51
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Oh HK, Hwang YJ, Hong HW, Myung H. Comparison of Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm Removal Efficiency among Bacteriophage PBEF129, Its Endolysin, and Cefotaxime. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030426. [PMID: 33800040 PMCID: PMC7999683 DOI: 10.3390/v13030426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive pathogen which colonizes human intestinal surfaces, forming biofilms, and demonstrates a high resistance to many antibiotics. Especially, antibiotics are less effective for eradicating biofilms and better alternatives are needed. In this study, we have isolated and characterized a bacteriophage, PBEF129, infecting E. faecalis. PBEF129 infected a variety of strains of E. faecalis, including those exhibiting antibiotic resistance. Its genome is a linear double-stranded DNA, 144,230 base pairs in length. Its GC content is 35.9%. The closest genomic DNA sequence was found in Enterococcus phage vB_EfaM_Ef2.3, with a sequence identity of 99.06% over 95% query coverage. Furthermore, 75 open reading frames (ORFs) were functionally annotated and five tRNA-encoding genes were found. ORF 6 was annotated as a phage endolysin having an L-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase activity. We purified the enzyme as a recombinant protein and confirmed its enzymatic activity. The endolysin’s host range was observed to be wider than its parent phage PBEF129. When applied to bacterial biofilm on the surface of in vitro cultured human intestinal cells, it demonstrated a removal efficacy of the same degree as cefotaxime, but much lower than its parent bacteriophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Keun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Gyung-Gi Do 17035, Korea; (H.K.O.); (Y.J.H.)
| | - Yoon Jung Hwang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Gyung-Gi Do 17035, Korea; (H.K.O.); (Y.J.H.)
| | | | - Heejoon Myung
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Gyung-Gi Do 17035, Korea; (H.K.O.); (Y.J.H.)
- LyseNTech Co. Ltd., Gyung-Gi Do 17035, Korea;
- Bacteriophage Bank of Korea, Yong-In, Mo-Hyun, Gyung-Gi Do 17035, Korea
- Correspondence:
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52
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Synergistic effects of endolysin Lysqdvp001 and ε-poly-lysine in controlling Vibrio parahaemolyticus and its biofilms. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 343:109112. [PMID: 33640572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The synergistic antibacterial effects between endolysin Lysqdvp001 and ε-poly-lysine (ε-PL) against Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) were investigated in this study. Lysqdvp001 combined with ε-PL exhibited a strong antibacterial synergism against V. parahaemolyticus. The combinations of Lysqdvp001 (≥60 U/mL) and ε-PL (≥0.2 mg/mL) dramatically decreased cell density of the bacterial suspensions at both 25 °C and 37 °C. Surface zeta potential increment and membrane hyperpolarization of V. parahaemolyticus were observed after treatment by ε-PL and its combination with Lysqdvp001. More β-lactamase and β-galactosidase were leaked from V. parahaemolyticus with combined treatment of Lysqdvp001 and ε-PL than from the bacteria treated with single Lysqdvp001 or ε-PL. Fluorescence and transmission electron microscope revealed that Lysqdvp001 and ε-PL synergistically induced the damage and morphological destruction of V. parahaemolyticus cells. When applying in Gadus macrocephalus, Penaeus orientalis and oyster, the two antimicrobials' cocktail allowed for 3.75, 4.16 and 2.50 log10CFU/g reductions of V. parahaemolyticus, respectively. Besides, Lysqdvp001 in combination with ε-PL removed approximately 44%-68% of V. parahaemolyticus biofilms on polystyrene, glass and stainless steel surfaces. These results demonstrated that Lysqdvp001 and ε-PL might be used together for controlling V. parahaemolyticus and the bacterial biofilms in food industry.
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53
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Kuiper JWP, Hogervorst JMA, Herpers BL, Bakker AD, Klein-Nulend J, Nolte PA, Krom BP. The novel endolysin XZ.700 effectively treats MRSA biofilms in two biofilm models without showing toxicity on human bone cells in vitro. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:184-193. [PMID: 33615928 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1887151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this in vitro study the effect of XZ.700, a new endolysin, on methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilms grown on titanium was evaluated. Biofilms of S. aureus USA300 were grown statically and under flow, and treatment with XZ.700 was compared with povidone-iodine (PVP-I) and gentamicin. To evaluate the cytotoxic effects of XZ.700 and derived biofilm lysates, human osteocyte-like cells were exposed to biofilm supernatants, and metabolism and proliferation were quantified. XZ.700 showed a significant, concentration dependent reduction in biofilm viability, compared with carrier controls. Metabolism and proliferation of human osteocyte-like cells were not affected by XZ.700 or lysates, unlike PVP-I and gentamicin lysates which significantly inhibited proliferation. Using time-lapse microscopy, rapid biofilm killing and removal was observed for XZ.700. In comparison, PVP-I and gentamicin showed slower biofilm killing, with no apparent biofilm removal. In conclusion, XZ.700 reduced MRSA biofilms, especially under flow condition, without toxicity for surrounding bone cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse W P Kuiper
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spaarne Gasthuis, Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M A Hogervorst
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bjorn L Herpers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Spaarne Gasthuis, Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid D Bakker
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jenneke Klein-Nulend
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A Nolte
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spaarne Gasthuis, Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan P Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kranjec C, Morales Angeles D, Torrissen Mårli M, Fernández L, García P, Kjos M, Diep DB. Staphylococcal Biofilms: Challenges and Novel Therapeutic Perspectives. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:131. [PMID: 33573022 PMCID: PMC7911828 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci, like Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis, are common colonizers of the human microbiota. While being harmless in many cases, many virulence factors result in them being opportunistic pathogens and one of the major causes of hospital-acquired infections worldwide. One of these virulence factors is the ability to form biofilms-three-dimensional communities of microorganisms embedded in an extracellular polymeric matrix (EPS). The EPS is composed of polysaccharides, proteins and extracellular DNA, and is finely regulated in response to environmental conditions. This structured environment protects the embedded bacteria from the human immune system and decreases their susceptibility to antimicrobials, making infections caused by staphylococci particularly difficult to treat. With the rise of antibiotic-resistant staphylococci, together with difficulty in removing biofilms, there is a great need for new treatment strategies. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of our current knowledge of the stages of biofilm development and what difficulties may arise when trying to eradicate staphylococcal biofilms. Furthermore, we look into promising targets and therapeutic methods, including bacteriocins and phage-derived antibiofilm approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kranjec
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway; (C.K.); (D.M.A.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Danae Morales Angeles
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway; (C.K.); (D.M.A.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Marita Torrissen Mårli
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway; (C.K.); (D.M.A.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Lucía Fernández
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Dairy Products, Dairy Research Institute of Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (L.F.); (P.G.)
- DairySafe Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pilar García
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Dairy Products, Dairy Research Institute of Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (L.F.); (P.G.)
- DairySafe Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Morten Kjos
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway; (C.K.); (D.M.A.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Dzung B. Diep
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway; (C.K.); (D.M.A.); (M.T.M.)
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Son B, Kong M, Lee Y, Ryu S. Development of a Novel Chimeric Endolysin, Lys109 With Enhanced Lytic Activity Against Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:615887. [PMID: 33519773 PMCID: PMC7843465 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.615887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
As the incidence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has become increased, phage endolysins are believed as one of the promising alternatives to antibiotics. However, the discovery of potent endolysin is still challenging because it is labor intensive and difficult to obtain a soluble form with high lytic activity. In this respect, the modular structures of Gram-positive endolysins can provide an opportunity to develop novel endolysins by domain rearrangement. In this study, a random domain swapping library of four different endolysins from phages infecting Staphylococcus aureus was constructed and screened to obtain engineered endolysins. The novel chimeric endolysin, Lys109 was selected and characterized for its staphylolytic activity. Lys109 exhibited greater bacterial cell lytic activity than its parental endolysins against staphylococcal planktonic cells and biofilms, showing highly improved activity in eliminating S. aureus from milk and on the surface of stainless steel. These results demonstrate that a novel chimeric endolysin with higher activity and solubility can be developed by random domain swapping and that this chimeric endolysin has a great potential as an antimicrobial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokyung Son
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minsuk Kong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoona Lee
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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56
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Machado BR, Facchi SP, de Oliveira AC, Nunes CS, Souza PR, Vilsinski BH, Popat KC, Kipper MJ, Muniz EC, Martins AF. Bactericidal Pectin/Chitosan/Glycerol Films for Food Pack Coatings: A Critical Viewpoint. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228663. [PMID: 33212884 PMCID: PMC7698469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin and chitosan films containing glycerol (Gly) at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 40 wt % were prepared in an aqueous HCl solution (0.10 M) by the solvent evaporation method. The unwashed film (UF) containing 40 wt % Gly (UF40) had elongation at break (ε, %) of 19%. Washed films (WFs) had high tensile strength (σ > 46 MPa) and low elongation at break (ε, <5.0%), enabling their use in food packaging applications. The polymers’ self-assembling occurred during the washing, increasing the stiffness. The XPS analysis suggests that some HCl is lost during the drying process, resulting in a low acid content on the UF surfaces. The UF40 (at 5.0 mg/mL) exhibits cytocompatibility toward mammalian cells and antimicrobial and anti-adhesive properties against Escherichia coli. The remaining HCl in the UF40 can be a disadvantage for food packaging applications; the UF40 (∅ = 8.5 mm; 55 μm thickness) releases H3O+/HCl, reducing the pH to approximately 3.0 when kept in 200 mL distilled water for approximately 30 min. Therefore, we propose the use of UF40 to coat commercial food packaging. The UF40 has low permeability to water vapor and oxygen and works as a barrier against ultraviolet light. The UF40 is also colorless and completely transparent. The UF40 maintained tomatoes’ structural integrity for 18 days at room temperature with no oxidation or microorganism contamination. This paper presents a critical viewpoint concerning chitosan-based films with antimicrobial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno R. Machado
- Laboratory of Materials, Macromolecules, and Composites (LaMMAC), Federal University of Technology—Paraná (UTFPR), Apucarana PR 86812-460, Brazil; (B.R.M.); (S.P.F.); (A.C.d.O.); (C.S.N.)
| | - Suelen P. Facchi
- Laboratory of Materials, Macromolecules, and Composites (LaMMAC), Federal University of Technology—Paraná (UTFPR), Apucarana PR 86812-460, Brazil; (B.R.M.); (S.P.F.); (A.C.d.O.); (C.S.N.)
| | - Ariel C. de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Materials, Macromolecules, and Composites (LaMMAC), Federal University of Technology—Paraná (UTFPR), Apucarana PR 86812-460, Brazil; (B.R.M.); (S.P.F.); (A.C.d.O.); (C.S.N.)
- Group of Polymers and Composite Materials (GMPC), Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá PR 87020-900, Brazil; (P.R.S.); (B.H.V.)
| | - Cátia S. Nunes
- Laboratory of Materials, Macromolecules, and Composites (LaMMAC), Federal University of Technology—Paraná (UTFPR), Apucarana PR 86812-460, Brazil; (B.R.M.); (S.P.F.); (A.C.d.O.); (C.S.N.)
| | - Paulo R. Souza
- Group of Polymers and Composite Materials (GMPC), Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá PR 87020-900, Brazil; (P.R.S.); (B.H.V.)
| | - Bruno H. Vilsinski
- Group of Polymers and Composite Materials (GMPC), Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá PR 87020-900, Brazil; (P.R.S.); (B.H.V.)
| | - Ketul C. Popat
- School of Advanced Materials Discovery, Colorado State University (CSU), Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (K.C.P.); (M.J.K.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University (CSU), Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Mathew J. Kipper
- School of Advanced Materials Discovery, Colorado State University (CSU), Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (K.C.P.); (M.J.K.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University (CSU), Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Edvani C. Muniz
- Group of Polymers and Composite Materials (GMPC), Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá PR 87020-900, Brazil; (P.R.S.); (B.H.V.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University (CSU), Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina PI 64049-550, Brazil
- Correspondence: (E.C.M.); (A.F.M.)
| | - Alessandro F. Martins
- Laboratory of Materials, Macromolecules, and Composites (LaMMAC), Federal University of Technology—Paraná (UTFPR), Apucarana PR 86812-460, Brazil; (B.R.M.); (S.P.F.); (A.C.d.O.); (C.S.N.)
- Group of Polymers and Composite Materials (GMPC), Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá PR 87020-900, Brazil; (P.R.S.); (B.H.V.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University (CSU), Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Correspondence: (E.C.M.); (A.F.M.)
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57
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Zhou W, Du Y, Li X, Yao C. Lipoic acid modified antimicrobial peptide with enhanced antimicrobial properties. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115682. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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58
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Opportunities for broadening the application of cell wall lytic enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9019-9040. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10862-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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59
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Characterization of a Lytic Bacteriophage vB_EfaS_PHB08 Harboring Endolysin Lys08 Against Enterococcus faecalis Biofilms. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091332. [PMID: 32878334 PMCID: PMC7564645 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is an opportunistic pathogen that causes illnesses ranging from urinary tract infections to sepsis in humans and animals. However, the overuse of antibiotics has increased rates of drug resistance among E. faecalis isolates. Bacteriophages and their derivatives have recently been identified as good candidates for the treatment of drug-resistant bacterial infections. Here, we isolated a virulent E. faecalis phage, PHB08, using the double-layer plate method. The bioactivity of the phage was determined via one-step growth curve testing and bacterial killing assays, and whole-genome sequencing was performed using the Illumina HiSeq platform. In addition, protein expression and antibiofilm assays were performed to investigate the activity of the phage lysin. Results showed that PHB08 has a 55,244-bp linear double-stranded DNA genome encoding 91 putative coding sequences. PHB08 inhibited the growth of host strain EF3964 at 37 °C in tryptic soy broth (TSB) medium, while in vegetable models, PHB08 caused a 4.69-log decrease in viable E. faecalis cells after 24 h. Both PHB08 and its endolysin lys08 showed antibiofilm activity against E. faecalis biofilms, which was enhanced by Mn2+ ions. Thus, virulent phage PHB08 and endolysin lys08 may be good candidates for reducing and/or eradicating E. faecalis infections.
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60
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de Oliveira AM, de Abreu Filho BA, de Jesus Bassetti F, Bergamasco R, Gomes RG. Natural Extract of Moringa oleifera Leaves Promoting Control of Staphylococcus aureus strains biofilm on PVC surface. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-020-02521-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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61
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Schilcher K, Horswill AR. Staphylococcal Biofilm Development: Structure, Regulation, and Treatment Strategies. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2020. [PMID: 32792334 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00026-19/asset/e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In many natural and clinical settings, bacteria are associated with some type of biotic or abiotic surface that enables them to form biofilms, a multicellular lifestyle with bacteria embedded in an extracellular matrix. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, the most frequent causes of biofilm-associated infections on indwelling medical devices, can switch between an existence as single free-floating cells and multicellular biofilms. During biofilm formation, cells first attach to a surface and then multiply to form microcolonies. They subsequently produce the extracellular matrix, a hallmark of biofilm formation, which consists of polysaccharides, proteins, and extracellular DNA. After biofilm maturation into three-dimensional structures, the biofilm community undergoes a disassembly process that leads to the dissemination of staphylococcal cells. As biofilms are dynamic and complex biological systems, staphylococci have evolved a vast network of regulatory mechanisms to modify and fine-tune biofilm development upon changes in environmental conditions. Thus, biofilm formation is used as a strategy for survival and persistence in the human host and can serve as a reservoir for spreading to new infection sites. Moreover, staphylococcal biofilms provide enhanced resilience toward antibiotics and the immune response and impose remarkable therapeutic challenges in clinics worldwide. This review provides an overview and an updated perspective on staphylococcal biofilms, describing the characteristic features of biofilm formation, the structural and functional properties of the biofilm matrix, and the most important mechanisms involved in the regulation of staphylococcal biofilm formation. Finally, we highlight promising strategies and technologies, including multitargeted or combinational therapies, to eradicate staphylococcal biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schilcher
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, Colorado, USA
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62
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Staphylococcal Biofilm Development: Structure, Regulation, and Treatment Strategies. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2020; 84:84/3/e00026-19. [PMID: 32792334 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00026-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In many natural and clinical settings, bacteria are associated with some type of biotic or abiotic surface that enables them to form biofilms, a multicellular lifestyle with bacteria embedded in an extracellular matrix. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, the most frequent causes of biofilm-associated infections on indwelling medical devices, can switch between an existence as single free-floating cells and multicellular biofilms. During biofilm formation, cells first attach to a surface and then multiply to form microcolonies. They subsequently produce the extracellular matrix, a hallmark of biofilm formation, which consists of polysaccharides, proteins, and extracellular DNA. After biofilm maturation into three-dimensional structures, the biofilm community undergoes a disassembly process that leads to the dissemination of staphylococcal cells. As biofilms are dynamic and complex biological systems, staphylococci have evolved a vast network of regulatory mechanisms to modify and fine-tune biofilm development upon changes in environmental conditions. Thus, biofilm formation is used as a strategy for survival and persistence in the human host and can serve as a reservoir for spreading to new infection sites. Moreover, staphylococcal biofilms provide enhanced resilience toward antibiotics and the immune response and impose remarkable therapeutic challenges in clinics worldwide. This review provides an overview and an updated perspective on staphylococcal biofilms, describing the characteristic features of biofilm formation, the structural and functional properties of the biofilm matrix, and the most important mechanisms involved in the regulation of staphylococcal biofilm formation. Finally, we highlight promising strategies and technologies, including multitargeted or combinational therapies, to eradicate staphylococcal biofilms.
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63
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Orhan-Yanıkan E, Gülseren G, Ayhan K. Protein profile of bacterial extracellular polymeric substance by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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64
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Wang C, Hang H, Zhou S, Niu YD, Du H, Stanford K, McAllister TA. Bacteriophage biocontrol of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) O145 biofilms on stainless steel reduces the contamination of beef. Food Microbiol 2020; 92:103572. [PMID: 32950157 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) can form biofilms and frequently cause serious foodborne illnesses. A strain of STEC O145:H25 (EC19990166) known to be a strong biofilm former was used to evaluate the efficacy of bacteriophage AZO145A against biofilms formed on stainless steel (SS) coupons. Exposure of STEC O145:H25 to phage AZO145A (1010 PFU/mL) for 2 h resulted in a 4.0 log10 reduction (P < 0.01) of planktonic cells grown in M9 broth at 24 °C for 24 h, while reductions were 2.0 log10 CFU/mL if these cells were grown for 48 h or 72 h prior to phage treatment. STEC O145 biofilms formed on SS coupons for 24, 48 and 72 h were reduced (P < 0.01) 2.9, 1.9 and 1.9 log10 CFU/coupon by phages. STEC O145 cells in biofilms were readily transferred from the surface of the SS coupon to beef (3.6 log10 CFU/coupon) even with as little as 10 s of contact with the meat surface. However, transfer of STEC O145 cells from biofilms that formed on SS coupons for 48 h to beef was reduced (P < 0.01) by 3.1 log10 CFU by phage (2 × 1010 PFU/mL) at 24 °C. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that bacterial cells within indentations on the surface of SS coupons were reduced by phage. These results suggest that bacteriophage AZO145A could be effective in reducing the viability of biofilm-adherent STEC O145 on stainless steel in food industry environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, PR China; Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Hua Hang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, PR China
| | - Shoubiao Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, PR China.
| | - Yan D Niu
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hechao Du
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada; Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Kim Stanford
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4V6, Canada
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada.
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Marchianò V, Matos M, Serrano-Pertierra E, Gutiérrez G, Blanco-López MC. Vesicles as antibiotic carrier: State of art. Int J Pharm 2020; 585:119478. [PMID: 32473370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global health problem. Bacteria are able to adapt to different environments, with the presence or absence of a host, forming colonies and biofilms. In fact, biofilm formation confers chemical protection to the microbial cells, thus making most of the conventional antibiotics ineffective. Prevention and destruction of biofilms is a challenging task that should be addressed by a multidisciplinary approach from different research fields. One of the medical strategies used against biofilms is the therapy with drug delivery systems. Lipidic nanovesicles are a good choice for encapsulating drugs, increasing their pharmacodynamics and reducing side effects. These soft nanovesicles show significant advantages for their high biocompatibility, physical and chemistry properties, good affinity with drugs, and easy route of administration. This review summarizes the current knowledge on different types of vesicles which may be used as antibiotic carriers. The main preparation and purification methods for the synthesis of these vesicles are also presented. The advantages of drug encapsulation are critically reviewed. In addition, recent works on endolysin formulations as novel, "greener" and efficient antibiofilm solution are included. This paper can provide useful background for the design of novel efficient formulations and synergistic nanomaterials and could be also useful at the pharmaceutical industry to develop wastewater treatments and reduce the antibiotics in the environmental waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verdiana Marchianò
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Oviedo, 33006, Spain
| | - María Matos
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Oviedo, 33006, Spain; Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, 33006, Spain
| | - Esther Serrano-Pertierra
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, 33006, Spain
| | - Gemma Gutiérrez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Oviedo, 33006, Spain; Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, 33006, Spain.
| | - M C Blanco-López
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, 33006, Spain.
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66
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Bacteriophage-Derived Endolysins Applied as Potent Biocontrol Agents to Enhance Food Safety. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050724. [PMID: 32413991 PMCID: PMC7285104 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Endolysins, bacteriophage-encoded enzymes, have emerged as antibacterial agents that can be actively applied in food processing systems as food preservatives to control pathogens and ultimately enhance food safety. Endolysins break down bacterial peptidoglycan structures at the terminal step of the phage reproduction cycle to enable phage progeny release. In particular, endolysin treatment is a novel strategy for controlling antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which are a severe and increasingly frequent problem in the food industry. In addition, endolysins can eliminate biofilms on the surfaces of utensils. Furthermore, the cell wall-binding domain of endolysins can be used as a tool for rapidly detecting pathogens. Research to extend the use of endolysins toward Gram-negative bacteria is now being extensively conducted. This review summarizes the trends in endolysin research to date and discusses the future applications of these enzymes as novel food preservation tools in the field of food safety.
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67
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Polycationic condensed tannin/polysaccharide-based polyelectrolyte multilayers prevent microbial adhesion and proliferation. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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68
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Chen Y, Li X, Wang S, Guan L, Li X, Hu D, Gao D, Song J, Chen H, Qian P. A Novel Tail-Associated O91-Specific Polysaccharide Depolymerase from a Podophage Reveals Lytic Efficacy of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e00145-20. [PMID: 32111587 PMCID: PMC7170472 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00145-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains are important zoonotic foodborne pathogens, causing diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in humans. However, antibiotic treatment of STEC infection is associated with an increased risk of HUS. Therefore, there is an urgent need for early and effective therapeutic strategies. Here, we isolated lytic T7-like STEC phage PHB19 and identified a novel O91-specific polysaccharide depolymerase (Dep6) in the C terminus of the PHB19 tailspike protein. Dep6 exhibited strong hydrolase activity across wide ranges of pH (pH 4 to 8) and temperature (20 to 60°C) and degraded polysaccharides on the surface of STEC strain HB10. In addition, both Dep6 and PHB19 degraded biofilms formed by STEC strain HB10. In a mouse STEC infection model, delayed Dep6 treatment (3 h postinfection) resulted in only 33% survival, compared with 83% survival when mice were treated simultaneously with infection. In comparison, pretreatment with Dep6 led to 100% survival compared with that of the control group. Surprisingly, a single PHB19 treatment resulted in 100% survival in all three treatment protocols. Moreover, a significant reduction in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines was observed at 24 h postinfection in Dep6- or PHB19-treated mice. These results demonstrated that Dep6 or PHB19 might be used as a potential therapeutic agent to prevent STEC infection.IMPORTANCE Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is an important foodborne pathogen worldwide. The Shiga-like toxin causes diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in humans. Although antibiotic therapy is still used for STEC infections, this approach may increase the risk of HUS. Phages or phage-derived depolymerases have been used to treat bacterial infections in animals and humans, as in the case of the "San Diego patient" treated with a phage cocktail. Here, we showed that phage PHB19 and its O91-specific polysaccharide depolymerase Dep6 degraded STEC biofilms and stripped the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from STEC strain HB10, which was subsequently killed by serum complement in vitro In a mouse model, PHB19 and Dep6 protected against STEC infection and caused a significant reduction in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines. This study reports the use of an O91-specific polysaccharide depolymerase for the treatment of STEC infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lingyu Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dayue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dongyang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiaoyang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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69
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Tham EH, Koh E, Common JEA, Hwang IY. Biotherapeutic Approaches in Atopic Dermatitis. Biotechnol J 2020; 15:e1900322. [PMID: 32176834 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The skin microbiome plays a central role in inflammatory skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis (AD). In AD patients, an imbalance between pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and resident skin symbionts creates a state of dysbiosis which induces immune dysregulation and impairs skin barrier function. There are now exciting new prospects for microbiome-based interventions for AD prevention. In the hopes of achieving sustained control and management of disease in AD patients, current emerging biotherapeutic strategies aim to harness the skin microbiome associated with health by restoring a more diverse symbiotic skin microbiome, while selectively removing pathogenic S. aureus. Examples of such strategies are demonstrated in skin microbiome transplants, phage-derived anti-S. aureus endolysins, monoclonal antibodies, and quorum sensing (QS) inhibitors. However, further understanding of the skin microbiome and its role in AD pathogenesis is still needed to understand how these biotherapeutics alter the dynamics of the microbiome community; to optimize patient selection, drug delivery, and treatment duration; overcome rapid recolonization upon treatment cessation; and improve efficacy to allow these therapeutic options to eventually reach routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Huiwen Tham
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.,Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
| | - Elvin Koh
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.,NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - John E A Common
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - In Young Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.,NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
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Połaska M, Sokołowska B. Bacteriophages-a new hope or a huge problem in the food industry. AIMS Microbiol 2019; 5:324-346. [PMID: 31915746 PMCID: PMC6946638 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2019.4.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages are viruses that are ubiquitous in nature and infect only bacterial cells. These organisms are characterized by high specificity, an important feature that enables their use in the food industry. Phages are applied in three sectors in the food industry: primary production, biosanitization, and biopreservation. In biosanitization, phages or the enzymes that they produce are mainly used to prevent the formation of biofilms on the surface of equipment used in the production facilities. In the case of biopreservation, phages are used to extend the shelf life of products by combating pathogenic bacteria that spoil the food. Although phages are beneficial in controlling the food quality, they also have negative effects. For instance, the natural ability of phages that are specific to lactic acid bacteria to destroy the starter cultures in dairy production incurs huge financial losses to the dairy industry. In this paper, we discuss how bacteriophages can be either an effective weapon in the fight against bacteria or a bane negatively affecting the quality of food products depending on the type of industry they are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Połaska
- Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology, 36 Rakowiecka, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
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