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Osman AMM, Al-Harthi SE, AlArabi OM, Elshal MF, Ramadan WS, Alaama MN, Al-Kreathy HM, Damanhouri ZA, Osman OH. Chemosensetizing and cardioprotective effects of resveratrol in doxorubicin- treated animals. Cancer Cell Int 2013; 13:52. [PMID: 23714221 PMCID: PMC3680308 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-13-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doxorubicin (DOX), an anthracycline antibiotic is one of the most effective anticancer drug used in the treatment of variety of cancers .Its use is limited by its cardiotoxicity. The present study was designed to assess the role of a natural product resveratrol (RSVL) on sensitization of mammary carcinoma (Ehrlich ascites carcinoma) to the action of DOX and at the same time its protective effect against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. METHODS Ehrlich ascites carcinoma bearing mice were used in this study. Percent survival of tumor bearing mice was used for determination of the Cytotoxic activity of DOX in presence and absence of RSVL. Uptake and cell cycle effect of DOX in tumor cells in the presence of RSVL was also determined. Histopatholgical examination of heart tissues after DOX and/or RSVL therapy was also investigated. RESULTS DOX at a dose level of 15 mg/kg increased the mean survival time of tumor bearing mice to 21 days compared with 15 days for non tumor-bearing control mice. Administration of RSVL at a dose level of 10 mg/kg simultaneously with DOX increased the mean survival time to 30 days with 70% survival of the tumor-bearing animals. RSVL increased the intracellular level of DOX and there was a strong correlation between the high cellular level of DOX and its cytotoxic activity. Moreover, RSVL treatment showed 4.8 fold inhibition in proliferation index of cells treated with DOX. Histopathological analysis of rat heart tissue after a single dose of DOX (20 mg/kg) showed myocytolysis with congestion of blood vessels, cytoplasmic vacuolization and fragmentation. Concomitant treatment with RSVL, fragmentation of the muscle fiber revealed normal muscle fiber. CONCLUSION This study suggests that RSVL could increase the cytotoxic activity of DOX and at the same time protect against its cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Moneim M Osman
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sameer E Al-Harthi
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Princess Al-Jawhara Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ohoud M AlArabi
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed F Elshal
- Princess Al-Jawhara Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafaa S Ramadan
- Molecular biology Department, Genetic engineering and Biotechniology Department, Minoufia University, Minoufia, Egypt
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed N Alaama
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology unit, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda M Al-Kreathy
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zoheir A Damanhouri
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osman H Osman
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Fallah-Rostami F, Tabari MA, Esfandiari B, Aghajanzadeh H, Behzadi MY. Immunomodulatory activity of aged garlic extract against implanted fibrosarcoma tumor in mice. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2013; 5:207-12. [PMID: 23626957 PMCID: PMC3632025 DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.109191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background: Garlic is known as a medicinal herb with broad therapeutic properties ranging from antibacterial to anticancer and even anticoagulant. Aim: Current study was designed to evaluate antitumor effects of aged garlic extract (AGE) on fibrosarcoma tumor in BALB/c mice. Materials and Methods: WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma cells were implanted subcutaneously on day zero into right flank of 40 BALB/c mice aged eight weeks. Mice were randomly categorized in two separate groups: 1st received AGE (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), 2nd group as control received phosphate buffered saline, (PBS). Treatments were done three times per week. Tumor growth was measured and morbidity was recorded. Subpopulations of CD4+/CD8+ T cells were determined using flow cytometry. WEHI-164 cell specific cytotoxicity of splenocytes and in vitro production of gamma-interferon, (IFN-γ) and Interleukin-4, (IL-4) cytokines were measured. Results: The mice received AGE had significantly longer survival time compared to control mice. The inhibitory effect on tumor growth was seen in AGE treated mice. The CD4+/CD8+ ratio and in vitro IFN-γ production of splenocytes were significantly increased in AGE group. Conclusions: Administration of AGE resulted in improved immune responses against experimentally implanted fibrosarcoma tumors in BALB/c mice. AGE showed significant effects on inhibition of tumor growth and longevity of survival times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Fallah-Rostami
- Center for Development and Cooperation of Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
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Khatua TN, Adela R, Banerjee SK. Garlic and cardioprotection: insights into the molecular mechanisms. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 91:448-58. [PMID: 23746107 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2012-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Garlic is widely recognized for its immense therapeutic potential. Garlic has been shown to exert its beneficial effects against a wide spectrum of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and microbial infections, as well as immunological and cardiovascular disorders. Most of the research on garlic has indicated that garlic and its active compounds are effective in reducing cardiovascular and metabolic risk by normalizing abnormal plasma lipids, oxidized low density lipoproteins, abnormal platelet aggregation, high blood pressure, and cardiac injury. Some of the beneficial effects of dietary garlic against cardiovascular disorders are mediated via the generation of hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide in cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells. Garlic has the potential to protect the heart against myocardial infarction, doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, arrhythmia, hypertrophy, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. The induction of cardiac endogenous antioxidants and the reduction of lipid peroxidation by garlic has been reported by several different groups. Other mechanisms, such as regulating ion channels, modulating Akt signaling pathways, histone deacetylase inhibition, and cytochrome P450 inhibition, could be responsible for the cardioprotective effect of garlic. Although several mechanisms have been identified for the cardioprotective effect of garlic, there is a need for further research to identify the specific molecular mechanism of cardioprotection in different cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarak Nath Khatua
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, India
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Grape seed and skin extract protects against acute chemotherapy toxicity induced by doxorubicin in rat heart. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2013; 12:158-65. [PMID: 22290400 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-012-9155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (Dox), an antitumor anthracycline antibiotic, plays a key role in the treatment of many neoplastic diseases. However, its chronic administration induces cardiomyopathy. Increased oxidative stress is a major factor implicated in Dox-induced cardiotoxicity. We hypothesized that a pre-treatment with grape seed and skin extract (GSE), commonly used as an antioxidant agent, may alleviate this cardiotoxicity. Rats were treated with GSE (500 mg/kg bw) by intraperitoneal injection during 8 days. On the 4th day, rats were administered a single dose of Dox (20 mg/kg). At the end of the treatment, their hearts were Langendorff-perfused, subjected to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, and left ventricular functions as heart rate and developed pressure measured. Hearts were also used to determine free iron, H2O2, Ca2+, lipoperoxidation, carbonylation and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and peroxidase. Doxorubicin drastically affected heart activity as evidenced after I/R experiments. This effect was associated with an increase in heart free iron and a decrease in Ca2+ concentrations. This effect may have contributed to oxidative stress as assessed by high lipoperoxidation and carbonylation level. GSE counteracted Dox-induced disturbances of hemodynamic parameters, alleviated oxidative stress as assessed by normalized iron and Ca2+ levels and increased SOD activity especially the Mn isoform.
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Protective role of concomitant administration of flax lignan concentrate and omega-3-fatty acid on myocardial damage in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Protective role of atorvastatin against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and testicular toxicity in mice. J Physiol Biochem 2013; 69:513-25. [PMID: 23385671 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-013-0240-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX), a potent chemotherapeutic agent, is widely used for the treatment of various malignancies. However, its clinical uses are limited due to its dose-dependent adverse effects particularly cardiac and testicular toxicities. DOX-induced toxicity is mainly due to the induction of oxidative stress. Atorvastatin (ATV), a 3-hydroxy 3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, with lipid-lowering activity, acts as an antioxidant at lower doses. It possesses pleiotropic effects independent of cholesterol-lowering property usually shown at lower doses, which include antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The present study was aimed to investigate the possible protection exerted by atorvastatin against oxidative stress and DNA damage induced by DOX in the heart and testes of mice. The protective role of ATV in the heart and testes of DOX-treated mice was evident from the amelioration of oxidative stress, DNA and cellular damage. The present study clearly indicates that ATV offers a significant protection against DOX-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in the heart and testes of mice.
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Kapadia GJ, Rao GS, Ramachandran C, Iida A, Suzuki N, Tokuda H. Synergistic cytotoxicity of red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) extract with doxorubicin in human pancreatic, breast and prostate cancer cell lines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 10:/j/jcim.2013.10.issue-1/jcim-2013-0007/jcim-2013-0007.xml. [DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2013-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Shah SL, Mali VR, Zambare GN, Bodhankar SL. Cardioprotective Activity of Methanol Extract of fruit of Trichosanthes cucumerina on Doxorubicin-induced Cardiotoxicity in Wistar Rats. Toxicol Int 2012; 19:167-72. [PMID: 22778516 PMCID: PMC3388762 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6580.97218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM AND OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine the activity of methanol extract of fruit of Trichosanthes cucumerina in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The methanol extract of fruit of T. cucumerina was prepared. Male Wistar rats were divided in four groups. Group I was vehicle control. Group II animals received doxorubicin 4 mg/kg i.p. on days 21, 28, 35, and 42. Group III and IV animals were treated with methanol extract of T. cucumerina (500 and 1000 mg/kg, respectively) for 49 days. Doxorubicin was administered on days 21, 28, 35, and 42 days. The parameters of study were body weight, serum biomarkers, ECG, blood pressure, and left ventricular function. At the end of the study, the histology of heart, liver, and kidney was carried out. RESULTS Cardiac toxicity by doxorubicin was manifested as body weight loss, elevated serum LDH and CK-MB, increased ST, QT and QRS complex, reduced blood pressure, and left ventricular function. The methanol extract of T. cucumerina significantly decreased LDH and CK-MB, reduced ST, QT interval and QRS complex, increased heart rate, restored blood pressure, and left ventricular function. Doxorubicin caused liver and kidney necrosis, cellular infiltration, and vascular changes that indicated injury. CONCLUSION T. cucumerina (1000 mg/kg) reduced the severity of doxorubicin-induced cardiac damage especially in heart. It is concluded that doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity is reduced by pretreatment with methanol extract of fruit of T. cucumerina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar L. Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Paud Road, Erandwane, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vishal R. Mali
- Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Paud Road, Erandwane, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Girish N. Zambare
- Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Paud Road, Erandwane, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Subhash L. Bodhankar
- Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Paud Road, Erandwane, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Ibrahim MA, Morsy MA, Hafez HM, Gomaa WM, Abdelrahman AM. Effect of selective and non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitors on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 22:424-31. [PMID: 22394338 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2012.666658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Doxorubicin (DX) is a highly effective chemotherapeutic agent used widely in the treatment of solid tumors; however, its optimal use was associated with cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. The exact mechanism of DX-induced cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity is not fully explored. Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity in either cardiac or renal tissue by DX has been previously reported, indicating a possible role of COX-2 in DX-induced tissue injury. However, the nature of this role in either tissue injury is an issue of controversy. OBJECTIVE This study was the first that simultaneously evaluated the effects of a selective COX-2 inhibitor, nimesulide, and a non-selective COX-inhibitor, indomethacin, on DX-induced cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were allocated into four groups. Control group, DX group (received 15 mg/kg, ip), DX + nimesulide (10 mg/kg/day, po) group, and DX + indomethacin (2 mg/kg/day, po) group. Nimesulide and indomethacin were started at the same day of DX injection and continued for 5 days. RESULTS The results of the present study showed that inhibition of COX-2 either by selective or non-selective COX-2 inhibitor ameliorated DX-induced cardiotoxicity but aggravated DX-induced nephrotoxicity in rats, as evidenced biochemically and histopathologically. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Our study indicates that production of COX-2 is organ specific; consequently, the differential effect of COX-inhibitors should be considered in DX-treated patients. However, a wide scale experiment is needed for further confirmation and testing other members of COX-inhibitors (e.g. celecoxib and diclofenac).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, El-Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
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Alkreathy HM, Damanhouri ZA, Ahmed N, Slevin M, Osman AMM. Mechanisms of cardioprotective effect of aged garlic extract against Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Integr Cancer Ther 2011; 11:364-70. [PMID: 22172987 DOI: 10.1177/1534735411426726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aged garlic has been extensively studied and has been shown to have a number of medicinal properties, including immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, and antioxidant effects. The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of the cardioprotective effect of aged garlic extract (AGE), a widely used herbal medicine with potent antioxidant activity, against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Moreover, the study investigated if the cardioprotective effect of AGE might be at the expense of the antitumor effect of the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). Primary cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes were treated with DOX, AGE, and their combination for 24 hours. DOX increased p53 and caspase 3 activity-induced apoptotic cell death, whereas AGE pretreatment suppressed the action of DOX. AGE pretreatment did not interfere with the cytotoxic activity of DOX, but it increased the DOX uptake into tumor cells and increased the long term survivors of tumor-bearing mice from 30% to 70%. In conclusion, DOX impairs viability of cardiac myocytes, at least partially by activating the p53-mediated apoptotic signaling. AGE can effectively and extensively counteract this action of DOX and may potentially protect the heart from severe toxicity of DOX. At the same time, AGE did not interfere with antitumor activity of DOX.
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Alpsoy S, Aktas C, Uygur R, Topcu B, Kanter M, Erboga M, Karakaya O, Gedikbasi A. Antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects of onion (Allium cepa) extract on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 33:202-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Revised: 08/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seref Alpsoy
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine; Namik Kemal University; Tekirdag; Turkey
| | - Cevat Aktas
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine; Namik Kemal University; Tekirdag; Turkey
| | - Ramazan Uygur
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine; Namik Kemal University; Tekirdag; Turkey
| | - Birol Topcu
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine; Namik Kemal University; Tekirdag; Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kanter
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine; Trakya University; Edirne; Turkey
| | - Mustafa Erboga
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine; Trakya University; Edirne; Turkey
| | - Osman Karakaya
- Department of Cardiology; Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital; Istanbul; Turkey
| | - Asuman Gedikbasi
- Department of Biochemistry; Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital; Istanbul; Turkey
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Abdelaziz I, Kandeel M. The Protective Effects of Nigella sativa Oil and Allium sativum Extract on Amikacin-induced Nephrotoxicity. INT J PHARMACOL 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2011.697.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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63
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Aluise CD, Miriyala S, Noel T, Sultana R, Jungsuwadee P, Taylor TJ, Cai J, Pierce WM, Vore M, Moscow JA, St Clair DK, Butterfield DA. 2-Mercaptoethane sulfonate prevents doxorubicin-induced plasma protein oxidation and TNF-α release: implications for the reactive oxygen species-mediated mechanisms of chemobrain. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:1630-8. [PMID: 21421044 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX), an anthracycline used to treat a variety of cancers, is known to generate intracellular reactive oxygen species. Moreover, many patients who have undergone chemotherapy complain of cognitive dysfunction often lasting years after cessation of the chemotherapy. Previously, we reported that intraperitoneal administration of DOX led to elevated TNF-α and oxidative stress in the plasma and brain of mice. However, the mechanisms involved in nontargeted tissue damage remain unknown. In this study, we measured plasma oxidative stress and cytokine levels in patients treated with DOX. We observed increased plasma protein carbonylation and elevation of TNF-α 6 h after DOX administration in the context of multiagent chemotherapy regimens. Importantly, patients not treated coincidentally with 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate (MESNA) showed statistically significantly increased plasma protein-bound 4-hydroxynonenal, whereas those who had been coincidentally treated with MESNA as part of their multiagent chemotherapy regimen did not, suggesting that concomitant administration of the antioxidant MESNA with DOX prevents intravascular oxidative stress. We demonstrate in a murine model that MESNA suppressed DOX-induced increased plasma oxidative stress indexed by protein carbonyls and protein-bound HNE, and also suppressed DOX-induced increased peripheral TNF-α levels. A direct interaction between DOX and MESNA was demonstrated by MESNA suppression of DOX-induced DCF fluorescence. Using redox proteomics, we identified apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1) in both patients and mice after DOX administration as having increased specific carbonyl levels. Macrophage stimulation studies showed that oxidized APOA1 increased TNF-α levels and augmented TNF-α release by lipopolysaccharide, effects that were prevented by MESNA. This study is the first to demonstrate that DOX oxidizes plasma APOA1, that oxidized APOA1 enhances macrophage TNF-α release and thus could contribute to potential subsequent TNF-α-mediated toxicity, and that MESNA interacts with DOX to block this mechanism and suggests that MESNA could reduce systemic side effects of DOX.
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Cardioprotective Effects of Hesperetin against Doxorubicin-Induced Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage in Rat. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2011; 11:215-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s12012-011-9114-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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