51
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Evaluation of forensic genetics findings given activity level propositions: A review. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2018; 36:34-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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52
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Wearer and non-wearer DNA on the collars and cuffs of upper garments of worn clothing. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2018; 34:152-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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53
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Albani PP, Patel J, Fleming RI. Background levels of male DNA in the vaginal cavity. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2018; 33:110-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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54
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Smit NM, Morgan RM, Lagnado DA. A systematic analysis of misleading evidence in unsafe rulings in England and Wales. Sci Justice 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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55
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Transfer and persistence of non-self DNA on hands over time: Using empirical data to evaluate DNA evidence given activity level propositions. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2018; 33:84-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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56
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Basset P, Castella V. Lessons from a study of DNA contaminations from police services and forensic laboratories in Switzerland. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2017; 33:147-154. [PMID: 29275090 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In Switzerland, the DNA profiles of police officers collecting crime scene traces as well as forensic genetic laboratories employees are stored in the staff index of the national DNA database to detect potential contaminations. Our study aimed at making a national inventory of contaminations to better understand their origin and to make recommendations in order to decrease their occurrence. For this purpose, a retrospective questionnaire was sent to both police services and forensic genetic laboratories for each case where there was a contamination. Between 2011 and 2015, a total of 709 contaminations were detected. This represents a mean of 11.5 (9.6-13.4) contaminations per year per 1'000 profiles sent to the Swiss DNA database. Feedbacks were obtained from the police, the laboratory or both for 552/709 (78%) of the contaminations. Approximately 86% of these contaminations originated from police officers whereas only 11% were from genetic laboratories employees and 3% were associated to other sources (e.g. positive controls, stain-stain contaminations). Interestingly, a direct contact between the stain and the contaminant person occurred in only 51% of the laboratory contaminations whereas this number increased to 91% for police collaborators. The high level of indirect DNA transfer in laboratories might be explained by the presence of "DNA reservoirs" suggesting that cleaning procedures should be improved. At the police level, most contaminations originated from the person who collected the trace and likely occurred directly at the crime scene. Improving sampling practices could be beneficial to reduce these contaminations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Basset
- Unité de Génétique Forensique, Centre Universitaire Romand de Médecine Légale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois et Université de Lausanne, Ch. de la Vulliette 4, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Vincent Castella
- Unité de Génétique Forensique, Centre Universitaire Romand de Médecine Légale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois et Université de Lausanne, Ch. de la Vulliette 4, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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57
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Bodulev OL, Gribas AV, Sakharov IY. Microplate chemiluminescent assay for HBV DNA detection using 3-(10'-phenothiazinyl)propionic acid/N-morpholinopyridine pair as enhancer of HRP-catalyzed chemiluminescence. Anal Biochem 2017; 543:33-36. [PMID: 29203136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive sandwich assay for hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA detection based on use of commercial CL-ELISA microplates was developed. To reveal the target the covalent conjugate of reporter oligonucleotide and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was synthesized. An employment of enhanced chemiluminescence reaction, where 3-(10'-phenothiazinyl)propionic acid/N-morpholinopyridine pair was used as enhancer of HRP-catalyzed chemiluminescence, permitted to measure the enzyme activity of the conjugate with high sensitivity. Under the favorable conditions the limit of detection and a linear range of the assay were 3 pM and 0.07-2.0 nM, respectively. The coefficient of variation (CV) for determination of HBV DNA concentrations within the working range was lower than 4%. The obtained results demonstrated that the developed assay had high sensitivity and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg L Bodulev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anastasia V Gribas
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Ivan Yu Sakharov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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58
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Tobias SH, Jacques GS, Morgan RM, Meakin GE. The effect of pressure on DNA deposition by touch. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL GENETICS SUPPLEMENT SERIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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59
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Neuhuber F, Kreindl G, Kastinger T, Dunkelmann B, Zahrer W, Cemper-Kiesslich J, Grießner I. Police officer’s DNA on crime scene samples – Indirect transfer as a source of contamination and its database-assisted detection in Austria. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL GENETICS SUPPLEMENT SERIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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60
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Poetsch M, Pfeifer M, Konrad H, Bajanowski T, Helmus J. Impact of several wearers on the persistence of DNA on clothes-a study with experimental scenarios. Int J Legal Med 2017; 132:117-123. [PMID: 29151121 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1742-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The detection of DNA of a certain person on the inside of a piece of clothing involved in a crime scene is usually seen as confirmation that this person is the owner or bearer and therefore participated in this crime. However, besides the possibilities of secondary or even tertiary transfer of DNA, the accused often argues that he lent the garment to another person who by chance did not leave any DNA while committing the crime. Then, forensic genetic scientists have to answer the question how long DNA persists on an item used in daily routine and how long a piece of clothing must be worn to definitively leave detectable DNA behind. In an attempt to answer these questions, several scenarios with two or three individuals wearing the same sweatband for different time periods were set up. DNA left on the sweatbands was isolated, quantified, and then analyzed using the Powerplex® ESX17fast kit. The majority of samples displayed all alleles of both/all three wearers on the outside (67%) as well as on the inside (80%) of the sweatbands. In contrast, a single profile of the first wearer could only be found once among all 204 samples, a single profile of the second wearer in 7% of samples. Wearing the sweatband for only 10 min was enough to result in a complete profile of the second wearer in 79% of samples. So, it is highly unlikely to wear/use a piece of clothing for even a short period of time without leaving own DNA behind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Poetsch
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany.
| | - Manuel Pfeifer
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Helen Konrad
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Bajanowski
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Janine Helmus
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
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61
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Investigation of DNA transfer onto clothing during regular daily activities. Int J Legal Med 2017; 132:1035-1042. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1736-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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62
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Pickrahn I, Kreindl G, Müller E, Dunkelmann B, Zahrer W, Cemper-Kiesslich J, Neuhuber F. Contamination incidents in the pre-analytical phase of forensic DNA analysis in Austria—Statistics of 17 years. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2017; 31:12-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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63
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An inter-laboratory comparison study on transfer, persistence and recovery of DNA from cable ties. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2017; 31:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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64
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Prahlow JA, Cameron T, Arendt A, Cornelis K, Bontrager A, Suth MS, Black L, Tobey R, Pollock S, Stur S, Cotter K, Gabrielse J. DNA testing in homicide investigations. MEDICINE, SCIENCE, AND THE LAW 2017; 57:179-191. [PMID: 28776465 DOI: 10.1177/0025802417721790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Objectives With the widespread use of DNA testing, police, death investigators, and attorneys need to be aware of the capabilities of this technology. This review provides an overview of scenarios where DNA evidence has played a major role in homicide investigations in order to highlight important educational issues for police, death investigators, forensic pathologists, and attorneys. Methods This was a nonrandom, observational, retrospective study. Data were obtained from the collective files of the authors from casework during a 15-year period, from 2000 through 2014. Results A series of nine scenarios, encompassing 11 deaths, is presented from the standpoint of the police and death investigation, the forensic pathology autopsy performance, the subsequent DNA testing of evidence, and, ultimately, the final adjudication of cases. Details of each case are presented, along with a discussion that focuses on important aspects of sample collection for potential DNA testing, especially at the crime scene and the autopsy. The presentation highlights the diversity of case and evidence types in which DNA testing played a valuable role in the successful prosecution of the case. Conclusions By highlighting homicides where DNA testing contributed to the successful adjudication of cases, police, death investigators, forensic pathologists, and attorneys will be better informed regarding the types of evidence and situations where such testing is of potential value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Prahlow
- 1 Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, USA
| | - Thomas Cameron
- 2 Metro Homicide Unit, USA
- 3 South Bend Police Department, USA
| | | | - Kenneth Cornelis
- 2 Metro Homicide Unit, USA
- 5 St. Joseph County Sheriff Department, USA
| | | | | | - Lisa Black
- 6 Indiana State Police Laboratory, Forensic Biology Unit, USA
| | - Rebbecca Tobey
- 6 Indiana State Police Laboratory, Forensic Biology Unit, USA
| | - Sharon Pollock
- 6 Indiana State Police Laboratory, Forensic Biology Unit, USA
| | - Shawn Stur
- 6 Indiana State Police Laboratory, Forensic Biology Unit, USA
| | | | - Joel Gabrielse
- 7 St. Joseph County Prosecutors Office, USA
- 8 United States Department of Justice, Northern District of Indiana, USA
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65
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Activity level DNA evidence evaluation: On propositions addressing the actor or the activity. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 278:115-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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66
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Levin E, Morgan R, Scott K, Jones V. The transfer of diatoms from freshwater to footwear materials: An experimental study assessing transfer, persistence, and extraction methods for forensic reconstruction. Sci Justice 2017; 57:349-360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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67
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Einot N, Shpitzen M, Voskoboinik L, Roth J, Feine I, Gafny R. Reducing the Workload: Analysis of DNA Profiling Efficiency of Case Work Items. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19409044.2017.1332117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naftaly Einot
- Forensic DNA and Biology Laboratory, Division of Identification and Forensic Science (DIFS), Israel Police, National H.Q., Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Moshe Shpitzen
- Forensic DNA and Biology Laboratory, Division of Identification and Forensic Science (DIFS), Israel Police, National H.Q., Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lev Voskoboinik
- Forensic DNA and Biology Laboratory, Division of Identification and Forensic Science (DIFS), Israel Police, National H.Q., Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jonathan Roth
- Forensic DNA and Biology Laboratory, Division of Identification and Forensic Science (DIFS), Israel Police, National H.Q., Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ilan Feine
- Forensic DNA and Biology Laboratory, Division of Identification and Forensic Science (DIFS), Israel Police, National H.Q., Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ron Gafny
- Forensic DNA and Biology Laboratory, Division of Identification and Forensic Science (DIFS), Israel Police, National H.Q., Jerusalem, Israel
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68
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Meakin GE, Butcher EV, van Oorschot RA, Morgan RM. Trace DNA evidence dynamics: An investigation into the deposition and persistence of directly- and indirectly-transferred DNA on regularly-used knives. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2017; 29:38-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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69
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Laundry in a washing machine as a mediator of secondary and tertiary DNA transfer. Int J Legal Med 2017; 132:373-378. [PMID: 28608145 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1617-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the possibility of secondary and tertiary DNA transfer during laundry. The modes of transfer tested were mixed and separate laundry of worn and unworn garments in household and public washing machines. In addition, the possibility of a background DNA carry-over from a washing machine's drum was investigated. In the mixed (worn and unworn garments washed together) laundry experiment, 22% of samples from new unworn socks with no traceable DNA prior to experiment produced DNA profiles post-laundry. In the tertiary DNA transfer experiment performed in a public washing machine (unworn garments only), no detectable DNA profiles were observed. Samples collected from the internal drum of 25 washing and drying machines did not produce detectable STR profiles. The implications of these results are discussed in the context of forensic DNA casework analysis. Graphical Abstract ᅟA real-life scenario of secondary DNA transfer between worn and unworn garments during machine washing has been evaluated. Experiments demonstrated this scenario is possible (22% of samples) and may in fact result in high quality DNA profiles. On the contrary, testing washing machine's interior for deposition of biological material between separate washing cycles to serve as a mediator of tertiary DNA transfer resulted in no DNA profiles.
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70
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Analysis of DNA from post-blast pipe bomb fragments for identification and determination of ancestry. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2017; 28:195-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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71
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Helping to distinguish primary from secondary transfer events for trace DNA. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2017; 28:155-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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72
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Cuzuel V, Cognon G, Rivals I, Sauleau C, Heulard F, Thiébaut D, Vial J. Origin, Analytical Characterization, and Use of Human Odor in Forensics. J Forensic Sci 2017; 62:330-350. [PMID: 28120328 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Developing a strategy to characterize the odor prints of individuals should be relevant to support identification obtained using dogs in courts of justice. This article proposes an overview of the techniques used for the forensic profiling of human odor. After reviewing the origin of human odor-both genetic and physiological-the different analytical steps from sample collection to statistical data processing are presented. The first challenge is the collection of odor, whether by direct sampling with polymer patches, cotton gauze, etc., or indirect sampling with devices like Scent Transfer Unit. Then, analytical techniques are presented. Analyses are commonly performed with gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. As they yield large amounts of data, advanced statistical tools are needed to provide efficient and reliable data processing, which is essential to give more probative value to information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Cuzuel
- UMR 8231 Chimie Biologie et Innovation (CBI), Laboratoire Sciences Analytiques Bioanalytiques et Miniaturisation, ESPCI Paris-CNRS, PSL Institute, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231, PARIS Cedex, France.,Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale, Caserne Lange, 5 Boulevard de l'Hautil, BP 20312 Pontoise, 95037, Cergy Pontoise Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Cognon
- Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale, Caserne Lange, 5 Boulevard de l'Hautil, BP 20312 Pontoise, 95037, Cergy Pontoise Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Rivals
- Equipe de Statistique Appliquée, ESPCI Paris, UMRS 1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Charles Sauleau
- Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale, Caserne Lange, 5 Boulevard de l'Hautil, BP 20312 Pontoise, 95037, Cergy Pontoise Cedex, France
| | - François Heulard
- Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale, Caserne Lange, 5 Boulevard de l'Hautil, BP 20312 Pontoise, 95037, Cergy Pontoise Cedex, France
| | - Didier Thiébaut
- UMR 8231 Chimie Biologie et Innovation (CBI), Laboratoire Sciences Analytiques Bioanalytiques et Miniaturisation, ESPCI Paris-CNRS, PSL Institute, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231, PARIS Cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Vial
- UMR 8231 Chimie Biologie et Innovation (CBI), Laboratoire Sciences Analytiques Bioanalytiques et Miniaturisation, ESPCI Paris-CNRS, PSL Institute, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231, PARIS Cedex, France
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73
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Biedermann A, Champod C, Jackson G, Gill P, Taylor D, Butler J, Morling N, Hicks T, Vuille J, Taroni F. Evaluation of Forensic DNA Traces When Propositions of Interest Relate to Activities: Analysis and Discussion of Recurrent Concerns. Front Genet 2016; 7:215. [PMID: 28018424 PMCID: PMC5149526 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When forensic scientists evaluate and report on the probative strength of single DNA traces, they commonly rely on only one number, expressing the rarity of the DNA profile in the population of interest. This is so because the focus is on propositions regarding the source of the recovered trace material, such as "the person of interest is the source of the crime stain." In particular, when the alternative proposition is "an unknown person is the source of the crime stain," one is directed to think about the rarity of the profile. However, in the era of DNA profiling technology capable of producing results from small quantities of trace material (i.e., non-visible staining) that is subject to easy and ubiquitous modes of transfer, the issue of source is becoming less central, to the point that it is often not contested. There is now a shift from the question "whose DNA is this?" to the question "how did it get there?" As a consequence, recipients of expert information are now very much in need of assistance with the evaluation of the meaning and probative strength of DNA profiling results when the competing propositions of interest refer to different activities. This need is widely demonstrated in day-to-day forensic practice and is also voiced in specialized literature. Yet many forensic scientists remain reluctant to assess their results given propositions that relate to different activities. Some scientists consider evaluations beyond the issue of source as being overly speculative, because of the lack of relevant data and knowledge regarding phenomena and mechanisms of transfer, persistence and background of DNA. Similarly, encouragements to deal with these activity issues, expressed in a recently released European guideline on evaluative reporting (Willis et al., 2015), which highlights the need for rethinking current practice, are sometimes viewed skeptically or are not considered feasible. In this discussion paper, we select and discuss recurrent skeptical views brought to our attention, as well as some of the alternative solutions that have been suggested. We will argue that the way forward is to address now, rather than later, the challenges associated with the evaluation of DNA results (from small quantities of trace material) in light of different activities to prevent them being misrepresented in court.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Biedermann
- Faculty of Law, Criminal Justice and Public Administration, School of Criminal Justice, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Champod
- Faculty of Law, Criminal Justice and Public Administration, School of Criminal Justice, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Graham Jackson
- School of Science, Engineering and Technology, Abertay UniversityDundee, Scotland
| | - Peter Gill
- Norwegian Institute of Public HealthOslo, Norway
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of OsloOslo, Norway
| | - Duncan Taylor
- Forensic Science South AustraliaAdelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders UniversityAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - John Butler
- National Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Niels Morling
- Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tacha Hicks
- Faculty of Law, Criminal Justice and Public Administration, School of Criminal Justice, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joelle Vuille
- Faculty of Law, University of NeuchâtelNeuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Franco Taroni
- Faculty of Law, Criminal Justice and Public Administration, School of Criminal Justice, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
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74
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Bond JW, Weart JR. The Effectiveness of Trace DNA Profiling-A Comparison Between a U.S. and a U.K. Law Enforcement Jurisdiction. J Forensic Sci 2016; 62:753-760. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John W. Bond
- Department of Criminology; University of Leicester; 154 Upper New Walk Leicester LE1 7QA U.K
| | - Jocelyn R. Weart
- Santa Clara County Crime Laboratory; 250 West Hedding Street San Jose CA 95110
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75
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Kokshoorn B, Aarts B, Ansell R, McKenna L, Connolly E, Drotz W, Kloosterman AD. Cale CM, Earll ME, Latham KE, Bush GL. Could Secondary DNA Transfer Falsely Place Someone at the Scene of a Crime? J Forensic Sci 2016;61(1):196-203. J Forensic Sci 2016; 61:1401-2. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bas Kokshoorn
- Netherlands Forensic Institute; P.O.Box 24044 2490 AA The Hague The Netherlands
| | - Bart Aarts
- Netherlands Forensic Institute; P.O.Box 24044 2490 AA The Hague The Netherlands
| | - Ricky Ansell
- Swedish National Forensic Centre; SE-581 94 Linköping Sweden
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM); Linköping University; SE-581 83 Linköping Sweden
| | - Louise McKenna
- Forensic Science Ireland; Garda HQ Phoenix Park Dublin 8 Ireland
| | - Edward Connolly
- Forensic Science Ireland; Garda HQ Phoenix Park Dublin 8 Ireland
| | - Weine Drotz
- Swedish National Forensic Centre; SE-581 94 Linköping Sweden
| | - Ate D. Kloosterman
- Netherlands Forensic Institute; P.O.Box 24044 2490 AA The Hague The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics; University of Amsterdam; P.O. Box 94248 1090 GE Amsterdam The Netherlands
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76
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Oldoni F, Castella V, Hall D. Shedding light on the relative DNA contribution of two persons handling the same object. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2016; 24:148-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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77
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Analyse von Hautkontaktspuren in der forensischen Genetik unter besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Entstehung und Spurenentnahme. Rechtsmedizin (Berl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00194-016-0110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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78
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Analyse von Hautkontaktspuren in der forensischen Genetik unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Kontamination und Transferszenarien. Rechtsmedizin (Berl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00194-016-0115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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79
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Blackie R, Taylor D, Linacre A. DNA profiles from clothing fibers using direct PCR. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2016; 12:331-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s12024-016-9784-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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80
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Gill P. Analysis and implications of the miscarriages of justice of Amanda Knox and Raffaele Sollecito. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2016; 23:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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81
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Taylor D, Abarno D, Rowe E, Rask-Nielsen L. Observations of DNA transfer within an operational Forensic Biology Laboratory. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2016; 23:33-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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82
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A novel cell culture model as a tool for forensic biology experiments and validations. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2016; 24:114-119. [PMID: 27376694 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To improve and advance DNA forensic casework investigation outcomes, extensive field and laboratory experiments are carried out in a broad range of relevant branches, such as touch and trace DNA, secondary DNA transfer and contamination confinement. Moreover, the development of new forensic tools, for example new sampling appliances, by commercial companies requires ongoing validation and assessment by forensic scientists. A frequent challenge in these kinds of experiments and validations is the lack of a stable, reproducible and flexible biological reference material. As a possible solution, we present here a cell culture model based on skin-derived human dermal fibroblasts. Cultured cells were harvested, quantified and dried on glass slides. These slides were used in adhesive tape-lifting experiments and tests of DNA crossover confinement by UV irradiation. The use of this model enabled a simple and concise comparison between four adhesive tapes, as well as a straightforward demonstration of the effect of UV irradiation intensities on DNA quantity and degradation. In conclusion, we believe this model has great potential to serve as an efficient research tool in forensic biology.
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83
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Meakin GE, Jamieson A. A response to a response to Meakin and Jamieson DNA transfer: Review and implications for casework. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2016; 22:e5-e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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84
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Lim S, Subhani Z, Daniel B, Frascione N. Touch DNA—The prospect of DNA profiles from cables. Sci Justice 2016; 56:210-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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85
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86
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Stabbing simulations and DNA transfer. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2016; 22:73-80. [PMID: 26875110 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Technical developments have made it possible to analyze very low amounts of DNA. This has many advantages, but the drawback of this technological progress is that interpretation of the results becomes increasingly complex: the number of mixed DNA profiles increased relatively to single source DNA profiles and stochastic effects in the DNA profile, such as drop-in and drop-out, are more frequently observed. Moreover, the relevance of low template DNA material regarding the activities alleged is not as straightforward as it was a few years ago, when for example large quantities of blood were recovered. The possibility of secondary and tertiary transfer is now becoming an issue. The purpose of this research is twofold: first, to study the transfer of DNA from the handler and secondly, to observe if handlers would transfer DNA from persons closely connected to them. We chose to mimic cases where the offender would attack a person with a knife. As a first approach, we envisaged that the defense would not give an alternative explanation for the origin of the DNA. In our transfer experiments (4 donors, 16 experiments each, 64 traces), 3% of the traces were single DNA profiles. Most of the time, the DNA profile of the person handling the knife was present as the major profile: in 83% of the traces the major contributor profile corresponded to the stabber's DNA profile (in single stains and mixtures). Mixture with no clear major/minor fraction (12%) were observed. 5% of the traces were considered of insufficient quality (more than 3 contributors, presence of a few minor peaks). In that case, we considered that the stabber's DNA was absent. In our experiments, no traces allowed excluding the stabber, however it must be noted that precautions were taken to minimize background DNA as knives were cleaned before the experiments. DNA profiles of the stabber's colleagues were not observed. We hope that this study will allow for a better understanding of the transfer mechanism and of how to assess and describe results given activity level propositions. In this preliminary research, we have focused on the transfer of DNA on the hand of the person. Besides, more research is needed to assign the probability of the results given an alternative activity proposed by the defense, for instance when the source of the DNA is not contested, but that the activities are.
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87
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Lacerenza D, Aneli S, Omedei M, Gino S, Pasino S, Berchialla P, Robino C. A molecular exploration of human DNA/RNA co-extracted from the palmar surface of the hands and fingers. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2016; 22:44-53. [PMID: 26844918 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
"Touch DNA" refers to the DNA that is left behind when a person touches or comes into contact with an item. However, the source of touch DNA is still debated and the large variability in DNA yield from casework samples suggests that, besides skin, various body fluids can be transferred through contact. Another important issue concerning touch DNA is the possible occurrence of secondary transfer, but the data published in the literature in relation to the background levels of foreign DNA present on the hand surfaces of the general population are very limited. As the present study aimed at better understanding the nature and characteristics of touch DNA, samples were collected from the palmar surface of the hands and fingers ("PHF" samples) of 30 male and 30 female donors by tape-lifting/swabbing and subjected to DNA/RNA co-extraction. Multiplex mRNA profiling showed that cellular material different from skin could be observed in 15% of the PHF samples. The total amount of DNA recovered from these samples (median 5.1 ng) was significantly higher than that obtained from samples containing skin cells only (median 1.6 ng). The integrity of the DNA isolated from the donors' hands and fingers as well as the prevalence of DNA mixtures were evaluated by STR typing and compared with reference STR profiles from buccal swabs. DNA integrity appeared significantly higher in the male rather than in the female subsample, as the average percentage of the donors' alleles effectively detected in PHF profiles was 75.1% and 60.1%, respectively. The prevalence of mixtures with a foreign DNA contribution ≥20% was 19.2% (30.0% in the female PHF samples and 8.3% in the male PHF samples). The obtained results support the hypothesis that transfer of cellular material different from skin may underlie the occasional recovery of quality STR profiles from handled items. These results also suggest that gender may represent an important factor influencing the propensity of individuals to carry and transfer DNA through hand contact, possibly because of the differences in personal and hygiene habits between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lacerenza
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - S Aneli
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Human Genetics Foundation, HuGeF, Turin, Italy
| | - M Omedei
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Department of Public Health, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - S Gino
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - S Pasino
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - P Berchialla
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - C Robino
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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88
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Electrostatic sampling of trace DNA from clothing. Int J Legal Med 2016; 130:661-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-015-1312-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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89
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Breathnach M, Williams L, McKenna L, Moore E. Probability of detection of DNA deposited by habitual wearer and/or the second individual who touched the garment. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2016; 20:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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90
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Casey DG, Clayson N, Jones S, Lewis J, Boyce M, Fraser I, Kennedy F, Alexender K. A response to Meakin and Jamieson DNA transfer: Review and implications for casework. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2015; 21:117-8. [PMID: 26765250 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David G Casey
- Forensic Science Ireland, Garda Headquarters, Phoenix Park, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Nicola Clayson
- Scottish Police Authority, Forensic Services, 11 Howden Hall Road, Edinburgh EH16 6TL, UK.
| | - Sarah Jones
- Scottish Police Authority, Forensic Services, Nelson Street Police Office, Aberdeen AS24 5EQ, UK.
| | - Jennie Lewis
- Cellmark Forensic Services, P.O. Box 265, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 1YX, UK.
| | - Maggie Boyce
- Key Forensics 207B and C, Cavendish Place, Birchwood Park, Warrington WA3 6WU, UK.
| | - Isla Fraser
- Forensic Science Northern Ireland, Belfast Road, Whitehead, Carrickfergus, County Antrim BT38 8PL, UK.
| | - Finlay Kennedy
- LGC Forensics, Darwin House, Building 414, Faraday Street, Birchwood Park, Risley, Cheshire WA3 6FW, UK.
| | - Karen Alexender
- Cellmark Forensic Services, P.O. Box 265, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OXQX14 1YX, UK.
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91
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Pamela T, Alice G, Elena P, Luciana C. Effect of two different swabs on genetic profiling of enhaced fingerprints. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL GENETICS SUPPLEMENT SERIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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92
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Margiotta G, Tasselli G, Tommolini F, Lancia M, Massetti S, Carnevali E. Risk of dna transfer by gloves in forensic casework. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL GENETICS SUPPLEMENT SERIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2015.09.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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93
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Meakin GE, Butcher EV, van Oorschot RA, Morgan RM. The deposition and persistence of indirectly-transferred DNA on regularly-used knives. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL GENETICS SUPPLEMENT SERIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2015.09.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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94
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Taylor D, Abarno D, Hicks T, Champod C. Evaluating forensic biology results given source level propositions. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2015; 21:54-67. [PMID: 26720813 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of forensic evidence can occur at any level within the hierarchy of propositions depending on the question being asked and the amount and type of information that is taken into account within the evaluation. Commonly DNA evidence is reported given propositions that deal with the sub-source level in the hierarchy, which deals only with the possibility that a nominated individual is a source of DNA in a trace (or contributor to the DNA in the case of a mixed DNA trace). We explore the use of information obtained from examinations, presumptive and discriminating tests for body fluids, DNA concentrations and some case circumstances within a Bayesian network in order to provide assistance to the Courts that have to consider propositions at source level. We use a scenario in which the presence of blood is of interest as an exemplar and consider how DNA profiling results and the potential for laboratory error can be taken into account. We finish with examples of how the results of these reports could be presented in court using either numerical values or verbal descriptions of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan Taylor
- Forensic Science South Australia, 21 Divett Place, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100 Adelaide SA, Australia 5001.
| | - Damien Abarno
- Forensic Science South Australia, 21 Divett Place, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100 Adelaide SA, Australia 5001
| | - Tacha Hicks
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne & Fondation pour la formation continue universitaire lausannoise, Lausanne, Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Champod
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Dorigny, Switzerland
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95
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Stanciu CE, Philpott MK, Kwon YJ, Bustamante EE, Ehrhardt CJ. Optical characterization of epidermal cells and their relationship to DNA recovery from touch samples. F1000Res 2015; 4:1360. [PMID: 26870321 PMCID: PMC4732551 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.7385.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate the relative contributions of different cellular and genetic components to biological samples created by touch or contact with a surface - one of the most challenging forms of forensic evidence. Touch samples were generated by having individuals hold an object for five minutes and analyzed for quantity of intact epidermal cells, extracellular DNA, and DNA from pelleted cell material after elution from the collection swab. Comparisons were made between samples where individuals had washed their hands immediately prior to handling and those where hand washing was not controlled. The vast majority (84-100%) of DNA detected in these touch samples was extracellular and was uncorrelated to the number of epidermal cells detected. Although little to no extracellular or cell pellet-associated DNA was detected when individuals washed their hands prior to substrate handling, we found that a significant number of epidermal cells (between ~5x10 (3) and ~1x10 (5)) could still be recovered from these samples, suggesting that other types of biological information may be present even when no amplifiable nuclear DNA is present. These results help to elucidate the biological context for touch samples and characterize factors that may contribute to patterns of transfer and persistence of genetic material in forensic evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina E Stanciu
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - M Katherine Philpott
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Ye Jin Kwon
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Eduardo E Bustamante
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Christopher J Ehrhardt
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
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96
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DNA transfer—a never ending story. A study on scenarios involving a second person as carrier. Int J Legal Med 2015; 130:121-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-015-1284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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97
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Cale CM, Earll ME, Latham KE, Bush GL. Could Secondary DNA Transfer Falsely Place Someone at the Scene of a Crime?,. J Forensic Sci 2015; 61:196-203. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M. Cale
- Strand Analytical Laboratories; 5770 Decatur Blvd Indianapolis IN 46241
- Human Biology Program; University of Indianapolis; 1400 East Hanna Avenue Indianapolis IN 46227
| | - Madison E. Earll
- Human Biology Program; University of Indianapolis; 1400 East Hanna Avenue Indianapolis IN 46227
| | - Krista E. Latham
- Human Biology Program; University of Indianapolis; 1400 East Hanna Avenue Indianapolis IN 46227
| | - Gay L. Bush
- Strand Analytical Laboratories; 5770 Decatur Blvd Indianapolis IN 46241
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98
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Gerasimova YV, Kolpashchikov DM. Enzyme-assisted target recycling (EATR) for nucleic acid detection. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 43:6405-38. [PMID: 24901032 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00083h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fast, reliable and sensitive methods for nucleic acid detection are of growing practical interest with respect to molecular diagnostics of cancer, infectious and genetic diseases. Currently, PCR-based and other target amplification strategies are most extensively used in practice. At the same time, such assays have limitations that can be overcome by alternative approaches. There is a recent explosion in the design of methods that amplify the signal produced by a nucleic acid target, without changing its copy number. This review aims at systematization and critical analysis of the enzyme-assisted target recycling (EATR) signal amplification technique. The approach uses nucleases to recognize and cleave the probe-target complex. Cleavage reactions produce a detectable signal. The advantages of such techniques are potentially low sensitivity to contamination and lack of the requirement of a thermal cycler. Nucleases used for EATR include sequence-dependent restriction or nicking endonucleases or sequence independent exonuclease III, lambda exonuclease, RNase H, RNase HII, AP endonuclease, duplex-specific nuclease, DNase I, or T7 exonuclease. EATR-based assays are potentially useful for point-of-care diagnostics, single nucleotide polymorphisms genotyping and microRNA analysis. Specificity, limit of detection and the potential impact of EATR strategies on molecular diagnostics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia V Gerasimova
- Chemistry Department, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
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99
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Breathnach M, Moore E. Background Levels of Salivary-α-amylase Plus Foreign DNA in Cases of Oral Intercourse: a Female Perspective. J Forensic Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Breathnach
- Department of Applied Science; Limerick Institute of Technology; Limerick Ireland
| | - Elizabeth Moore
- Department of Applied Science; Limerick Institute of Technology; Limerick Ireland
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100
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Butler
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
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