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Ureidopyrazine Derivatives: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation as Anti-Infectives and Abiotic Elicitors. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101797. [PMID: 29065539 PMCID: PMC6151446 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has become a frequently deadly infection due to increasing antimicrobial resistance. This serious issue has driven efforts worldwide to discover new drugs effective against Mtb. One research area is the synthesis and evaluation of pyrazinamide derivatives as potential anti-TB drugs. In this paper we report the synthesis and biological evaluations of a series of ureidopyrazines. Compounds were synthesized by reacting alkyl/aryl isocyanates with aminopyrazine or with propyl 5-aminopyrazine-2-carboxylate. Reactions were performed in pressurized vials using a CEM Discover microwave reactor with a focused field. Purity and chemical structures of products were assessed, and the final compounds were tested in vitro for their antimycobacterial, antibacterial, and antifungal activities. Propyl 5-(3-phenylureido)pyrazine-2-carboxylate (compound 4, MICMtb = 1.56 μg/mL, 5.19 μM) and propyl 5-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)ureido)pyrazine-2-carboxylate (compound 6, MICMtb = 6.25 μg/mL, 18.91 μM) had high antimycobacterial activity against Mtb H37Rv with no in vitro cytotoxicity on HepG2 cell line. Therefore 4 and 6 are suitable for further structural modifications that might improve their biological activity and physicochemical properties. Based on the structural similarity to 1-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-3-phenylurea, a known plant growth regulator, two selected compounds were evaluated for similar activity as abiotic elicitors.
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A genome-wide structure-based survey of nucleotide binding proteins in M. tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12489. [PMID: 28970579 PMCID: PMC5624866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside tri-phosphates (NTP) form an important class of small molecule ligands that participate in, and are essential to a large number of biological processes. Here, we seek to identify the NTP binding proteome (NTPome) in M. tuberculosis (M.tb), a deadly pathogen. Identifying the NTPome is useful not only for gaining functional insights of the individual proteins but also for identifying useful drug targets. From an earlier study, we had structural models of M.tb at a proteome scale from which a set of 13,858 small molecule binding pockets were identified. We use a set of NTP binding sub-structural motifs derived from a previous study and scan the M.tb pocketome, and find that 1,768 proteins or 43% of the proteome can theoretically bind NTP ligands. Using an experimental proteomics approach involving dye-ligand affinity chromatography, we confirm NTP binding to 47 different proteins, of which 4 are hypothetical proteins. Our analysis also provides the precise list of binding site residues in each case, and the probable ligand binding pose. As the list includes a number of known and potential drug targets, the identification of NTP binding can directly facilitate structure-based drug design of these targets.
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Jiménez-Romero C, Rode JE, Pérez YM, Franzblau SG, Rodríguez AD. Exploring the Sponge Consortium Plakortis symbiotica-Xestospongia deweerdtae as a Potential Source of Antimicrobial Compounds and Probing the Pharmacophore for Antituberculosis Activity of Smenothiazole A by Diverted Total Synthesis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:2295-2303. [PMID: 28742349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fractionation of the bioactive CHCl3-MeOH (1:1) extracts obtained from two collections of the sponge consortium Plakortis symbiotica-Xestospongia deweerdtae from Puerto Rico provided two new plakinidone analogues, designated as plakinidone B (2) and plakinidone C (3), as well as the known plakinidone (1), plakortolide F (4), and smenothiazole A (5). The structures of 1-5 were characterized on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic, IR, UV, and HRMS analysis. The absolute configurations of plakinidones 2 and 3 were established through chemical correlation methods, VCD/ECD experiments, and spectroscopic data comparisons. When assayed in vitro against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, none of the plakinidones 1-3 displayed significant activity, whereas smenothiazole A (5) was the most active compound, exhibiting an MIC value of 4.1 μg/mL. Synthesis and subsequent biological screening of 8, a dechlorinated version of smenothiazole A, revealed that the chlorine atom in 5 is indispensable for anti-TB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Jiménez-Romero
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico , 1390 Ponce de León Avenue, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
| | - Joanna E Rode
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Yeiry M Pérez
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico , 1390 Ponce de León Avenue, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
| | - Scott G Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Abimael D Rodríguez
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico , 1390 Ponce de León Avenue, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
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Southeast Asian Medicinal Plants as a Potential Source of Antituberculosis Agent. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:7185649. [PMID: 29081822 PMCID: PMC5610802 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7185649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite all of the control strategies, tuberculosis (TB) is still a major cause of death globally and one-third of the world's population is infected with TB. The drugs used for TB treatment have drawbacks of causing adverse side effects and emergence of resistance strains. Plant-derived medicines have since been used in traditional medical system for the treatment of numerous ailments worldwide. There were nine major review publications on antimycobacteria from plants in the last 17 years. However, none is focused on Southeast Asian medicinal plants. Hence, this review is aimed at highlighting the medicinal plants of Southeast Asian origin evaluated for anti-TB. This review is based on literatures published in various electronic database. A total of 132 plants species representing 45 families and 107 genera were reviewed; 27 species representing 20.5% exhibited most significant in vitro anti-TB activity (crude extracts and/or bioactive compounds 0–<10 µg/ml). The findings may motivate various scientists to undertake the project that may result in the development of crude extract that will be consumed as complementary or alternative TB drug or as potential bioactive compounds for the development of novel anti-TB drug.
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Bhunu B, Mautsa R, Mukanganyama S. Inhibition of biofilm formation in Mycobacterium smegmatis by Parinari curatellifolia leaf extracts. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:285. [PMID: 28558683 PMCID: PMC5450307 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1801-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious public health problem worldwide. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) grows as drug tolerant pellicles. Agents that inhibit biofilm formation in M. tuberculosis have the potential to reduce the disease treatment period and improve the quality of tuberculosis chemotherapy. Parinari curatellifolia (P. curatellifolia) leaf extracts are claimed to treat symptoms similar to tuberculosis in ethnomedicinal practices. Mycobacterium smegmatis (M. smegmatis) is a surrogate organism used in antimycobacterial drug discovery assays. In this study, the effect of the leaf extracts of P. curatellifolia on M. smegmatis growth and biofilm formation was investigated in order to determine the basis of its use in traditional medicinal use. Methods Phytochemicals from P. curatellifolia leaves were prepared using a mixture of 50% dichloromethane (DCM): 50% methanol and by serial exhaustive extraction using different solvents of decreasing polarity. The solvents were used in the following order, hexane > dichloromethane > ethyl acetate > acetone >ethanol > methanol > water. The micro-broth dilution method was used as an antimycobacterial susceptibility test to screen for the extract that effectively inhibited M. smegmatis growth and biofilm formation. Biofilm quantification was performed by staining the biofilms with crystal violet and determining the amount of the stain using a spectrophotometer. In addition, the effects of combining the most active extract with kanamycin were also investigated. Results The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the extracts were found to be 6.2 μg/ml for the acetone extract, 12.5 μg/ml for both the ethanol and the total extract and 50 μg/ml for both the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts. The ethanol extract, dichloromethane extract and water extract were the only extracts that effectively inhibited biofilm formation in M. smegmatis. Combining the ethanol extract with kanamycin enhanced the effect of the ethanol extract in terms of inhibition of biofilm formation. Conclusions P. curatellifolia leaves contain phytochemicals that have the potential to be used both as antimycobacterial and anti-biofilm formation compounds.
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In vitro antimycobacterial activity and toxicity of eight medicinal plants against pathogenic and nonpathogenic mycobacterial strains. Int J Mycobacteriol 2017; 5 Suppl 1:S106-S107. [PMID: 28043491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a serious public health challenge towards which new hits are urgently needed. Medicinal plants remains a major source of new ligands against global infectious illnesses. In our laboratories, we are currently investigating locally used ethnobotanicals for novel compounds against zoonotic tuberculosis. The microplate alamar blue assay (MABA) was used to study the anti-TB activity while the CellTiter 96® AQueous Assay, which is composed of solutions of a novel tetrazolium compound [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt; MTS] and an electron coupling reagent (phenazine methosulfate) PMS, was used for cytotoxic studies. Correlation coefficients (R2) were used to compare the relationship between antimycobacterial activity of the eight crude extracts against nonpathogenic strains and the pathogenic Mycobacterium bovis. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) values indicated that all the eight tested medicinal plant species had activity against all the three tested mycobacterial strains. Minimum inhibitory concentration value as low as 19.5µg/mL was observed against non-pathogenic strains M. bovis. Activity of the crude extracts against M. aurum was the best predictor of natural product activity against the pathogenic Mycobacterium bovis strain, with a correlation coefficient value (R2) of 0.1371. Results obtained from the current study validate, in part, the traditional utilization of the tested medicinal plants against tuberculosis. The unripe fruits from Solanum torvum are a potential source of safe and efficacious anti-TB crude drugs as well as a source for natural compounds that act as new anti-infection agents, and thus deserve further investigation towards development of a new class of molecules with activity against sensitive and drug resistant strains of M. bovis.
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Rakshith D, Santosh P, Pradeep TP, Gurudatt DM, Baker S, Yashavantha Rao HC, Pasha A, Satish S. Application of Bioassay-Guided Fractionation Coupled with a Molecular Approach for the Dereplication of Antimicrobial Metabolites. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3188-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Nguta JM, Appiah-Opong R, Nyarko AK, Yeboah-Manu D, Addo PGA, Otchere I, Kissi-Twum A. Antimycobacterial and cytotoxic activity of selected medicinal plant extracts. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 182:10-5. [PMID: 26875647 PMCID: PMC4801013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains an ongoing threat to human health. Several medicinal plants are used traditionally to treat tuberculosis in Ghana. The current study was designed to investigate the antimycobacterial activity and cytotoxicity of crude extracts from five selected medicinal plants. MATERIAL AND METHODS The microplate alamar blue assay (MABA) was used for antimycobacterial studies while the CellTiter 96® AQueous Assay, which is composed of solutions of a novel tetrazolium compound [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt; MTS] and an electron coupling reagent (phenazine methosulfate) PMS, was used for cytotoxic studies. Correlation coefficients were used to compare the activity of crude extracts against nonpathogenic strains and the pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis subsp.tuberculosis. RESULTS Results of the MIC determinations indicated that all the crude extracts were active on all the three tested mycobacterial strains. Minimum inhibitory concentration values as low as 156.3µg/mL against M. tuberculosis; Strain H37Ra (ATCC® 25,177™) were recorded from the leaves of Solanum torvum Sw. (Solanaceae). Cytotoxicity of the extracts varied, and the leaves from S. torvum had the most promising selectivity index. Activity against M. tuberculosis; Strain H37Ra was the best predictor of activity against pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis subsp.tuberculosis (correlation coefficient=0.8). CONCLUSION The overall results of the present study provide supportive data on the use of some medicinal plants for tuberculosis treatment. The leaves of Solanum torvum are a potential source of anti-TB natural products and deserve further investigations to develop novel anti-TB agents against sensitive and drug resistant strains of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Nguta
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Ghana; Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Regina Appiah-Opong
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Alexander K Nyarko
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Dorothy Yeboah-Manu
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Phyllis G A Addo
- Department of Animal Experimentation, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Isaac Otchere
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Abena Kissi-Twum
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Ghana
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Sandjo LP, de Moraes MH, Kuete V, Kamdoum BC, Ngadjui BT, Steindel M. Individual and combined antiparasitic effect of six plant metabolites against Leishmania amazonensis and Trypanosoma cruzi. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1772-5. [PMID: 26906638 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Six plant metabolites including isobavachalcone (1), 4-hydroxylonchocarpine (2), and (E)-1-(2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-6-yl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (3), 6,8-(di-3-methyl-but-2-enyl)eriodictyol (4), damnacanthal (5), and buesgenine (6) were evaluated for their leishmanicidal and trypanocidal activities against intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis and Trypanosoma cruzi. Compounds 2-4 and 6 displayed antileishmanial activity while 3 and 5 showed trypanocidal effect. The leishmanicidal activity of 6 was expressed with the lowest IC50 (5.70μg/mL) whereas the most trypanocidal metabolite (5) showed its activity with IC50 at 11.14μg/mL. In addition, antiprotozoal effect of mixtures of 1-6 prepared at different ratios (3:1, 1:1, and 1:3) was also investigated. Interestingly, 1 and 2 initially inactive against T. cruzi, displayed trypanocidal activities when mixed together. This activity increased when 3 (13.63μg/mL) was combined with 1 in ratios 1:1 (10.01μg/mL) and 3:1 (7.78μg/mL). Moreover, the leishmanicidal effect of 4 against L. amazonensis increased in the mixture 6/4 (1:3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis P Sandjo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CCS, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Milene H de Moraes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Victor Kuete
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Blaise C Kamdoum
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Bonaventure T Ngadjui
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Mario Steindel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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Nieves K, Prudhomme J, Le Roch KG, Franzblau SG, Rodríguez AD. Natural product-based synthesis of novel anti-infective isothiocyanate- and isoselenocyanate-functionalized amphilectane diterpenes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:854-857. [PMID: 26748697 PMCID: PMC4815908 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The marine natural product (-)-8,15-diisocyano-11(20)-amphilectene (1), isolated from the Caribbean sponge Svenzea flava, was used as scaffold to synthetize five new products, all of which were tested against laboratory strains of Plasmodium falciparum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. The scaffold contains two isocyanide units that are amenable to chemical manipulation, enabling them to be elaborated into a small library of sulfur and selenium compounds. Although most of the analogs prepared were less potent than the parent compound, 5 was nearly equipotent showing IC50 values of 0.0066 μM and 0.0025 μM, respectively, against two strains (Dd2 and 3D7) of the malaria parasite. On the other hand, when assayed against the tuberculosis bacterium, analogs 5 and 6 were found to be more potent than 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karinel Nieves
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce de León Avenue, San Juan, PR 00926, United States
| | - Jacques Prudhomme
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California at Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Karine G Le Roch
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California at Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Scott G Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Abimael D Rodríguez
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce de León Avenue, San Juan, PR 00926, United States.
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