Anti-inflammatory properties of fermented soy milk with Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis S-SU2 in murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells and DSS-induced IBD model mice

Increased antioxidative and nitric oxide scavenging activity of ginseng marc fermented by Pediococcus acidilactici KCCM11614P

This study aimed to improve the antioxidant and nitric oxide scavenging activities of ginseng marc fermented by Pediococcus acidilactici, thereby creating a biofunctional resource with improved anti-inflammatory capability. P. acidilactici was inoculated in 1% ginseng marc extract; cell viability, pH, and total titratable acidity were measured. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were measured using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and colorimetric method. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), β-carotene, and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) assays were used to evaluate functionality. Polyphenols and flavonoids totaled 33.7 ± 0.4 and 10.0 ± 0.4 mg/g of solid, respectively, at 24 h fermentation. P. acidilactici had 40 nM β-galactosidase and 20 nM β-glucosidase activities. Antioxidative activities increased up to 34.5 and 10.2%, respectively, as measured via FRAP and β-carotene assays. Anti-inflammatory activity of the fermented extract-as measured via SNP assay-increased 342%, suggesting that ginseng marc fermented by P. acidilactici could be used in food or pharmaceutical industries.

Protective Effects of Mekabu Aqueous Solution Fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum Sanriku-SU7 on Human Enterocyte-Like HT-29-luc Cells and DSS-Induced Murine IBD Model

Most wakame Undaria pinnatifida, a brown algae, products are made from the frond portion. In this study, the polysaccharide content and antioxidant property of aqueous extract solutions (AESs) of the four parts (frond: wakame, stem of the frond: kuki-wakame, sporophyll: mekabu, and kuki-mekabu) of wakame were investigated. Polysaccharide content was high in both the wakame and mekabu. Superoxide anion (O2-) radical-scavenging capacities were high in the mekabu. These AESs could be fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum Sanriku-SU7. The O2- radical-scavenging activity of the kuki-wakame, mekabu, and kuki-mekabu were increased by the fermentation. Fermented mekabu clearly showed a protective effect on human enterocyte-like HT-29-luc cells and in a mouse model of dextran sodium sulphate-induced inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). These results suggest that the mekabu fermented by L. plantarum Sanriku-SU7 has anti-IBD effect related to O2- radical-scavenging.

Dextran sulphate sodium colitis in C57BL/6J mice is alleviated by Lactococcus lactis and worsened by the neutralization of Tumor necrosis Factor α

TNFα has a well-established role in inflammatory bowel disease that affects the gastrointestinal tract and is usually manifested as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. We have compared Lactococcus lactis NZ9000 displaying TNFα-binding affibody with control Lactococcus lactis and with anti-TNFα antibody infliximab for the treatment of mice with dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. L. lactis NZ9000 alleviated the colitis severity one week after colitis induction with DSS, more effectively when administered in preventive fashion prior to, during and after DSS administration. TNFα-binding L. lactis was less effective than control L. lactis, particularly when TNFα-binding L. lactis was administered in preventive fashion. Similarly, an apparently detrimental effect of TNFα neutralization was observed in mice that were intraperitoneally administered anti-TNFα monoclonal antibody infliximab prior to colitis induction. The highest concentrations of tissue TNFα were observed in groups without DSS colitis that were treated either with TNFα-binding L. lactis or infliximab. To conclude, we have confirmed that L. lactis exerts a protective effect on DSS-induced colitis in mice. Contrary to expectations, but in line with some reports, the neutralization of TNFα aggravated disease symptoms in the acute phase of colitis and increased TNFα concentration in colon tissue of healthy mice. Nevertheless, we have demonstrated that oral administration of bacteria with surface displayed TNFα-binding affibody can interfere significantly with TNFα signaling and mimic the infliximab response in the given animal model of colitis.

Inhibitory effects of laminaran and alginate on production of putrefactive compounds from soy protein by intestinal microbiota in vitro and in rats

Soybean is one of the major components of the Japanese diet. In traditional Japanese cuisine, soybean-based food items are often consumed with brown algae. In this study, we examined the effect of water-soluble and fermentable polysaccharides, laminaran and sodium alginate, from brown algae, on putrefactive compound production, by human faecal microbiota in broth containing 3% (w/v) soy protein. We also investigated the effect of 2% laminaran or alginate diet on caecal putrefactive compounds in rats maintained on diets containing 20% (w/w) soy protein. The caecal microbiota was also analysed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and pyrosequencing with primers targeting the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. The polysaccharides, particularly laminaran, inhibited ammonia, phenol, and indole production by human faecal microbiota. Both the algal polysaccharides lowered the caecal indole content. Laminaran was found to increase the number of Coprobacter, whereas Helicobacter was found to decrease in the presence of both laminaran and sodium alginate.

Protective effects of heat-killed Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis BF3, isolated from the intestine of chum salmon, in a murine model of DSS-induced inflammatory bowel disease

Oxidative stress is considered an etiological factor responsible for several symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In vitro anti-inflammatory activities of heat-killed Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis BF3 have been reported. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effect of these cells was examined using a dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced murine IBD model. Administration of heat-killed L. lactis BF3 via drinking water suppressed the IBD symptoms, such as shortening of colon length, damage to the colon mucosa as observed under the microscope, and spleen enlargement. This result suggests that heat-killed L. lactis BF3 has the potential to treat IBD.

Anti-glycation properties of the aqueous extract solutions of dried algae products and effect of lactic acid fermentation on the properties

The antioxidant and anti-glycation properties in aqueous extract solutions (AESs) of 11 dried algae products were investigated. AESs of brown algae Ecklonia kurome (kurome) and Ecklonia stolonifera (tsuruarame) showed a strong DPPH radical-scavenging capacity and Fe-reducing power with high total phenolic compound content. On the other hand, superoxide anion radical-scavenging capacities of Porphyra sp. (iwanori, red alga), sporophyll of Undaria pinnatifida (mekabu, brown alga), and Gelidiaceae sp. (tengusa, red alga) were also high. Anti-glycation activities in BSA-fructose and BSA-methylglyoxal glycation were also high in kurome, while iwanori showed high activity. Results of the BSA-fructose model agreed with those of superoxide anion radical-scavenging. On the other hand, those of the BSA-methylglyoxal model agreed with those of the phenolic content, DPPH radical-scavenging capacity, and Fe-reducing power. Anti-glycation activities of iwanori, U. pinnatifida (wakame), and mekabu in the BSA-fructose model were clearly increased by fermentation with Lactobacillus plantarum AN6.

Lactobacillus acidophilus modulates inflammatory activity by regulating the TLR4 and NF-κB expression in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells after lipopolysaccharide challenge

A total of forty weaned pigs ((Landrace×Yorkshire)×Duroc) were used to evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus on inflammatory activity after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Experimental treatments were as follows: (T1) control diet+saline challenge; (T2) control diet with 0·1 % L. acidophilus+saline challenge; (T3) control diet+LPS challenge; and (T4) control diet with 0·1 % L. acidophilus+LPS challenge. On d-14, piglets were challenged with saline (T1 and T2) or LPS (T3 and T4). Blood samples were obtained at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 12 h after being challenged and analysed for immune cell cytokine production and gene expression pattern. The L. acidophilus treatment increased the average daily weight gain (ADWG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared with the control diet. With the control diet, the LPS challenge (T3) increased the number of immune cells and expression of TNF-α and IL-6 compared with the saline challenge (T1). Whereas with the saline challenge L. acidophilus treatment (T2) increased the number of leucocytes and CD4 compared with the control diet (T1), with the LPS challenge L. acidophilus treatment (T4) decreased the number of leucocytes, lymphocytes, CD4+ and CD8+ and expression of TNF-α and IL-6 compared with the control diet (T3). L. acidophilus treatment decreased the expression of TRL4 and NF-κB in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) after LPS challenge, which leads to inhibition of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8 and IL1B1 and to induction of IL-4 and IL-10. We suggested that L. acidophilus improved ADWG and ADFI and protected against LPS-induced inflammatory responses by regulating TLR4 and NF-κB expression in porcine PBMC.

Induction of the superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity of dried 'funori'Gloiopeltis furcata by Lactobacillus plantarum S-SU1 fermentation

To understand the beneficial properties of edible algae obtained from the north-eastern (Sanriku) Satoumi region of Japan, the antioxidant properties of hot aqueous extract solutions (AES) obtained from 18 dried algal products were determined. The samples included 4 Ceratophyllum demersum (matsumo), 5 Undaria pinnatifida (wakame), 5 Laminaria japonica (kombu), and 2 each of Gloiopeltis furcate (funori) and G. tenax (funori). Of these products, the total phenolic content and Fe-reducing power were highest in matsumo. On the other hand, the polysaccharide content, viscosity, and superoxide anion radical (O2˙(-))-scavenging capacity were highest in funori. Lactobacillus plantarum S-SU3, isolated from the intestine of Japanese surfperch, and Lb. plantarum S-SU1, isolated from salted squid, could ferment the AES of matsumo and funori, respectively. Although the Fe-reducing power of the matsumo solution was reduced due to fermentation, the O2˙(-)-scavenging capacity of the funori solution was increased by fermentation. Furthermore, the fermented funori suspension protected Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a live cell model, against H2O2 toxicity. These results suggest that the fermented funori is a promising functional food material that is capable of protecting against reactive oxygen species.