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Abstract
In recent decades ultrasound-guided delivery of drugs loaded on nanocarriers has been the focus of increasing attention to improve therapeutic treatments. Ultrasound has often been used in combination with microbubbles, micron-sized spherical gas-filled structures stabilized by a shell, to amplify the biophysical effects of the ultrasonic field. Nanometer size bubbles are defined nanobubbles. They were designed to obtain more efficient drug delivery systems. Indeed, their small sizes allow extravasation from blood vessels into surrounding tissues and ultrasound-targeted site-specific release with minimal invasiveness. Additionally, nanobubbles might be endowed with improved stability and longer residence time in systemic circulation. This review will describe the physico-chemical properties of nanobubbles, the formulation parameters and the drug loading approaches, besides potential applications as a therapeutic tool.
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Current applications of nanoparticles in infectious diseases. J Control Release 2016; 224:86-102. [PMID: 26772877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For decades infections have been treated easily with drugs. However, in the 21st century, they may become lethal again owing to the development of antimicrobial resistance. Pathogens can become resistant by means of different mechanisms, such as increasing the time they spend in the intracellular environment, where drugs are unable to reach therapeutic levels. Moreover, drugs are also subject to certain problems that decrease their efficacy. This requires the use of high doses, and frequent administrations must be implemented, causing adverse side effects or toxicity. The use of nanoparticle systems can help to overcome such problems and increase drug efficacy. Accordingly, there is considerable current interest in their use as antimicrobial agents against different pathogens like bacteria, virus, fungi or parasites, multidrug-resistant strains and biofilms; as targeting vectors towards specific tissues; as vaccines and as theranostic systems. This review begins with an overview of the different types and characteristics of nanoparticles used to deliver drugs to the target, followed by a review of current research and clinical trials addressing the use of nanoparticles within the field of infectious diseases.
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Tian J, Yang F, Cui H, Zhou Y, Ruan X, Gu N. A Novel Approach to Making the Gas-Filled Liposome Real: Based on the Interaction of Lipid with Free Nanobubble within the Solution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:26579-26584. [PMID: 26567461 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b07778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanobubbles with a size less than 1 μm could make a promising application in ultrasound molecular imaging and drug delivery. However, the fabrication of stable gas encapsulation nanobubbles is still challenging. In this study, a novel method for preparation of lipid- encapsulated nanobubbles was reported. The dispersed phospholipid molecules in the prefabricated free nanobubbles solution can be assembled to form controllable stable lipid encapsulation gas-filled ultrasound-sensitive liposome (GU-Liposome). The optimized preparation parameters and formation mechanism of GU-Liposome were investigated in detail. Results showed that this type of GU-Liposome had mean diameter of 194.4 ± 6.6 nm and zeta potential of -25.2 ± 1.9 mV with layer by layer self-assembled lipid structure. The acoustic imaging analysis in vitro indicated that ultrasound imaging enhancement could be acquired by both perfusion imaging and accumulation imaging. The imaging enhancement level and duration time was related with the ratios of lipid to gas in the GU-Liposome structure. All in all, by this novel and controllable nanobubble construction technique, it will broaden the future theranostic applications of nanobubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilai Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Fang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano-Science and Technology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Technologies , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Huating Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xiaobo Ruan
- Xuzhou Central Hospital , Xuzhou 221009, China
| | - Ning Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano-Science and Technology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Technologies , Suzhou 215123, China
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54
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Wang Y, Liu G, Hu H, Li TY, Johri AM, Li X, Wang J. Stable Encapsulated Air Nanobubbles in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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55
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Wang Y, Liu G, Hu H, Li TY, Johri AM, Li X, Wang J. Stable Encapsulated Air Nanobubbles in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:14291-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 (Canada)
| | - Guojun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 (Canada)
| | - Heng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 (Canada)
| | - Terry Yantian Li
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 (Canada)
| | - Amer M. Johri
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston General Hospital FAPC 3, 76 Stuart Street, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 2V7 (Canada)
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 (Canada)
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 (Canada)
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Microscopic Characterization of Individual Submicron Bubbles during the Layer-by-Layer Deposition: Towards Creating Smart Agents. MATERIALS 2015; 8:4176-4190. [PMID: 28793432 PMCID: PMC5455618 DOI: 10.3390/ma8074176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the individual properties of various polyion-coated bubbles with a mean diameter ranging from 300 to 500 nm. Dark field microscopy allows one to track the individual particles of the submicron bubbles (SBs) encapsulated by the layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition of cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes (PEs). Our focus is on the two-step charge reversals of PE-SB complexes: the first is a reversal from negatively charged bare SBs with no PEs added to positive SBs encapsulated by polycations (monolayer deposition), and the second is overcharging into negatively charged PE-SB complexes due to the subsequent addition of polyanions (double-layer deposition). The details of these phenomena have been clarified through the analysis of a number of trajectories of various PE-SB complexes that experience either Brownian motion or electrophoresis. The contrasted results obtained from the analysis were as follows: an amount in excess of the stoichiometric ratio of the cationic polymers was required for the first charge-reversal, whereas the stoichiometric addition of the polyanions lead to the electrical neutralization of the PE-SB complex particles. The recovery of the stoichiometry in the double-layer deposition paves the way for fabricating multi-layered SBs encapsulated solely with anionic and cationic PEs, which provides a simple protocol to create smart agents for either drug delivery or ultrasound contrast imaging.
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2H,3H-decafluoropentane-based nanodroplets: new perspectives for oxygen delivery to hypoxic cutaneous tissues. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119769. [PMID: 25781463 PMCID: PMC4362938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Perfluoropentane (PFP)-based oxygen-loaded nanobubbles (OLNBs) were previously proposed as adjuvant therapeutic tools for pathologies of different etiology sharing hypoxia as a common feature, including cancer, infection, and autoimmunity. Here we introduce a new platform of oxygen nanocarriers, based on 2H,3H-decafluoropentane (DFP) as core fluorocarbon. These new nanocarriers have been named oxygen-loaded nanodroplets (OLNDs) since DFP is liquid at body temperature, unlike gaseous PFP. Dextran-shelled OLNDs, available either in liquid or gel formulations, display spherical morphology, ~600 nm diameters, anionic charge, good oxygen carrying capacity, and no toxic effects on human keratinocytes after cell internalization. In vitro OLNDs result more effective in releasing oxygen to hypoxic environments than former OLNBs, as demonstrated by analysis through oxymetry. In vivo, OLNDs effectively enhance oxy-hemoglobin levels, as emerged from investigation by photoacoustic imaging. Interestingly, ultrasound (US) treatment further improves transdermal oxygen release from OLNDs. Taken together, these data suggest that US-activated, DFP-based OLNDs might be innovative, suitable and cost-effective devices to topically treat hypoxia-associated pathologies of the cutaneous tissues.
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58
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Cavalli R, Argenziano M, Vigna E, Giustetto P, Torres E, Aime S, Terreno E. Preparation and in vitro characterization of chitosan nanobubbles as theranostic agents. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 129:39-46. [PMID: 25819364 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Theranostic delivery systems are nanostructures that combine the modality of therapy and diagnostic imaging. Polymeric micro- and nanobubbles, spherical vesicles containing a gas core, have been proposed as new theranostic carriers for MRI-guided therapy. In this study, chitosan nanobubbles were purposely tuned for the co-delivery of prednisolone phosphate and a Gd(III) complex, as therapeutic and MRI diagnostic agent, respectively. Perfluoropentane was used for filling up the internal core of the formulation. These theranostic nanobubbles showed diameters of about 500nm and a positive surface charge that allows the interaction with the negatively charged Gd-DOTP complex. Pluronic F68 was added to the nanobubble aqueous suspension as stabilizer agent. The encapsulation efficiency was good for both the active compounds, and a prolonged drug release profile was observed in vitro. The effect of ultrasound stimulation on prednisolone phosphate release was evaluated at 37°C. A marked increase on drug release kinetics with no burst effect was obtained after the exposure of the system to ultrasound. Furthermore, the relaxivity of the MRI probe changed upon incorporation in the nanobubble shell, thereby offering interesting opportunity in dual MRI-US experiments. The ultrasound characterization showed a good in vitro echogenicity of the theranostic nanobubbles. In summary, chitosan drug-loaded nanobubbles with Gd(III) complex bound to their shell might be considered a new platform for imaging and drug delivery with the potential of improving anti-cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cavalli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - M Argenziano
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - E Vigna
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - P Giustetto
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Molecolari e Scienze della Salute, Centro di Imaging Molecolare e Preclinico, Università degli Studi di Torino, via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - E Torres
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Molecolari e Scienze della Salute, Centro di Imaging Molecolare e Preclinico, Università degli Studi di Torino, via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - S Aime
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Molecolari e Scienze della Salute, Centro di Imaging Molecolare e Preclinico, Università degli Studi di Torino, via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - E Terreno
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Molecolari e Scienze della Salute, Centro di Imaging Molecolare e Preclinico, Università degli Studi di Torino, via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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59
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Skommer J, Wlodkowic D. Successes and future outlook for microfluidics-based cardiovascular drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:231-44. [PMID: 25672221 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1001736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The greatest advantage of using microfluidics as a platform for the assessment of cardiovascular drug action is its ability to finely regulate fluid flow conditions, including flow rate, shear stress and pulsatile flow. At the same time, microfluidics provide means for modifying the vessel geometry (bifurcations, stenoses, complex networks), the type of surface of the vessel walls, and for patterning cells in 3D tissue-like architecture, including generation of lumen walls lined with cells and heart-on-a-chip structures for mimicking ventricular cardiomyocyte physiology. In addition, owing to the small volume of required specimens, microfluidics is ideally suited to clinical situations whereby monitoring of drug dosing or efficacy needs to be coupled with minimal phlebotomy-related drug loss. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors highlight potential applications for the currently existing and emerging technologies and offer several suggestions on how to close the development cycle of microfluidic devices for cardiovascular drug discovery. EXPERT OPINION The ultimate goal in microfluidics research for drug discovery is to develop 'human-on-a-chip' systems, whereby several organ cultures, including the vasculature and the heart, can mimic complex interactions between the organs and body systems. This would provide in vivo-like pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics for drug ADMET assessment. At present, however, the great variety of available designs does not go hand in hand with their use by the pharmaceutical community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Skommer
- RMIT University, School of Applied Sciences , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
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60
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Shi C, Cui X, Xie L, Liu Q, Chan DYC, Israelachvili JN, Zeng H. Measuring forces and spatiotemporal evolution of thin water films between an air bubble and solid surfaces of different hydrophobicity. ACS NANO 2015; 9:95-104. [PMID: 25514470 DOI: 10.1021/nn506601j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and reflection interference contrast microscopy (RICM) was used to measure simultaneously the interaction force and the spatiotemporal evolution of the thin water film between a bubble in water and mica surfaces with varying degrees of hydrophobicity. Stable films, supported by the repulsive van der Waals-Casimir-Lifshitz force were always observed between air bubble and hydrophilic mica surfaces (water contact angle, θ(w) < 5°) whereas bubble attachment occurred on hydrophobized mica surfaces. A theoretical model, based on the Reynolds lubrication theory and the augmented Young-Laplace equation including the effects of disjoining pressure, provided excellent agreement with experiment results, indicating the essential physics involved in the interaction between air bubble and solid surfaces can be elucidated. A hydrophobic interaction free energy per unit area of the form: WH(h) = -γ(1 - cos θ(w))exp(-h/D(H)) can be used to quantify the attraction between bubble and hydrophobized solid substrate at separation, h, with γ being the surface tension of water. For surfaces with water contact angle in the range 45° < θ(w) < 90°, the decay length DH varied between 0.8 and 1.0 nm. This study quantified the hydrophobic interaction in asymmetric system between air bubble and hydrophobic surfaces, and provided a feasible method for synchronous measurements of the interaction forces with sub-nN resolution and the drainage dynamics of thin films down to nm thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Shi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2 V4, Canada
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61
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Mahalingam S, Raimi-Abraham BT, Craig DQM, Edirisinghe M. Formation of protein and protein-gold nanoparticle stabilized microbubbles by pressurized gyration. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:659-666. [PMID: 25027827 DOI: 10.1021/la502181g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A one-pot single-step novel process has been developed to form microbubbles up to 250 μm in diameter using a pressurized rotating device. The microbubble diameter is shown to be a function of rotational speed and working pressure of the processing system, and a modified Rayleigh-Plesset equation has been derived to explain the bubble-forming mechanism. A parametric plot is constructed to identify a rotating speed and working pressure regime, which allows for continuous bubbling. Bare protein (lysozyme) microbubbles generated in this way exhibit a morphological change, resulting in microcapsules over a period of time. Microbubbles prepared with gold nanoparticles at the bubble surface showed greater stability over a time period and retained the same morphology. The functionalization of microbubbles with gold nanoparticles also rendered optical tunability and has promising applications in imaging, biosensing, and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suntharavathanan Mahalingam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London , Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
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62
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Lammertink B, Deckers R, Storm G, Moonen C, Bos C. Duration of ultrasound-mediated enhanced plasma membrane permeability. Int J Pharm 2014; 482:92-8. [PMID: 25497443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound (US) induced cavitation can be used to enhance the intracellular delivery of drugs by transiently increasing the cell membrane permeability. The duration of this increased permeability, termed temporal window, has not been fully elucidated. In this study, the temporal window was investigated systematically using an endothelial- and two breast cancer cell lines. Model drug uptake was measured as a function of time after sonication, in the presence of SonoVue™ microbubbles, in HUVEC, MDA-MB-468 and 4T1 cells. In addition, US pressure amplitude was varied in MDA-MB-468 cells to investigate its effect on the temporal window. Cell membrane permeability of HUVEC and MDA-MB-468 cells returned to control level within 1-2 h post-sonication, while 4T1 cells needed over 3h. US pressure affected the number of cells with increased membrane permeability, as well as the temporal window in MDA-MB-468 cells. This study shows that the duration of increased membrane permeability differed between the cell lines and US pressures used here. However, all were consistently in the order of 1-3 h after sonication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Lammertink
- Imaging Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Roel Deckers
- Imaging Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gert Storm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Targeted Therapeutics, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Chrit Moonen
- Imaging Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Clemens Bos
- Imaging Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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63
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Mahalingam S, Meinders MBJ, Edirisinghe M. Formation, stability, and mechanical properties of bovine serum albumin stabilized air bubbles produced using coaxial electrohydrodynamic atomization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:6694-6703. [PMID: 24841724 DOI: 10.1021/la5011715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Bovine serum albumin (BSA) microbubbles were generated using coaxial electrohydrodynamic atomization (CEDHA) using various concentrations of BSA solutions. The bubble characteristics and the long-term stability of the microbubbles were studied through adjustment of processing parameters and the collection media. Bubbles in the range of 40-800 μm were obtained in a controlled fashion, and increasing the flow rate of the BSA solution reduced the polydispersity of the microbubbles. Use of distilled water-glutaraldehyde, glycerol, and glycerol-Tween 80 collection media allowed a remarkable improvement in bubble stability compared to BSA solution collection medium. Possible physical mechanisms were developed to explain the stability of the microbubbles. The collection distance showed a marked influence on stability of the microbubbles. Near-monodisperse particle-reinforced microbubbles were formed with various concentrations of 2,2'-azobis(isobutyramidine) dihydrochloride (AIBA)-polystyrene particle in BSA solution. The bubble size and the size distribution showed negligible change over a period of time irrespective of the concentration of particles at the bubble surface. The compression stiffness of the microbubbles was determined using nanoindentation at ambient temperature and showed that the stiffness of the microbubbles increased from 8 N/m to 20 N/m upon changing the concentration of BSA solution from 5 wt % to 15 wt %.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mahalingam
- TopInstitute Food and Nutrition (TIFN) , P.O. Box 557, Wageningen, 6700 AN, The Netherlands
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64
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Magnetto C, Prato M, Khadjavi A, Giribaldi G, Fenoglio I, Jose J, Gulino GR, Cavallo F, Quaglino E, Benintende E, Varetto G, Troia A, Cavalli R, Guiot C. Ultrasound-activated decafluoropentane-cored and chitosan-shelled nanodroplets for oxygen delivery to hypoxic cutaneous tissues. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03524k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound-activated decafluoropentane/chitosan nanodroplets effectively release oxygen to the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Magnetto
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM)
- Torino, Italy
| | - Mauro Prato
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze
- Università di Torino
- 10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Sanità Pubblica e Pediatriche
- Università di Torino
| | - Amina Khadjavi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze
- Università di Torino
- 10125 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Ivana Fenoglio
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Centro Interdipartimentale NIS
- Università di Torino
- Torino, Italy
| | - Jithin Jose
- FujiFilm VisualSonics
- Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Federica Cavallo
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Molecolari e Scienze per la Salute
- Molecular Biotechnology Center
- Università di Torino
- Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Quaglino
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Molecolari e Scienze per la Salute
- Molecular Biotechnology Center
- Università di Torino
- Torino, Italy
| | - Emilio Benintende
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche
- Università di Torino
- Torino, Italy
| | | | - Adriano Troia
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM)
- Torino, Italy
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco
- Università di Torino
- Torino, Italy
| | - Caterina Guiot
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze
- Università di Torino
- 10125 Torino, Italy
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