Analysis of sulfonamide and quinolone antibiotic residues in Korean milk using microbial assays and high performance liquid chromatography

Inclusion complex of sulfadimethoxine with cyclodextrins: preparation and characterization

The inclusion complexation behavior, characterization and binding ability of sulfadimethoxine (SDMO) with α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) have been investigated both in solution and solid state by means of absorption, fluorescence, time-resolved fluorescence, (1)H NMR, FT-IR, DSC, SEM, TEM, XRD and molecular modeling methods. The spectral shifts revealed that the part of pyrimidine and aniline rings of SDMO are entrapped in the CD cavity. The stoichiometric ratio and association constant were determined by Benesi-Hildebrand plots and spectroscopic studies respectively. FT-IR spectroscopy was used to compare inclusion systems with physical mixtures, and demonstrated the complex formation in the solid state. The morphology and size of the nanoparticles of SDMO/CD complexes in aqueous solution were observed by TEM. The DSC analysis showed that the thermal stability of SDMO was enhanced in the presence of CD. Investigations of energetic and thermodynamic properties by PM3 method confirmed the stability of the inclusion complexes.

Development and validation of a methodology to qualitatively screening veterinary drugs in porcine muscle via an innovative extraction/clean-up procedure and LC-MS/MS analysis

A qualitative multiresidue method that facilitates rapid monitoring of veterinary drugs in porcine muscle is described. The method comprises the application of an innovative extraction/clean-up procedure, namely liquid-liquid extraction with partition at very low temperature (LLE-FPVLT), and analysis by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Besides the high selectivity, sensitivity and specificity, this high-throughput method proved to be quite general as 34 veterinary drugs (from six distinct classes: tetracyclines, sulfonamides, penicillins, quinolones, macrolides and benzimidazoles) could be successfully detected. The whole screening procedure was validated according to the directives from European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC and guidelines for the validation of screening methods. Acceptable values for the evaluation parameters were achieved for all analytes (except for ampicillin, clindamycin and erythromycin). Finally, these very promising results have strengthened the possibility of inclusion of such a methodology as an integral part of the National Residue Control Plan scope of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply of Brazil.

Portable surface plasmon resonance immunosensor for the detection of fluoroquinolone antibiotic residues in milk

An inexpensive and portable surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor, SPReeta Evaluation Kit SPR3, has been used to develop a biosensor for the determination of fluoroquinolone antibiotics (FQs) and to demonstrate its performance analyzing FQ residues in milk samples. The SPReeta three-channel gold chips were activated with a mixed self-assembled monolayer (m-SAM) and functionalized with a FQ haptenized protein. Binding of the antibody produced a concentration-dependent increase of the SPR signal as a result of the change in the refraction index. Similarly, the presence of the FQ produced a dose-dependent decrease of the response, which allowed a good limit of detection (LOD) to be obtained (1.0 ± 0.4 μg L(-1) for enrofloxacin in buffer). The response was reproducible in all three channels, on different injections and days, and also between chips. Milk samples could be analyzed after a simple sample treatment involving fat removal by centrifugation and dilution with water. Under these conditions calibration curves were obtained showing that FQ residues can be analyzed in milk samples with an IC(50) value of 26.4 ± 7.2 μg L(-1) and a LOD of 2.0 ± 0.2 μg L(-1) (for enrofloxacin), far below the European Union regulations for this antibiotic family in this matrix. Finally, the paper also demonstrates that the biosensor is able to selectively detect the presence of FQs in milk samples, even in the presence of other antibiotics. Enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and norfloxacin residues were detected in blind samples supplied by Nestlé Co.