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Winstead CJ. Follicular helper T cell-mediated mucosal barrier maintenance. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:39-47. [PMID: 25149860 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The basic functions of the immune system are protection from pathogens and maintenance of tolerance to self. The maintenance of commensal microbiota at mucosal surfaces adds a layer of complexity to these basic functions. Recent reports suggest follicular helper T cells (Tfh), a CD4(+) T cell subset specialized to provide help to B cells undergoing isotype switching and affinity maturation in germinal centers (GC), interact with the microbiota and are essential to maintenance of mucosal barriers. Complicating the issue is ongoing controversy in the field regarding origin of the Tfh subset and its distinction from other effector CD4 T cell phenotypes (Th1/Th17/Treg). This review focuses on the differentiation, phenotypic plasticity, and function of CD4 T cells, with an emphasis on commensal-specific GC responses in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen J Winstead
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology, Birmingham, AL, United States.
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Engen SA, Valen Rukke H, Becattini S, Jarrossay D, Blix IJ, Petersen FC, Sallusto F, Schenck K. The oral commensal Streptococcus mitis shows a mixed memory Th cell signature that is similar to and cross-reactive with Streptococcus pneumoniae. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104306. [PMID: 25119879 PMCID: PMC4131883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carriage of and infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae is known to predominantly induce T helper 17 (Th17) responses in humans, but the types of Th cells showing reactivity towards commensal streptococci with low pathogenic potential, such as the oral commensals S. mitis and S. salivarius, remain uncharacterized. METHODS Memory CD4(+) T helper (Th) cell subsets were isolated from healthy human blood donors according to differential expression of chemokine receptors, expanded in vitro using polyclonal stimuli and characterized for reactivity against different streptococcal strains. RESULTS Th cells responding to S. mitis, S. salivarius and S. pneumoniae were predominantly in a CCR6(+)CXCR3(+) subset and produced IFN-γ, and in a CCR6(+)CCR4(+) subset and produced IL-17 and IL-22. Frequencies of S. pneumoniae-reactive Th cells were higher than frequencies of S. mitis- and S. salivarius-specific Th cells. S. mitis and S. pneumoniae isogenic capsule knock-out mutants and a S. mitis mutant expressing the serotype 4 capsule of S. pneumoniae showed no different Th cell responses as compared to wild type strains. S. mitis-specific Th17 cells showed cross-reactivity with S. pneumoniae. CONCLUSIONS As Th17 cells partly control clearance of S. pneumoniae, cross-reactive Th17 cells that may be induced by commensal bacterial species may influence the immune response, independent of capsule expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simone Becattini
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - David Jarrossay
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Inger Johanne Blix
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Periodontology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Karl Schenck
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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53
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Engen SA, Valen Rukke H, Becattini S, Jarrossay D, Blix IJ, Petersen FC, Sallusto F, Schenck K. The Oral Commensal Streptococcus mitis Shows a Mixed Memory Th Cell Signature That Is Similar to and Cross-Reactive with Streptococcus pneumoniae. PLoS One 2014. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104306 order by 8029-- awyx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
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54
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The Oral Commensal Streptococcus mitis Shows a Mixed Memory Th Cell Signature That Is Similar to and Cross-Reactive with Streptococcus pneumoniae. PLoS One 2014. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104306 order by 1-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
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55
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The Oral Commensal Streptococcus mitis Shows a Mixed Memory Th Cell Signature That Is Similar to and Cross-Reactive with Streptococcus pneumoniae. PLoS One 2014. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104306 order by 1-- gadu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
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56
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The Oral Commensal Streptococcus mitis Shows a Mixed Memory Th Cell Signature That Is Similar to and Cross-Reactive with Streptococcus pneumoniae. PLoS One 2014. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104306 order by 1-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
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57
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The Oral Commensal Streptococcus mitis Shows a Mixed Memory Th Cell Signature That Is Similar to and Cross-Reactive with Streptococcus pneumoniae. PLoS One 2014. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104306 order by 8029-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
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58
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The Oral Commensal Streptococcus mitis Shows a Mixed Memory Th Cell Signature That Is Similar to and Cross-Reactive with Streptococcus pneumoniae. PLoS One 2014. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104306 order by 8029-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
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59
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The Oral Commensal Streptococcus mitis Shows a Mixed Memory Th Cell Signature That Is Similar to and Cross-Reactive with Streptococcus pneumoniae. PLoS One 2014. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104306 and 1880=1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
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60
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Bolnick DI, Snowberg LK, Caporaso JG, Lauber C, Knight R, Stutz WE. Major Histocompatibility Complex class IIb polymorphism influences gut microbiota composition and diversity. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:4831-45. [PMID: 24975397 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Animals harbour diverse communities of symbiotic bacteria, which differ dramatically among host individuals. This heterogeneity poses an immunological challenge: distinguishing between mutualistic and pathogenic members of diverse and host-specific microbial communities. We propose that Major Histocompatibility class II (MHC) genotypes contribute to recognition and regulation of gut microbes, and thus, MHC polymorphism contributes to microbial variation among hosts. Here, we show that MHC IIb polymorphism is associated with among-individual variation in gut microbiota within a single wild vertebrate population of a small fish, the threespine stickleback. We sampled stickleback from Cedar Lake, on Vancouver Island, and used next-generation sequencing to genotype the sticklebacks' gut microbiota (16S sequencing) and their MHC class IIb exon 2 sequences. The presence of certain MHC motifs was associated with altered relative abundance (increase or decrease) of some microbial Families. The effect sizes are modest and entail a minority of microbial taxa, but these results represent the first indication that MHC genotype may affect gut microbiota composition in natural populations (MHC-microbe associations have also been found in a few studies of lab mice). Surprisingly, these MHC effects were frequently sex-dependent. Finally, hosts with more diverse MHC motifs had less diverse gut microbiota. One implication is that MHC might influence the efficacy of therapeutic strategies to treat dysbiosis-associated disease, including the outcome of microbial transplants between healthy and diseased patients. We also speculate that macroparasite-driven selection on MHC has the potential to indirectly alter the host gut microbiota, and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I Bolnick
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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61
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Chai JN, Zhou YW, Hsieh CS. T cells and intestinal commensal bacteria--ignorance, rejection, and acceptance. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:4167-75. [PMID: 24997344 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Trillions of commensal bacteria cohabit our bodies to mutual benefit. In the past several years, it has become clear that the adaptive immune system is not ignorant of intestinal commensal bacteria, but is constantly interacting with them. For T cells, the response to commensal bacteria does not appear uniform, as certain commensal bacterial species appear to trigger effector T cells to reject and control them, whereas other species elicit Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells to accept and be tolerant of them. Here, we review our current knowledge of T cell differentiation in response to commensal bacteria, and how this process leads to immune homeostasis in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani N Chai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63132, United States
| | - You W Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63132, United States
| | - Chyi-Song Hsieh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63132, United States.
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Rametse CL, Olivier AJ, Masson L, Barnabas S, McKinnon LR, Ngcapu S, Liebenberg LJ, Jaumdally SZ, Gray CM, Jaspan HB, Passmore JAS. Role of semen in altering the balance between inflammation and tolerance in the female genital tract: does it contribute to HIV risk? Viral Immunol 2014; 27:200-6. [PMID: 24821528 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2013.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While the main reproduction aim of semen is the transport of spermatozoa to the female genital tract, seminal plasma is a complex fluid that also carries a broad array of immunologically active molecules. Seminal plasma has been shown to contain a diverse array of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory soluble mediators that regulate immune responses within the female reproductive tract than can facilitate fertilization. Since the natural inflammatory response to semen deposition in the female genital tract may result in recruitment of activated HIV target cells into the female genital mucosa, we discuss the constituents of semen that may increase the risk for HIV infection in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosnet L Rametse
- 1 Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
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Khan AA, Srivastava R, Lopes PP, Wang C, Pham TT, Cochrane J, Thai NTU, Gutierrez L, Benmohamed L. Asymptomatic memory CD8+ T cells: from development and regulation to consideration for human vaccines and immunotherapeutics. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:945-63. [PMID: 24499824 DOI: 10.4161/hv.27762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation and maintenance of high quantity and quality memory CD8(+) T cells determine the level of protection from viral, bacterial, and parasitic re-infections, and hence constitutes a primary goal for T cell epitope-based human vaccines and immunotherapeutics. Phenotypically and functionally characterizing memory CD8(+) T cells that provide protection against herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) infections, which cause blinding ocular herpes, genital herpes, and oro-facial herpes, is critical for better vaccine design. We have recently categorized 2 new major sub-populations of memory symptomatic and asymptomatic CD8(+) T cells based on their phenotype, protective vs. pathogenic function, and anatomical locations. In this report we are discussing a new direction in developing T cell-based human herpes vaccines and immunotherapeutics based on the emerging new concept of "symptomatic and asymptomatic memory CD8(+) T cells."
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Azam Khan
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Ruchi Srivastava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Patricia Prado Lopes
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA; Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Christine Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Thanh T Pham
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Justin Cochrane
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Nhi Thi Uyen Thai
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Lucas Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Lbachir Benmohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA; Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA; Institute for Immunology; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
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Therapeutic potential of tolerogenic dendritic cells in IBD: from animal models to clinical application. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:789814. [PMID: 24319468 PMCID: PMC3844279 DOI: 10.1155/2013/789814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The gut mucosa undergoes continuous antigenic exposure from food antigens, commensal flora derived ligands, and pathogens. This constant stimulation results in controlled inflammatory responses that are effectively suppressed by multiple factors. This tight regulation, necessary to maintain intestinal homeostasis, is affected during inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) resulting in altered immune responses to harmless microorganisms. Dendritic cells (DCs) are sentinels of immunity, located in peripheral and lymphoid tissues, which are essential for homeostasis of T cell-dependent immune responses. The expression of a particular set of pathogen recognition receptors allows DCs to initiate immune responses. However, in the absence of danger signals, different DC subsets can induce active tolerance by inducing regulatory T cells (Treg), inhibiting inflammatory T helper cell responses, or both. Interestingly, several protocols to generate clinical grade tolerogenic DC (tol-DCs) in vitro have been described, opening the possibility to restore the intestinal homeostasis to bacterial flora by cellular therapy. In this review, we discuss different DC subsets and their role in IBD. Additionally, we will review preclinical studies performed in animal models while describing recent characterization of tol-DCs from Crohn's disease patients for clinical application.
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