by resveratrol, resulting in the downregulation of Rho-associated kinase 1 (ROCK1). Our results clearly revealed that resveratrol significantly protected PC12 cells and inhibited the β-amyloid-induced cell apoptosis through the upregulation of SIRT1. Moreover, as a downstream signal molecule, ROCK1 was negatively regulated by SIRT1. Taken together, our study demonstrated that SIRT1-ROCK1 pathway played a critical role in the pathomechanism of AD.
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Sun K, Cao S, Pei L, Matsuura A, Xiang L, Qi J. A Steroidal Saponin from Ophiopogon japonicus Extends the Lifespan of Yeast via the Pathway Involved in SOD and UTH1. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:4461-75. [PMID: 23439553 PMCID: PMC3634508 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14034461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nolinospiroside F is a steroidal saponin isolated from Ophiopogon japonicus (O. japonicus). In this study, we found that nolinospiroside F significantly extends the replicative lifespan of K6001 yeast at doses of 1, 3 and 10 μM, indicating that it has an anti-aging effect. This may be attributed to its anti-oxidative effect, as nolinospiroside F could increase yeast survival under oxidative stress conditions and decrease the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), an oxidative stress biomarker. It could also increase anti-oxidative stress genes, SOD1 and SOD2, expression, and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). It increase the activity of SIRT1, an upstream inducer of SOD2 expression. In sod1 and sod2 mutant yeast strains, nolinospiroside F failed to extend their replicative lifespan. These results indicate that SOD participates in the anti-aging effect of nolinospiroside F. Furthermore, nolinospiroside F inhibited the expression of UTH1, a yeast-aging gene that is involved in the oxidative stress of yeast, and failed to extend the replicative lifespan of uth1 or skn7 mutant yeast cells. SKN7 is the transcriptional activator of UTH1. We also demonstrate that SOD and UTH1 regulate each other’s expression. Together, these results suggest that SOD and UTH1 genes are required for and play interactive roles in nolinospiroside F-mediated yeast lifespan extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyue Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yu Hang Tang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; E-Mails: (K.S.); (S.C.); (J.Q.)
| | - Shining Cao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yu Hang Tang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; E-Mails: (K.S.); (S.C.); (J.Q.)
| | - Liang Pei
- College of Biology and Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China; E-Mail:
| | - Akira Matsuura
- Department of Nanobiology, Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Lan Xiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yu Hang Tang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; E-Mails: (K.S.); (S.C.); (J.Q.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +86-571-8820-8627
| | - Jianhua Qi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yu Hang Tang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; E-Mails: (K.S.); (S.C.); (J.Q.)
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Ravikumar M, Jain S, Miller RH, Capadona JR, Selkirk SM. An organotypic spinal cord slice culture model to quantify neurodegeneration. J Neurosci Methods 2012; 211:280-8. [PMID: 22975474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activated microglia cells have been implicated in the neurodegenerative process of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis; however, the precise roles of microglia in disease progression are unclear. Despite these diseases having been described for more than a century, current FDA approved therapeutics are symptomatic in nature with little evidence to supporting a neuroprotective effect. Furthermore, identifying novel therapeutics remains challenging due to undetermined etiology, a variable disease course, and the paucity of validated targets. Here, we describe the use of a novel ex vivo spinal cord culture system that offers the ability to screen potential neuroprotective agents, while maintaining the complexity of the in vivo environment. To this end, we treated spinal cord slice cultures with lipopolysaccharide and quantified neuron viability in culture using measurements of axon length and FluoroJadeC intensity. To simulate a microglia-mediated response to cellular debris, antigens, or implanted materials/devices, we supplemented the culture media with increasing densities of microspheres, facilitating microglia-mediated phagocytosis of the particles, which demonstrated a direct correlation between the phagocytic activities of microglia and neuronal health. To validate our model's capacity to accurately depict neuroprotection, cultures were treated with resveratrol, which demonstrated enhanced neuronal health. Our results successfully demonstrate the use of this model to reproducibly quantify the extent of neurodegeneration through the measurement of axon length and FluoroJadeC intensity, and we suggest this model will allow for accurate, high-throughput screening, which could result in expedited success in translational efficacy of therapeutic agents to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumitha Ravikumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, School of Engineering, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Wickenden Bldg, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Tsunemi T, La Spada AR. PGC-1α at the intersection of bioenergetics regulation and neuron function: from Huntington's disease to Parkinson's disease and beyond. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 97:142-51. [PMID: 22100502 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurons are specialized cells with unique features, including a constant high demand for energy. Mitochondria satisfy this constant demand, and are emerging as a central target for dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Huntington's disease (HD) and Parkinson's disease. PPARγ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) is a transcription co-activator for nuclear receptors such as the PPARs, and thereby coordinates a number of gene expression programs to promote mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation. Studies of PGC-1α knock-out mice have yielded important insights into the role of PGC-1α in normal nervous system function and potentially neurological disease. HD is caused by a polyglutamine repeat expansion in the huntingtin protein, and decades of work have established mitochondrial dysfunction as a key feature of HD pathogenesis. However, after the discovery of the HD gene, numerous reports produced strong evidence for altered transcription in HD. In 2006, a series of studies revealed that PGC-1α transcription interference contributes to HD neurodegeneration, linking the nuclear transcriptionopathy with the mitochondrial dysfunction. Subsequent work has strengthened this view, and further extended the role of PGC-1α within the CNS. Within the last year, studies of Parkinson's disease, another involuntary movement disorder long associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, have shown that PGC-1α dysregulation is contributing to its pathogenesis. As PGC-1α is likely also important for aging, a process with considerable relevance to neuron function, translational studies aimed at developing therapies based upon the PGC-1α pathway as a high priority target are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Tsunemi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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