Optimization extraction of polysaccharide from Tunisian Zizyphus lotus fruit by response surface methodology: Composition and antioxidant activity

Optimization of Prebiotics and Oxygen Scavengers for Bifidobacterium bifidum BB01 Microcapsules by Response Surface Methodology

The effects of different prebiotics and oxygen scavengers on making the process of xanthan gum and chitosan (XC) Bifidobacterium bifidum BB01 microcapsules were studied by single factor experiment and Plackett-Burman screening test, ascorbic acid, sodium erythorbate and xylo-oligosaccharide had significant effects. Based on the previous studies, the process XC B. Bifidum BB01 microcapsules were further optimized by Box-Behnken model in this study. Response surface analysis showed that the best additive amoumt of ascorbic acid, sodium erythorbate and xylo-oligosaccharide were 3.0%, 2.36% and 4.99%, respectively. The viable counts of B. Bifidum BB01 microcapsules reached to 1.52×1010CFU/g from 1.25×1010 CFU/g, the encapsulation yield reached to 94.88% from 90% under the optimum conditions. It provided the research foundation for the afterward production and exploration of the process XC B. Bifidum BB01 microcapsules.

Physicochemical Characterization, Antioxidant and Immunostimulatory Activities of Sulfated Polysaccharides Extracted from Ascophyllum nodosum

Polysaccharides from Ascophyllum nodosum (AnPS) were extracted and purified via an optimized protocol. The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: extraction time of 4.3 h, extraction temperature of 84 °C and ratio (v/w, mL/g) of extraction solvent (water) to raw material of 27. The resulting yield was 9.15 ± 0.23% of crude AnPS. Two fractions, named AnP1-1 and AnP2-1 with molecular weights of 165.92 KDa and 370.68 KDa, were separated from the crude AnPS by chromatography in DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephacryl S-300, respectively. AnP1-1 was composed of mannose, ribose, glucuronic acid, glucose and fucose, and AnP2-1 was composed of mannose, glucuronic acid, galactose and fucose. AnPS, AnP1-1 and AnP2-1 exhibited high scavenging activities against ABTS radical and superoxide radical, and showed protective effect on H₂O₂-induced oxidative injury in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, the immunostimulatory activities of AnP1-1 and AnP2-1 were evaluated by Caco-2 cells, the results showed both AnP1-1 and AnP2-1 could significantly promote the production of immune reactive molecules such as interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1β, interferon (IFN)-γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Therefore, the results suggest that AnPS and its two fractions may be explored as a potential functional food supplement.

GC-EI-MS identification data of neutral sugars of polysaccharides extracted from Zizyphus lotus fruit

Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer (GC–MS) was used to identify and to quantify neutral sugars that constitute the water soluble polysaccharides from Zizyphus lotus fruit. The trimethylsilyl (TMS) method was successfully used for derivatization of the monosaccharides units of extracted polysaccharides that were released by hydrolysis method. Sugars were identified based on their retention times compared with those of standards and the NIST MS Spectral Library. All sugars were quantified in TIC (Total Ion Current) mode using calibration curves. Data is related to “Optimization extraction of polysaccharide from Tunisian Zizyphus lotus fruit by response surface methodology: Composition and antioxidant activity” (Mkadmini Hammi et al., 2016) [1].

Extraction, partial characterization and bioactivity of polysaccharides from Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham

Mechanochemistry was applied to improve the yield of bioactive acid polysaccharides obtained from low-cost Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham. The structural characteristics and biological activities of three novel polysaccharides from S. scandens (SP2-1, SP2-2 and SP3-2) were investigated. SP2-1 and SP2-2 with molecular weights of 267.6 and 253.1 kDa, respectively, were composed of _L-rhamnose, _D-arabinose, _D-mannose, _D-xylose, _D-glucose and _D-galactose in various ratios, whereas SP3-2 with molecular weight of 266.6 kDa was composed of _D-arabinose, _D-glucose and _D-galactose. In vitro, SP3-2 presented the strongest DPPH, ABTS and O^2- radicals scavenging activities, as well as Fe³⁺ reducibility. Immunological tests demonstrated that all polysaccharide fractions stimulated the production of nitric oxide (NO) and immunomodulatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) without cytotoxicity in macrophages and promoted splenocyte proliferation in different degree. These findings indicated that SP2-1, SP2-2 and SP3-2 have prominent antioxidant activity and potential immune response, which proved the possibility of S. scandens polysaccharides (SSP) applied in the field of functional food or medicine.

Microencapsulation of Lactobacillus Acidophilus by Xanthan-Chitosan and Its Stability in Yoghurt

Microencapsulations of Lactobacillus acidophilus in xanthan-chitosan (XC) and xanthan-chitosan-xanthan (XCX) polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) gels were prepared in this study. The process of encapsulation was optimized with the aid of response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum condition was chitosan of 0.68%, xanthan of 0.76%, xanthan-L. acidophilus mixture (XLM)/chitosan of 1:2.56 corresponding to a high viable count (1.31 ± 0.14) × 1010 CFU·g-1, and encapsulation yield 86 ± 0.99%, respectively. Additionally, the application of a new encapsulation system (XC and XCX) in yoghurt achieved great success in bacterial survival during the storage of 21 d at 4 °C and 25 °C, respectively. Specially, pH and acidity in yogurt were significantly influenced by the new encapsulation system in comparison to free suspension during 21 d storage. Our study provided a potential encapsulation system for probiotic application in dairy product which paving a new way for functional food development.

Recovery of Phenolic Compounds and Carbohydrates from Hydro-ethanolic Extract of Zizyphus lotus Fruit using Ultrafiltration Process

Cross flow ultrafiltration (UF) using a cellulose membrane (cut off of 5 kDa) was employed to separate phenolic compounds from carbohydrates of hydro-ethanolic extract obtained fromZizyphus lotusfruit. The performance of the UF membrane was evaluated in terms of permeate flux, fouling index and retention values of total phenolic compounds, carbohydrates and uronic acid contents. The results showed that at VRF of 4.5, the membrane gave the highest rejections towards carbohydrates (99.89 %) and uronic acids (82.8 %) and the lowest average rejection of total phenolic compounds (3.12 %). Moreover, the permeate fraction exhibited the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging ability and total antioxidant capacity with 0.036 mg.mL−1and 102.145(mgGAE.g−1DM), respectively. This result is due to the presence of phenolic compounds (gallic acid, syringic acid, catechin, quercetin and kaempferol) as identified by HPLC system. Besides, a low rejection values of the UF membrane concerning these compounds were confirmed by liquid chromatography analyses.

Optimization of water-soluble polysaccharides from stem lettuce by response surface methodology and study on its characterization and bioactivities

Stem lettuce is widely consumed as a vegetable in China. It is also used as a traditional Chinese medicine for a long time. Up to now, no information is available for stem lettuce polysaccharide (SLP). In this study, extraction optimization, characterization, and antioxidant activity of SLP was investigated.The maximum SLP yield of 20.89% was obtained under the optimal extraction conditions as follows: extraction temperature 95°C, extraction time 3.3h and ratio of water to material 25mL/g. The sulfate content of SLP was 5.82% and the main monosaccharides were GalA, Gal, and Ara with a mole ratio of 49.2: 23.3: 22.9. FT-IR spectrum and HPGPC result further indicated that SLP is a sulfated polydisperse heterpolysaccharide. Congo-red test and AFM scan indicated that SLP might be branching and intertwining structure with triple helix conformation. Moreover, SLP exhibited potent antioxidant activity and α-amylase inhibitory activity, hence it could be used as a potential natural antioxidant and hypoglycemic agent in medicine or functional food fields.

Microwave-assisted extraction and pharmacological evaluation of polysaccharides from Posidonia oceanica

Microwave-assisted extraction was employed for the isolation of polysaccharides from Posidonia oceanica (PPO). The extracting parameters were optimized adopting response surface methodology. The highest polysaccharide yield (2.55 ± 0.09%), which is in concordance with the predicted value (2.76%), was obtained under the following conditions: extraction time 60 s, liquid–solid ratio of 50:1 (mL/g) and power of 800 W. This polysaccharide, with molecular weight of 524 KDa, characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry showed that PPO was mainly composed of galactose, glucose, and arabinose with molar percentages 25.38, 24.37, and 21.64%, respectively. The pharmacological evaluation of PPO using animal models at the dose of 100 mg/kg indicated a significant anti-inflammatory activity with a percentage of inhibition of edema of 54.65% and a significant antinociceptive activity with 78.91% inhibition of writhing for peripheral analgesic activity and an increase in the hot plate reaction time for central analgesic activity.

Isolation, identification, optimization, and metabolite profiling of Streptomyces sparsus VSM-30

Deep sea sediment samples of Bay of Bengal (Visakhapatnam) have been analyzed for actinomycetes as an elite source to screen for the production of bioactive metabolites. The actinomycetes strain VSM-30 has an exciting bioactivity profile and was isolated during our systemic screening of marine actinomycetes. It was identified as Streptomyces sparsus based on morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular approaches. Response surface methodology regression analysis was carried out to fit the experimental data of each response by the second-order polynomial. The results have proven right interaction among process variables at optimized values of incubation time at 12 days, pH at 8, temperature at 30 °C, concentrations of starch at 1%, and tryptone at 1% and the data have been adequately fitted into the second-order polynomial models. Under these conditions, the responses (zones of inhibition) of plant pathogenic fungi Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, and Penicillium citrinum were also matched with experimental and predicted results. Chemotypic analysis of ethyl acetate extract of the strain was done using LC-Q-TOF-MS revealed the presence of bioactive compounds including tryptophan dehydrobutyrine diketopiperazine, maculosin, 7-o-demethyl albocycline, albocycline M-2, and 7-o-demethoxy-7-oxo albocycline in a negative ion mode. The ethyl acetate extract of actinobacterium has been subjected to gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) revealed the presence of diverse compounds such as dotriacontane, tetracosane 11-decyl-, diheptyl phthalate, 1-hexadecanesulfonyl chloride, L-alanyl-L-tryptophan, phthalic acid ethyl pentyl ester, 4-trifluoroacetoxyhexadecane, and 1H-imidazole 4,5-dihydro-2,4-dimethyl. Hence, the ethyl acetate extract of Streptomyces sparsus VSM-30 may have antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities due to the presence of secondary metabolites in ethyl acetate extract. The study also supports marine sediment samples of Bay of Bengal, a promising marine ecosystem remained to be explored for new bioactive compounds.

Optimization of Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction of Fatty Acids in Seeds of Brucea Javanica (L.) Merr. from Different Sources and Simultaneous Analysis Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Charged Aerosol Detection

Our research aimed to optimize the oil extraction process and determine the fatty acids in Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. seeds. The extraction technology was optimized using response surface methodology. A Box-Behnken design was employed to investigate the effects of three independent variables on an ultrasonic-assisted extraction technique, namely, sonication time (X₁: 20–40 min), liquid–solid ratio (X₂: 16:1 mL/g–24:1 mL/g), and ethanol concentration (X₃: 90%–100%). The optimum conditions of sonication time, liquid–solid ratio, and ethanol concentration were 40 min, 24:1 mL/g, and 100%, respectively. The content of fatty acids and the oil yield were 14.64 mg/g and 16.87%, respectively, which match well with the predicted models. The optimum number of extraction times was eventually identified as two. A new rapid method for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the fatty acids of B. javanica (L.) Merr. seed oil using HPLC with a charged aerosol detector was described. The fatty acid contents of 14 batches of B. javanica (L.) Merr. seed oil were determined, and the relevance and difference were analyzed by fingerprint analysis. The fingerprint has five common peaks, and the similarity was greater than 0.991. HPLC analysis represents a specialized and rational approach for the quality identification and comprehensive evaluation of B. javanica (L.) Merr. seed oils.

Optimization extraction and bioactivities of polysaccharide from wild Russula griseocarnosa

The extraction conditions and biological activities of polysaccharides from wild Russula griseocarnosa (PRG) were investigated. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was used to optimize extraction conditions. The optimal extraction parameters of PRG were as follows: extracting time 4 h, extraction temperature 77.3 °C and liquid-solid ratio 42.5 g/L. Furthermore, the data demonstrated that PRG exhibited antioxidant activities evidenced by reducing power to scavenge the DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical. PRG showed the activity of anti-cervical carcinoma cells Hela and Siha. In conclusion this study offered an efficient extraction method of wild Russula griseocarnosa polysaccharide, and the results suggested PRG had good antioxidant and inhibitory activities against cervical carcinoma cells, and PRG could be developed as a novel natural functional food.