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Costa Barbosa Bessa T, Santos de Aragão E, Medeiros Guimarães JM, de Araújo Almeida B. R&D in Vaccines Targeting Neglected Diseases: An Exploratory Case Study Considering Funding for Preventive Tuberculosis Vaccine Development from 2007 to 2014. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:4765719. [PMID: 28133608 PMCID: PMC5241465 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4765719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Based on an exploratory case study regarding the types of institutions funding the research and development to obtain new tuberculosis vaccines, this article intends to provoke discussion regarding the provision of new vaccines targeting neglected disease. Although our findings and discussion are mainly relevant to the case presented here, some aspects are more generally applicable, especially regarding the dynamics of development in vaccines to prevent neglected diseases. Taking into account the dynamics of innovation currently seen at work in the vaccine sector, a highly concentrated market dominated by few multinational pharmaceutical companies, we feel that global PDP models can play an important role throughout the vaccine development cycle. In addition, the authors call attention to issues surrounding the coordination of actors and resources in the research, development, manufacturing, and distribution processes of vaccine products arising from PDP involvement.
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Maggioli MF, Palmer MV, Thacker TC, Vordermeier HM, McGill JL, Whelan AO, Larsen MH, Jacobs WR, Waters WR. Increased TNF-α/IFN-γ/IL-2 and Decreased TNF-α/IFN-γ Production by Central Memory T Cells Are Associated with Protective Responses against Bovine Tuberculosis Following BCG Vaccination. Front Immunol 2016; 7:421. [PMID: 27799930 PMCID: PMC5066095 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Central memory T cell (Tcm) and polyfunctional CD4 T cell responses contribute to vaccine-elicited protection with both human and bovine tuberculosis (TB); however, their combined role in protective immunity to TB is unclear. To address this question, we evaluated polyfunctional cytokine responses by CD4 T cell effector/memory populations from bacille Calmette–Guerin (BCG) vaccinated and non-vaccinated calves by flow cytometry prior to and after aerosol challenge with virulent Mycobacterium bovis. Polyfunctional cytokine expression patterns in the response by Tcm, effector memory, and effector T cell subsets were similar between BCG-vaccinated and M. bovis-infected calves, only differing in magnitude (i.e., infected > vaccinated). BCG vaccination, however, did alter the kinetics of the ensuing response to virulent M. bovis infection. Early after challenge (3 weeks post-infection), non-vaccinates had greater antigen-specific interferon-γ (IFN-γ)/tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and lesser IFN-γ/TNF-α/IL-2 responses by Tcm cells than did vaccinated animals. Importantly, these differences were also associated with mycobacterial burden upon necropsy. Polyfunctional responses to ESAT-6:CFP10 (antigens not synthesized by BCG strains) were detected in memory subsets, as well as in effector cells, as early as 3 weeks after challenge. These findings suggest that cell fate divergence may occur early after antigen priming in the response to bovine TB and that memory and effector T cells may expand concurrently during the initial phase of the immune response. In summary, robust IFN-γ/TNF-α response by Tcm cells is associated with greater mycobacterial burden, while IFN-γ/TNF-α/IL-2 response by Tcm cells are indicative of a protective response to bovine TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara F Maggioli
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA; Imbio, Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Mitchell V Palmer
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center , Ames, IA , USA
| | - Tyler C Thacker
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center , Ames, IA , USA
| | | | - Jodi L McGill
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS , USA
| | - Adam O Whelan
- Defense Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down , Wiltshire , UK
| | - Michelle H Larsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, NY , USA
| | - William R Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, NY , USA
| | - W Ray Waters
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center , Ames, IA , USA
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Jeyanathan M, Damjanovic D, Yao Y, Bramson J, Smaill F, Xing Z. Induction of an Immune-Protective T-Cell Repertoire With Diverse Genetic Coverage by a Novel Viral-Vectored Tuberculosis Vaccine in Humans. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1996-2005. [PMID: 27703038 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether a candidate tuberculosis vaccine induces clinically relevant protective T-cell repertoires in humans will not be known until the completion of costly efficacy clinical trials. METHODS We have developed an integrated immunologic approach to investigate the clinical relevance of T cells induced by a novel tuberculosis vaccine in a phase 1 trial. This approach consists of screening for likely dominant T-cell epitopes, establishing antigen-specific memory T-cell lines for identifying CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell epitopes, determining the ability of vaccine-induced T cells to inhibit mycobacterial growth in infected cells, and examining the genetic diversity of HLA recognition and the clinical relevance of identified T-cell epitopes. RESULTS A single-dose immunization in BCG-primed adults with an adenovirus-based tuberculosis vaccine elicits a repertoire of memory T cells capable of recognizing multiple Ag85A epitopes. These T cells are polyfunctional and cytotoxic and can inhibit mycobacterial growth in infected target cells. Some identified T-cell epitopes are promiscuous and recognizable by the common HLA alleles. These epitopes are clinically relevant to the epitopes identified in people with latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and treated patients with tuberculosis. CONCLUSIONS These data support further clinical development of this candidate vaccine. Our approach helps fill the gap in clinical tuberculosis vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangalakumari Jeyanathan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Daniela Damjanovic
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Yushi Yao
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Jonathan Bramson
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Fiona Smaill
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Zhou Xing
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Coscolla M, Copin R, Sutherland J, Gehre F, de Jong B, Owolabi O, Mbayo G, Giardina F, Ernst JD, Gagneux S. M. tuberculosis T Cell Epitope Analysis Reveals Paucity of Antigenic Variation and Identifies Rare Variable TB Antigens. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 18:538-48. [PMID: 26607161 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens that evade adaptive immunity typically exhibit antigenic variation. By contrast, it appears that although the chronic human tuberculosis (TB)-causing pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis needs to counter host T cell responses, its T cell epitopes are hyperconserved. Here we present an extensive analysis of the T cell epitopes of M. tuberculosis. We combined population genomics with experimental immunology to determine the number and identity of T cell epitope sequence variants in 216 phylogenetically diverse strains of M. tuberculosis. Antigen conservation is indeed a hallmark of M. tuberculosis. However, our analysis revealed a set of seven variable antigens that were immunogenic in subjects with active TB. These findings suggest that M. tuberculosis uses mechanisms other than antigenic variation to evade T cells. T cell epitopes that exhibit sequence variation may not be subject to the same evasion mechanisms, and hence vaccines that include such variable epitopes may be more efficacious.
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Testing the H56 Vaccine Delivered in 4 Different Adjuvants as a BCG-Booster in a Non-Human Primate Model of Tuberculosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161217. [PMID: 27525651 PMCID: PMC4985151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for new and improved tuberculosis (TB) vaccines has focused on IFN-γ both for selecting antigens and for evaluating vaccine delivery strategies. The essential role of IFN-γ in endogenous host protection is well established, but it is still uncertain whether this also holds true for vaccine protection. Here we evaluate the H56 fusion protein vaccine as a BCG booster in a non-human primate (NHP) model of TB that closely recapitulates human TB pathogenesis. To date, only a handful of novel adjuvants have been tested in the NHP model of TB, and therefore we administered H56 in 3 novel cationic liposome adjuvants of increasing immunogenicity (CAF01, CAF04, CAF05) and compared them to H56 in the IC31® adjuvant previously reported to promote protection in this model. The individual clinical parameters monitored during infection (weight, ESR, X-ray) all correlated with survival, and boosting BCG with H56 in all adjuvants resulted in better survival rates compared to BCG alone. The adjuvants promoted IFN-γ-responses of increasing intensity as measured by ELISPOT in the peripheral blood, but the level of vaccine-specific IFN-γ production did not correlate with or predict disease outcome. This study’s main outcome underscores the importance of the choice of adjuvant for TB subunit vaccines, and secondly it highlights the need for better correlates of protection in preclinical models of TB.
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56
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Metcalfe HJ, Steinbach S, Jones GJ, Connelley T, Morrison WI, Vordermeier M, Villarreal-Ramos B. Protection associated with a TB vaccine is linked to increased frequency of Ag85A-specific CD4(+) T cells but no increase in avidity for Ag85A. Vaccine 2016; 34:4520-4525. [PMID: 27498622 PMCID: PMC5009893 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
There is a need to improve the efficacy of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination against tuberculosis in humans and cattle. Previously, we found boosting BCG-primed cows with recombinant human type 5 adenovirus expressing antigen 85A (Ad5-85A) increased protection against Mycobacterium bovis infection compared to BCG vaccination alone. The aim of this study was to decipher aspects of the immune response associated with this enhanced protection. We compared BCG-primed Ad5-85A-boosted cattle with BCG-vaccinated cattle. Polyclonal CD4(+) T cell libraries were generated from pre-boost and post-boost peripheral blood mononuclear cells - using a method adapted from Geiger et al. (2009) - and screened for antigen 85A (Ag85A) specificity. Ag85A-specific CD4(+) T cell lines were analysed for their avidity for Ag85A and their Ag85A epitope specificity was defined. Boosting BCG with Ad5-85A increased the frequencies of post-boost Ag85A-specific CD4(+) T cells which correlated with protection (reduced pathology). Boosting Ag85A-specific CD4(+) T cell responses did not increase their avidity. The epitope specificity was variable between animals and we found no clear evidence for a post-boost epitope spreading. In conclusion, the protection associated with boosting BCG with Ad5-85A is linked with increased frequencies of Ag85A-specific CD4(+) T cells without increasing avidity or widening of the Ag85A-specific CD4(+) T cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Metcalfe
- TB Immunology and Vaccinology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; Immunity Division, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Sabine Steinbach
- TB Immunology and Vaccinology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Gareth J Jones
- TB Immunology and Vaccinology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Tim Connelley
- Immunity Division, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - W Ivan Morrison
- Immunity Division, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Martin Vordermeier
- TB Immunology and Vaccinology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Bernardo Villarreal-Ramos
- TB Immunology and Vaccinology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
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Sakai S, Kauffman KD, Sallin MA, Sharpe AH, Young HA, Ganusov VV, Barber DL. CD4 T Cell-Derived IFN-γ Plays a Minimal Role in Control of Pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Must Be Actively Repressed by PD-1 to Prevent Lethal Disease. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005667. [PMID: 27244558 PMCID: PMC4887085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IFN-γ–producing CD4 T cells are required for protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, but the extent to which IFN-γ contributes to overall CD4 T cell-mediated protection remains unclear. Furthermore, it is not known if increasing IFN-γ production by CD4 T cells is desirable in Mtb infection. Here we show that IFN-γ accounts for only ~30% of CD4 T cell-dependent cumulative bacterial control in the lungs over the first six weeks of infection, but >80% of control in the spleen. Moreover, increasing the IFN-γ–producing capacity of CD4 T cells by ~2 fold exacerbates lung infection and leads to the early death of the host, despite enhancing control in the spleen. In addition, we show that the inhibitory receptor PD-1 facilitates host resistance to Mtb by preventing the detrimental over-production of IFN-γ by CD4 T cells. Specifically, PD-1 suppressed the parenchymal accumulation of and pathogenic IFN-γ production by the CXCR3+KLRG1-CX3CR1- subset of lung-homing CD4 T cells that otherwise mediates control of Mtb infection. Therefore, the primary role for T cell-derived IFN-γ in Mtb infection is at extra-pulmonary sites, and the host-protective subset of CD4 T cells requires negative regulation of IFN-γ production by PD-1 to prevent lethal immune-mediated pathology. The development of novel tuberculosis vaccines has been hindered by the poor understanding of the mechanisms of host-protection. It has been long-held that IFN-γ is the principle effector of CD4 T cell-mediated resistance to Mtb infection, but Mtb-specific CD4 T cells produce low amounts of IFN-γ in vivo, leading to the possibility that increasing IFN-γ production by Th1 cells might enhance control of Mtb infection. However, the precise contribution of IFN-γ to CD4 T cell-dependent protection and the outcome of increasing IFN-γ production by CD4 T cells have not been evaluated. Here we show that IFN-γ accounts for only ~30% of the cumulative CD4 T cell-mediated reduction in lung bacterial loads over the first 1.5 months of infection. Moreover, we find that increasing the per capita production of IFN-γ by CD4 T cells leads to the early death of the host. Lastly, we show that suppression of CD4 T cell-derived IFN-γ by the inhibitory receptor PD-1 is essential to prevent lethal disease. Therefore, poor control Mtb infection does not result from defective production of IFN-γ, and strategies to selectively boost it are unwarranted. Furthermore, identifying the primary mechanisms of CD4 T cell-dependent control of Mtb infection should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Sakai
- T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Keith D. Kauffman
- T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michelle A. Sallin
- T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Arlene H. Sharpe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, and Evergrande Center for Immunological Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Howard A. Young
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vitaly V. Ganusov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. Barber
- T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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58
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Boosting BCG-primed responses with a subunit Apa vaccine during the waning phase improves immunity and imparts protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25837. [PMID: 27173443 PMCID: PMC4865829 DOI: 10.1038/srep25837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterologous prime-boosting has emerged as a powerful vaccination approach against tuberculosis. However, optimal timing to boost BCG-immunity using subunit vaccines remains unclear in clinical trials. Here, we followed the adhesin Apa-specific T-cell responses in BCG-primed mice and investigated its BCG-booster potential. The Apa-specific T-cell response peaked 32-52 weeks after parenteral or mucosal BCG-priming but waned significantly by 78 weeks. A subunit-Apa-boost during the contraction-phase of BCG-response had a greater effect on the magnitude and functional quality of specific cellular and humoral responses compared to a boost at the peak of BCG-response. The cellular response increased following mucosal BCG-prime-Apa-subunit-boost strategy compared to Apa-subunit-prime-BCG-boost approach. However, parenteral BCG-prime-Apa-subunit-boost by a homologous route was the most effective strategy in-terms of enhancing specific T-cell responses during waning in the lung and spleen. Two Apa-boosters markedly improved waning BCG-immunity and significantly reduced Mycobacterium tuberculosis burdens post-challenge. Our results highlight the challenges of optimization of prime-boost regimens in mice where BCG drives persistent immune-activation and suggest that boosting with a heterologous vaccine may be ideal once the specific persisting effector responses are contracted. Our results have important implications for design of prime-boost regimens against tuberculosis in humans.
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Villarreal DO, Siefert RJ, Weiner DB. Alarmin IL-33 elicits potent TB-specific cell-mediated responses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1954-60. [PMID: 26091147 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1026499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) still remains a major public health issue despite the current available vaccine for TB, Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG). An effective vaccine against TB remains a top priority in the fight against this pandemic bacterial infection. Adequate protection against TB is associated with the development of TH1-type and CD8(+) T cell responses. One alarmin cytokine, interleukin 33 (IL-33), has now been implicated in the development of both CD4(+) TH1 and CD8(+) T cell immunity. In this study, we determined whether the administration of IL-33 as an adjuvant, encoded in a DNA plasmid, could enhance the immunogenicity of a TB DNA vaccine. We report that the co-immunization of IL-33 with a DNA vaccine expressing the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (Mtb) antigen 85B (Ag85B) induced robust Ag85B-specific IFNγ responses by ELISpot compared to Ag85B alone. Furthermore, these enhanced responses were characterized by higher frequencies of Ag85B-specific, multifunctional CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Vaccination with IL-33 also increased the ability of the Ag85B-specific CD8(+) T cells to undergo degranulation and to secrete IFNγ and TNFα cytokines. These finding highlights IL-33 as a promising adjuvant to significantly improve the immunogenicity of TB DNA vaccines and support further study of this effective vaccine strategy against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O Villarreal
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine ; Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania ; Philadelphia , PA USA
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Liu X, Peng J, Hu L, Luo Y, Niu H, Bai C, Wang Q, Li F, Yu H, Wang B, Chen H, Guo M, Zhu B. A multistage mycobacterium tuberculosis subunit vaccine LT70 including latency antigen Rv2626c induces long-term protection against tuberculosis. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:1670-7. [PMID: 26901244 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1141159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop an effective subunit vaccine which could target tubercle bacilli with different metabolic states and provide effective protective immunity, we fused antigens ESAT6, Ag85B, peptide 190-198 of MPT64, and Mtb8.4 mainly expressed by proliferating bacteria and latency-associated antigen Rv2626c together to construct a multistage protein ESAT6-Ag85B-MPT64(190-198)-Mtb8.4-Rv2626c (LT70 for short) with the molecular weight of 70 kDa. The human T-cell responses to LT70 and other antigens were analyzed. The immune responses of LT70 in the adjuvant of DDA and Poly I:C and its protective efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection in C57BL/6 mice were evaluated. The results showed that LT70 was stably produced in Escherichia coli and could be purified by successive salting-out and chromatography. LT70 could be strongly recognized by human T cells from TB patients and persons who are supposed latently infected with M. tuberculosis. The subunit vaccine LT70 generated strong antigen-specific humoral and cell-mediated immunity, and induced higher protective efficacy (5.41±0.37 Log10 CFU in lung) than traditional vaccine Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (6.01±0.33 Log10 CFU) and PBS control (6.53±0.26 Log10 CFU) at 30 weeks post vaccination (10 weeks post-challenge) against M. tuberculosis infection (p < 0.05). These findings suggested that LT70 would be a promising subunit vaccine candidate against M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Liu
- a Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China.,b Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Jinxiu Peng
- a Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China.,b Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Lina Hu
- c Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products , Lanzhou , China
| | - Yanping Luo
- a Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Hongxia Niu
- a Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China.,b Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Chunxiang Bai
- a Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China.,b Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Qian Wang
- a Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Fei Li
- a Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China.,b Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Hongjuan Yu
- a Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Bingxiang Wang
- c Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products , Lanzhou , China
| | - Huiyu Chen
- a Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Ming Guo
- d ABSL-3 Lab, Wuhan University , Wuhan , China
| | - Bingdong Zhu
- a Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China.,b Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
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Soares HR, Castro R, Tomás HA, Rodrigues AF, Gomes-Alves P, Bellier B, Klatzmann D, Carrondo MJT, Alves PM, Coroadinha AS. Tetraspanins displayed in retrovirus-derived virus-like particles and their immunogenicity. Vaccine 2016; 34:1634-1641. [PMID: 26795367 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are a particular subset of subunit vaccines which are currently explored as safer alternatives to live attenuated or inactivated vaccines. VLPs derived from retrovirus (retroVLPs) are commonly used as scaffolds for vaccine candidates due to their ability to incorporate heterologous envelope proteins. Pseudotyping retroVLPs is however not a selective process therefore, host cellular proteins such as tetraspanins are also included in the membrane. The contribution of these host-proteins to retrovirus immunogenicity remains unclear. In this work, human cells silenced and not silenced for tetraspanin CD81 were used to produce CD81(-) or CD81(+) retroVLPs. We first analyzed mice immune response against human CD81. Despite effective silencing of CD81 in retroVLP producing cells, both humoral and cellular immune responses showed persistent anti-CD81 immunogenicity, suggesting cross reactivity to related antigens. We thus compared the incorporation of related tetraspanins in retroVLPs and showed that decreased CD81 incorporation in CD81(-) retro-VLPs is compensated by an increased incorporation of CD9 and CD63 tetraspanins. These results highlight the dynamic nature of host-derived proteins incorporation in retroVLPs membrane, which should be considered when retrovirus-based biopharmaceuticals are produced in xenogeneic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Soares
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - R Castro
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - H A Tomás
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - A F Rodrigues
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - P Gomes-Alves
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - B Bellier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS_959, I3, F-75013 Paris, France; INSERM, UMR_S 959, I3, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - D Klatzmann
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS_959, I3, F-75013 Paris, France; INSERM, UMR_S 959, I3, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - M J T Carrondo
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia/Universidade Nova de Lisboa, P-2825 Monte da Caparica, Portugal
| | - P M Alves
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - A S Coroadinha
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
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62
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Woodworth JS, Andersen P. Reprogramming the T Cell Response to Tuberculosis. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:81-83. [PMID: 26777728 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Coscolla, Copin et al. recently used comparative genomics of M. tuberculosis (Mtb) strains to show that most human T cell-recognized epitopes are hyperconserved, but bona fide variable epitopes also exist. This identification of two sets of antigens implies opposing evolutionary processes and will have an important impact on tuberculosis (TB) vaccine strategy and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Woodworth
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Peter Andersen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
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63
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Hunter RL. Tuberculosis as a three-act play: A new paradigm for the pathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 97:8-17. [PMID: 26980490 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lack of access to human tissues with untreated tuberculosis (TB) has forced generations of researchers to use animal models and to adopt a paradigm that granulomas are the characteristic lesion of both primary and post primary TB. An extended search of studies of human lung tissues failed to find any reports that support this paradigm. We found scores of publications from gross pathology in 1804 through high resolution CT scans in 2015 that identify obstructive lobular pneumonia, not granulomas, as the characteristic lesion of developing post-primary TB. This paper reviews this literature together with other relevant observations to formulate a new paradigm of TB with three distinct stages: a three-act play. First, primary TB, a war of attrition, begins with infection that spreads via lymphatics and blood stream before inducing systemic immunity that contains and controls the organisms within granulomas. Second, post-primary TB, a sneak attack, develops during latent TB as an asymptomatic obstructive lobular pneumonia in persons with effective systemic immunity. It is a paucibacillary process with no granulomas that spreads via bronchi and accumulates mycobacterial antigens and host lipids for 1-2 years before suddenly undergoing caseous necrosis. Third, the fallout, is responsible for nearly all clinical post primary disease. It begins with caseous necrotic pneumonia that is either retained to become the focus of fibrocaseous disease or is coughed out to leave a cavity. This three-stage paradigm suggests testable hypotheses and plausible answers to long standing questions of immunity to TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Hunter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, MSB 2.136, 6431 Fannin, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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64
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Oksanen KE, Myllymäki H, Ahava MJ, Mäkinen L, Parikka M, Rämet M. DNA vaccination boosts Bacillus Calmette-Guérin protection against mycobacterial infection in zebrafish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 54:89-96. [PMID: 26363085 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of the current Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, tuberculosis is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Vaccination with BCG does not prevent a Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, nor does it inhibit the reactivation of latent tuberculosis. Here, we show that adult zebrafish are modestly and variably protected from a mycobacterial infection by BCG vaccination. An intraperitoneal (i.p.) BCG vaccination was associated with enhanced survival upon a high-dose (20,000 bacteria) Mycobacterium marinum infection. In addition, BCG-vaccinated fish were more able to restrict a low-dose (30 bacteria) intraperitoneal infection with M. marinum, as indicated by lower bacterial loads at six weeks post infection (wpi). However, the vaccination could not completely prevent an infection. A qRT-PCR analysis comparing BCG-vaccinated and unvaccinated fish upon a mycobacterial infection indicated that the induction of Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was more modest in vaccinated fish. The partial protection gained by BCG could be boosted by a DNA vaccine combining Ag85B, ESAT6 and a resuscitation-related gene RpfE, suggesting that this combination of antigens could be useful for a future BCG booster vaccine. We conclude that zebrafish is a useful early-phase preclinical model for studying subunit vaccines designed for boosting the effects of BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa E Oksanen
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, FIN 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Henna Myllymäki
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, FIN 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Maarit J Ahava
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, FIN 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Leena Mäkinen
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, FIN 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Mika Rämet
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, FIN 33014, Tampere, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, FIN 33521, Tampere, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; PEDEGO Research Unit, and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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65
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Kim WS, Kim JS, Cha SB, Kim SJ, Kim H, Kwon KW, Han SJ, Choi SY, Shin SJ. Mycobacterium tuberculosis PE27 activates dendritic cells and contributes to Th1-polarized memory immune responses during in vivo infection. Immunobiology 2015; 221:440-53. [PMID: 26655143 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A gradual understanding of the proline-glutamate (PE) and proline-proline-glutamate (PPE) families, which compromise 10% of the coding regions in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) genome, has uncovered unique roles in host-pathogen interactions. However, the immunological function of PE27 (Rv2769c), the largest PE member, remains unclear. Here, we explored the functional roles and related signaling mechanisms of PE27 in the interaction with dendritic cells (DCs) to shape the T cell response. PE27 phenotypically and functionally induces DC maturation by up-regulating CD80, CD86, MHC class I and MHC class II expression on the DC surface to promote the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12p70 but not IL-10. Additionally, we found that PE27-mediated DC activation requires the participation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Interestingly, PE27-treated DCs directed naïve CD4(+) T cells to secrete IFN-γ and activate T-bet but not GATA-3. PE27 also induced IFN-γ-producing memory T cell responses in Mtb-infected mice, indicating that PE27 contributes to Th1-polarization. Taken together, these findings suggest that PE27 possesses Th1-polarizing potential through DC maturation and could be useful in the design of TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Sik Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Jong-Seok Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Seung Bin Cha
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - So Jeong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Hongmin Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Kee Woong Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Seung Jung Han
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea.
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66
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Impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis RD1-locus on human primary dendritic cell immune functions. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17078. [PMID: 26602835 PMCID: PMC4658526 DOI: 10.1038/srep17078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern strategies to develop vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) aim to improve the current Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine or to attenuate the virulence of Mtb vaccine candidates. In the present study, the impact of wild type or mutated region of difference 1 (RD1) variants on the immunogenicity of Mtb and BCG recombinants was investigated in human primary dendritic cells (DC). A comparative analysis of transcriptome, signalling pathway activation, maturation, apoptosis, cytokine production and capacity to promote Th1 responses demonstrated that DC sense quantitative and qualitative differences in the expression of RD1-encoded factors—ESAT6 and CFP10—within BCG or Mtb backgrounds. Expansion of IFN-γ producing T cells was promoted by BCG::RD1-challenged DC, as compared to their BCG-infected counterparts. Although Mtb recombinants acted as a strong Th-1 promoting stimulus, even with RD1 deletion, the attenuated Mtb strain carrying a C-terminus truncated ESAT-6 elicited a robust Th1 promoting phenotype in DC. Collectively, these studies indicate a necessary but not sufficient role for the RD1 locus in promoting DC immune-regulatory functions. Additional mycobacterial factors are likely required to endow DC with a high Th1 polarizing capacity, a desirable attribute for a successful control of Mtb infection.
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67
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Majlessi L, Prados-Rosales R, Casadevall A, Brosch R. Release of mycobacterial antigens. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:25-45. [PMID: 25703550 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis has evolved from a Mycobacterium canettii-like progenitor pool into one of the most successful and widespread human pathogens. The pathogenicity of M. tuberculosis is linked to its ability to secrete/export/release selected mycobacterial proteins, and it is also established that active release of mycobacterial antigens is a prerequisite for strong immune recognition. Recent research has enabled mycobacterial secretion systems and vesicle-based release of mycobacterial antigens to be elucidated, which together with host-related specificities constitute key variables that determine the outcome of infection. Here, we discuss recently discovered, novel aspects on the nature and the regulation of antigen release of the tuberculosis agent with particular emphasis on the biological characterization of mycobacteria-specific ESX/type VII secretion systems and their secreted proteins, belonging to the Esx, PE, and PPE categories. The importance of specific mycobacterial antigen release is probably best exemplified by the striking differences observed between the cellular events during infection with the ESX-1-deficient, attenuated Mycobacterium bovis BCG compared to the virulent M. tuberculosis, which are clearly important for design of more specific diagnostics and more efficient vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Majlessi
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Paris, France
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68
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Karp CL, Wilson CB, Stuart LM. Tuberculosis vaccines: barriers and prospects on the quest for a transformative tool. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:363-81. [PMID: 25703572 PMCID: PMC4368410 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The road to a more efficacious vaccine that could be a truly transformative tool for decreasing tuberculosis morbidity and mortality, along with Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission, is quite daunting. Despite this, there are reasons for optimism. Abetted by better conceptual clarity, clear acknowledgment of the degree of our current immunobiological ignorance, the availability of powerful new tools for dissecting the immunopathogenesis of human tuberculosis, the generation of more creative diversity in tuberculosis vaccine concepts, the development of better fit-for-purpose animal models, and the potential of more pragmatic approaches to the clinical testing of vaccine candidates, the field has promise for delivering novel tools for dealing with this worldwide scourge of poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Karp
- Discovery and Translational Sciences, Global Health, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
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69
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Lynn GM, Laga R, Darrah PA, Ishizuka AS, Balaci AJ, Dulcey AE, Pechar M, Pola R, Gerner MY, Yamamoto A, Buechler CR, Quinn KM, Smelkinson MG, Vanek O, Cawood R, Hills T, Vasalatiy O, Kastenmuller K, Francica JR, Stutts L, Tom JK, Ryu KA, Esser-Kahn AP, Etrych T, Fisher KD, Seymour LW, Seder RA. In vivo characterization of the physicochemical properties of polymer-linked TLR agonists that enhance vaccine immunogenicity. Nat Biotechnol 2015; 33:1201-10. [PMID: 26501954 PMCID: PMC5842712 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of vaccine adjuvants such as Toll-like receptor agonists (TLRa) can be improved through formulation and delivery approaches. Here, we attached small molecule TLR-7/8a to polymer scaffolds (polymer-TLR-7/8a) and evaluated how different physicochemical properties of the TLR-7/8a and polymer carrier influenced the location, magnitude and duration of innate immune activation in vivo. Particle formation by polymer-TLR-7/8a was the most important factor for restricting adjuvant distribution and prolonging activity in draining lymph nodes. The improved pharmacokinetic profile by particulate polymer-TLR-7/8a was also associated with reduced morbidity and enhanced vaccine immunogenicity for inducing antibodies and T cell immunity. We extended these findings to the development of a modular approach in which protein antigens are site-specifically linked to temperature-responsive polymer-TLR-7/8a adjuvants that self-assemble into immunogenic particles at physiologic temperatures in vivo. Our findings provide a chemical and structural basis for optimizing adjuvant design to elicit broad-based antibody and T cell responses with protein antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M. Lynn
- Vaccine research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Laga
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Patricia A. Darrah
- Vaccine research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew S. Ishizuka
- Vaccine research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra J. Balaci
- Vaccine research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrés E. Dulcey
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Michal Pechar
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Pola
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Y. Gerner
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ayako Yamamoto
- Vaccine research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Connor R. Buechler
- Vaccine research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kylie M. Quinn
- Vaccine research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Margery G. Smelkinson
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ondrej Vanek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ryan Cawood
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Hills
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Olga Vasalatiy
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kathrin Kastenmuller
- Vaccine research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joseph R. Francica
- Vaccine research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lalisa Stutts
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Janine K. Tom
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Keun Ah Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Tomas Etrych
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kerry D. Fisher
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert A. Seder
- Vaccine research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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70
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Recombinant BCG Expressing Mycobacterium ulcerans Ag85A Imparts Enhanced Protection against Experimental Buruli ulcer. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004046. [PMID: 26393347 PMCID: PMC4579011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Buruli ulcer, an emerging tropical disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans (MU), is characterized by disfiguring skin necrosis and high morbidity. Relatively little is understood about the mode of transmission, pathogenesis, or host immune responses to MU infection. Due to significant reduction in quality of life for patients with extensive tissue scarring, and that a disproportionately high percentage of those affected are disadvantaged children, a Buruli ulcer vaccine would be greatly beneficial to the worldwide community. Previous studies have shown that mice inoculated with either M. bovis bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) or a DNA vaccine encoding the M. ulcerans mycolyl transferase, Ag85A (MU-Ag85A), are transiently protected against pathology caused by intradermal challenge with MU. Building upon this principle, we have generated quality-controlled, live-recombinant strains of BCG and M. smegmatis which express the immunodominant MU Ag85A. Priming with rBCG MU-Ag85A followed by an M. smegmatis MU-Ag85A boost strongly induced murine antigen-specific CD4+ T cells and elicited functional IFNγ-producing splenocytes which recognized MU-Ag85A peptide and whole M. ulcerans better than a BCG prime-boost vaccination. Strikingly, mice vaccinated with a single subcutaneous dose of BCG MU-Ag85A or prime-boost displayed significantly enhanced survival, reduced tissue pathology, and lower bacterial load compared to mice vaccinated with BCG. Importantly, this level of superior protection against experimental Buruli ulcer compared to BCG has not previously been achieved. These results suggest that use of BCG as a recombinant vehicle expressing MU antigens represents an effective Buruli ulcer vaccine strategy and warrants further antigen discovery to improve vaccine efficacy. Buruli ulcer, caused by subcutaneous infection with Mycobacterium ulcerans, is a highly disfiguring flesh-eating skin disease with significant morbidity. Besides surgical intervention, 8-week combination antibiotics is the standard of care. However, problems with resistance and toxicity warrant their replacement with efficacious vaccines. Several attempts to generate a vaccine have met with limited success and, to date, BCG remains the only vaccine capable of conferring transient protection. Here we demonstrate that a recombinant BCG-based vaccine expressing the immunodominant M. ulcerans Ag85A is capable of significantly enhancing protection in experimental Buruli ulcer compared to standard BCG, with a decrease in bacterial burden, pathology, and increase in survival. These results support further Buruli ulcer vaccine development using the highly safe and well-established BCG vehicle.
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71
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72
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Mothé BR, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Dow C, Dillon MBC, Wiseman RW, Bohn P, Karl J, Golden NA, Gilpin T, Foreman TW, Rodgers MA, Mehra S, Scriba TJ, Flynn JL, Kaushal D, O'Connor DH, Sette A. The TB-specific CD4(+) T cell immune repertoire in both cynomolgus and rhesus macaques largely overlap with humans. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 95:722-735. [PMID: 26526557 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Non-human primate (NHP) models of tuberculosis (TB) immunity and pathogenesis, especially rhesus and cynomolgus macaques, are particularly attractive because of the high similarity of the human and macaque immune systems. However, little is known about the MHC class II epitopes recognized in macaques, thus hindering the establishment of immune correlates of immunopathology and protective vaccination. We characterized immune responses in rhesus macaques vaccinated against and/or infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), to a panel of antigens currently in human vaccine trials. We defined 54 new immunodominant CD4(+) T cell epitopes, and noted that antigens immunodominant in humans are also immunodominant in rhesus macaques, including Rv3875 (ESAT-6) and Rv3874 (CFP10). Pedigree and inferred restriction analysis demonstrated that this phenomenon was not due to common ancestry or inbreeding, but rather presentation by common alleles, as well as, promiscuous binding. Experiments using a second cohort of rhesus macaques demonstrated that a pool of epitopes defined in the previous experiments can be used to detect T cell responses in over 75% of individual monkeys. Additionally, 100% of cynomolgus macaques, irrespective of their latent or active TB status, responded to rhesus and human defined epitope pools. Thus, these findings reveal an unexpected general repertoire overlap between MHC class II epitopes recognized in both species of macaques and in humans, showing that epitope pools defined in humans can also be used to characterize macaque responses, despite differences in species and antigen exposure. The results have general implications for the evaluation of new vaccines and diagnostics in NHPs, and immediate applicability in the setting of macaque models of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca R Mothé
- Department of Biology, CSUSM, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA; La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | | | - Courtney Dow
- Department of Biology, CSUSM, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA
| | - Myles B C Dillon
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Roger W Wiseman
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UW-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Patrick Bohn
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UW-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Julie Karl
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UW-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nadia A Golden
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Trey Gilpin
- Department of Biology, CSUSM, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA
| | - Taylor W Foreman
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Mark A Rodgers
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - JoAnne L Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - David H O'Connor
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UW-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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73
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Niazi MKK, Dhulekar N, Schmidt D, Major S, Cooper R, Abeijon C, Gatti DM, Kramnik I, Yener B, Gurcan M, Beamer G. Lung necrosis and neutrophils reflect common pathways of susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in genetically diverse, immune-competent mice. Dis Model Mech 2015. [PMID: 26204894 PMCID: PMC4582107 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.020867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in susceptible humans. Here, we infected Diversity Outbred (DO) mice with ∼100 bacilli by aerosol to model responses in a highly heterogeneous population. Following infection, ‘supersusceptible’, ‘susceptible’ and ‘resistant’ phenotypes emerged. TB disease (reduced survival, weight loss, high bacterial load) correlated strongly with neutrophils, neutrophil chemokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and cell death. By contrast, immune cytokines were weak correlates of disease. We next applied statistical and machine learning approaches to our dataset of cytokines and chemokines from lungs and blood. Six molecules from the lung: TNF, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL5, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin 12 (IL-12); and two molecules from blood – IL-2 and TNF – were identified as being important by applying both statistical and machine learning methods. Using molecular features to generate tree classifiers, CXCL1, CXCL2 and CXCL5 distinguished four classes (supersusceptible, susceptible, resistant and non-infected) from each other with approximately 77% accuracy using completely independent experimental data. By contrast, models based on other molecules were less accurate. Low to no IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-2 and IL-10 successfully discriminated non-infected mice from infected mice but failed to discriminate disease status amongst supersusceptible, susceptible and resistant M.-tuberculosis-infected DO mice. Additional analyses identified CXCL1 as a promising peripheral biomarker of disease and of CXCL1 production in the lungs. From these results, we conclude that: (1) DO mice respond variably to M. tuberculosis infection and will be useful to identify pathways involving necrosis and neutrophils; (2) data from DO mice is suited for machine learning methods to build, validate and test models with independent data based solely on molecular biomarkers; (3) low levels of immunological cytokines best indicate a lack of exposure to M. tuberculosis but cannot distinguish infection from disease. Summary: Molecular biomarkers of tuberculosis are identified and used to classify disease status of Diversity Outbred mice that have been infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad K K Niazi
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210 OH, USA
| | - Nimit Dhulekar
- Department of Computer Science and Department of Electrical, Computer and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, 12810 NY, USA
| | - Diane Schmidt
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, 01536 MA, USA
| | - Samuel Major
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, 01536 MA, USA
| | - Rachel Cooper
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, 01536 MA, USA
| | - Claudia Abeijon
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, 01536 MA, USA
| | | | - Igor Kramnik
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 02215 MA, USA
| | - Bulent Yener
- Department of Computer Science and Department of Electrical, Computer and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, 12810 NY, USA
| | - Metin Gurcan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210 OH, USA
| | - Gillian Beamer
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, 01536 MA, USA
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74
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Delogu G, Provvedi R, Sali M, Manganelli R. Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence: insights and impact on vaccine development. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:1177-94. [PMID: 26119086 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The existing TB vaccine, the attenuated Mycobacterium bovis strain BCG, is effective in protecting infants from severe forms of the disease, while its efficacy in protecting adults from pulmonary TB is poor. In the last two decades, a renewed interest in TB resulted in the development of several candidate vaccines that are now entering clinical trials. However, most of these vaccines are based on a common rationale and aim to induce a strong T-cell response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Recent advancements in the understanding of M. tuberculosis virulence determinants and associated pathogenic strategies are opening a new and broader view of the complex interaction between this remarkable pathogen and the human host, providing insights at molecular level that could lead to a new rationale for the design of novel antitubercular vaccines. A vaccination strategy that simultaneously targets different steps in TB pathogenesis may result in improved protection and reduced TB transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Delogu
- Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Provvedi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Aristide Gabelli 63, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Michela Sali
- Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Manganelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Aristide Gabelli 63, 35121, Padova, Italy
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75
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Monosodium Urate Crystals Promote Innate Anti-Mycobacterial Immunity and Improve BCG Efficacy as a Vaccine against Tuberculosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127279. [PMID: 26023779 PMCID: PMC4449037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A safer and more effective anti-Tuberculosis vaccine is still an urgent need. We probed the effects of monosodium urate crystals (MSU) on innate immunity to improve the Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination. Results showed that in vitro MSU cause an enduring macrophage stimulation of the anti-mycobacterial response, measured as intracellular killing, ROS production and phagolysosome maturation. The contribution of MSU to anti-mycobacterial activity was also shown in vivo. Mice vaccinated in the presence of MSU showed a lower number of BCG in lymph nodes draining the vaccine inoculation site, in comparison to mice vaccinated without MSU. Lastly, we showed that MSU improved the efficacy of BCG vaccination in mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), measured in terms of lung and spleen MTB burden. These results demonstrate that the use of MSU as adjuvant may represent a novel strategy to enhance the efficacy of BCG vaccination.
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76
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von Both U, Kaforou M, Levin M, Newton SM. Understanding immune protection against tuberculosis using RNA expression profiling. Vaccine 2015; 33:5289-93. [PMID: 26006085 PMCID: PMC4582769 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A major limitation in the development and testing of new tuberculosis (TB) vaccines is the current inadequate understanding of the nature of the immune response required for protection against either infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) or progression to disease. Genome wide RNA expression analysis has provided a new tool with which to study the inflammatory and immunological response to mycobacteria. To explore how currently available transcriptomic data might be used to understand the basis of protective immunity to MTB, we analysed and reviewed published RNA expression studies to (1) identify a “susceptible” immune response in patients with acquired defects in the interferon gamma pathway; (2) identify the “failing” transcriptomic response in patients with TB as compared with latent TB infection (LTBI); and (3) identify elements of the “protective” response in healthy latently infected and healthy uninfected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich von Both
- Section of Paediatrics and Wellcome Trust Centre for Clinical Tropical Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Myrsini Kaforou
- Section of Paediatrics and Wellcome Trust Centre for Clinical Tropical Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Levin
- Section of Paediatrics and Wellcome Trust Centre for Clinical Tropical Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Sandra M Newton
- Section of Paediatrics and Wellcome Trust Centre for Clinical Tropical Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
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77
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Jacobs
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
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78
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Linderman JJ, Cilfone NA, Pienaar E, Gong C, Kirschner DE. A multi-scale approach to designing therapeutics for tuberculosis. Integr Biol (Camb) 2015; 7:591-609. [PMID: 25924949 DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00295d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Approximately one third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Limited information about how the immune system fights M. tuberculosis and what constitutes protection from the bacteria impact our ability to develop effective therapies for tuberculosis. We present an in vivo systems biology approach that integrates data from multiple model systems and over multiple length and time scales into a comprehensive multi-scale and multi-compartment view of the in vivo immune response to M. tuberculosis. We describe computational models that can be used to study (a) immunomodulation with the cytokines tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 10, (b) oral and inhaled antibiotics, and
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Linderman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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79
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Moguche AO, Shafiani S, Clemons C, Larson RP, Dinh C, Higdon LE, Cambier CJ, Sissons JR, Gallegos AM, Fink PJ, Urdahl KB. ICOS and Bcl6-dependent pathways maintain a CD4 T cell population with memory-like properties during tuberculosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:715-28. [PMID: 25918344 PMCID: PMC4419347 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20141518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protective CD4 T cells specific for M. tuberculosis (Mtb) are maintained in the lungs during active Mtb infection. Similar to memory CD4 T cells, persistence of these Mtb-specific cells requires intrinsic expression of Bcl6 and ICOS. Immune control of persistent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) requires a sustained pathogen-specific CD4 T cell response; however, the molecular pathways governing the generation and maintenance of Mtb protective CD4 T cells are poorly understood. Using MHCII tetramers, we show that Mtb-specific CD4 T cells are subject to ongoing antigenic stimulation. Despite this chronic stimulation, a subset of PD-1+ cells is maintained within the lung parenchyma during tuberculosis (TB). When transferred into uninfected animals, these cells persist, mount a robust recall response, and provide superior protection to Mtb rechallenge when compared to terminally differentiated Th1 cells that reside preferentially in the lung-associated vasculature. The PD-1+ cells share features with memory CD4 T cells in that their generation and maintenance requires intrinsic Bcl6 and intrinsic ICOS expression. Thus, the molecular pathways required to maintain Mtb-specific CD4 T cells during ongoing infection are similar to those that maintain memory CD4 T cells in scenarios of antigen deprivation. These results suggest that vaccination strategies targeting the ICOS and Bcl6 pathways in CD4 T cells may provide new avenues to prevent TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albanus O Moguche
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute (renamed Center for Infectious Disease Research), Seattle, WA 98109 Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104
| | - Shahin Shafiani
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute (renamed Center for Infectious Disease Research), Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Corey Clemons
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute (renamed Center for Infectious Disease Research), Seattle, WA 98109 Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104
| | - Ryan P Larson
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute (renamed Center for Infectious Disease Research), Seattle, WA 98109 Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104
| | - Crystal Dinh
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute (renamed Center for Infectious Disease Research), Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Lauren E Higdon
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104
| | - C J Cambier
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104
| | - James R Sissons
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute (renamed Center for Infectious Disease Research), Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Alena M Gallegos
- Department of Immunology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Pamela J Fink
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104
| | - Kevin B Urdahl
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute (renamed Center for Infectious Disease Research), Seattle, WA 98109 Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104
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80
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Elliott TOJP, Owolabi O, Donkor S, Kampmann B, Hill PC, Ottenhoff THM, Haks MC, Kaufmann SHE, Maertzdorf J, Sutherland JS. Dysregulation of Apoptosis Is a Risk Factor for Tuberculosis Disease Progression. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1469-79. [PMID: 25895988 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major barrier to effective tuberculosis control is our limited understanding of risk factors for tuberculosis disease progression. This study examined the role of apoptosis in immunity to tuberculosis. METHODS Cell subsets from tuberculosis cases and tuberculin skin test-positive (TST(+)) and TST-negative (TST(-)) household contacts (HHCs) were analyzed for expression of annexin-V and propidium iodide by flow cytometry. RNA microarrays were used to determine differences in apoptotic gene expression levels and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification was used to analyze gene expression in HHCs who progressed to active tuberculosis. RESULTS T cells from TST(+)HHC exhibited higher levels of apoptosis than tuberculosis cases; however, tuberculosis cases had a higher proportion of late apoptotic cells within the CD3(+)PD-1(+) subset. Tuberculosis cases had reduced levels of antiapoptotic genes compared to HHCs with a significant reduction in BCL2 associated with disease progression at least 1 year prior to progression. CONCLUSIONS While T cells are clearly able to mount a robust immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, there are increased levels of apoptosis seen in effector T cells from tuberculosis patients. Dysregulation of several apoptotic genes suggest that apoptosis is a major functional pathway that could be targeted for future host-directed therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas O J P Elliott
- Vaccines & Immunity, Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Olumuyiwa Owolabi
- Vaccines & Immunity, Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Simon Donkor
- Vaccines & Immunity, Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Beate Kampmann
- Vaccines & Immunity, Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Philip C Hill
- Vaccines & Immunity, Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia Centre for International Health, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Marielle C Haks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeroen Maertzdorf
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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81
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Ryndak MB, Singh KK, Peng Z, Laal S. Transcriptional profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis replicating in type II alveolar epithelial cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123745. [PMID: 25844539 PMCID: PMC4386821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) infection is initiated by the few bacilli inhaled into the alveolus. Studies in lungs of aerosol-infected mice provided evidence for extensive replication of M. tb in non-migrating, non-antigen-presenting cells in the alveoli during the first 2-3 weeks post-infection. Alveoli are lined by type II and type I alveolar epithelial cells (AEC) which outnumber alveolar macrophages by several hundred-fold. M. tb DNA and viable M. tb have been demonstrated in AEC and other non-macrophage cells of the kidney, liver, and spleen in autopsied tissues from latently-infected subjects from TB-endemic regions indicating systemic bacterial dissemination during primary infection. M. tb have also been demonstrated to replicate rapidly in A549 cells (type II AEC line) and acquire increased invasiveness for endothelial cells. Together, these results suggest that AEC could provide an important niche for bacterial expansion and development of a phenotype that promotes dissemination during primary infection. In the current studies, we have compared the transcriptional profile of M. tb replicating intracellularly in A549 cells to that of M. tb replicating in laboratory broth, by microarray analysis. Genes significantly upregulated during intracellular residence were consistent with an active, replicative, metabolic, and aerobic state, as were genes for tryptophan synthesis and for increased virulence (ESAT-6, and ESAT-6-like genes, esxH, esxJ, esxK, esxP, and esxW). In contrast, significant downregulation of the DevR (DosR) regulon and several hypoxia-induced genes was observed. Stress response genes were either not differentially expressed or were downregulated with the exception of the heat shock response and those induced by low pH. The intra-type II AEC M. tb transcriptome strongly suggests that AEC could provide a safe haven in which M. tb can expand dramatically and disseminate from the lung prior to the elicitation of adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle B. Ryndak
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Krishna K. Singh
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Zhengyu Peng
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suman Laal
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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82
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Protein energy malnutrition during vaccination has limited influence on vaccine efficacy but abolishes immunity if administered during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Infect Immun 2015; 83:2118-26. [PMID: 25754202 DOI: 10.1128/iai.03030-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) increases susceptibility to infectious diseases, including tuberculosis (TB), but it is not clear how PEM influences vaccine-promoted immunity to TB. We demonstrate that PEM during low-level steady-state TB infection in a mouse model results in rapid relapse of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as well as increased pathology, in both Mycobacterium bovis BCG-vaccinated and unvaccinated animals. PEM did not change the overall numbers of CD4 T cells in BCG-vaccinated animals but resulted in an almost complete loss of antigen-specific cytokine production. Furthermore, there was a change in cytokine expression characterized by a gradual loss of multifunctional antigen-specific CD4 T cells and an increased proportion of effector cells expressing gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha (IFN-γ(+) TNF-α(+) and IFN-γ(+) cells). PEM during M. tuberculosis infection completely blocked the protection afforded by the H56-CAF01 subunit vaccine, and this was associated with a very substantial loss of the interleukin-2-positive memory CD4 T cells promoted by this vaccine. Similarly, PEM during the vaccination phase markedly reduced the H56-CAF01 vaccine response, influencing all cytokine-producing CD4 T cell subsets, with the exception of CD4 T cells positive for TNF-α only. Importantly, this impairment was reversible and resupplementation of protein during infection rescued both the vaccine-promoted T cell response and the protective effect of the vaccine against M. tuberculosis infection.
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83
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Rosales-Mendoza S, Ríos-Huerta R, Angulo C. An overview of tuberculosis plant-derived vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:877-89. [PMID: 25683476 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1015996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading fatal infectious disease to which the current BCG vaccine has a questionable efficacy in adults. Thus, the development of improved vaccines against TB is needed. In addition, decreasing the cost of vaccine formulations is required for broader vaccination coverage through global vaccination programs. In this regard, the use of plants as biofactories and delivery vehicles of TB vaccines has been researched over the last decade. These studies are systematically analyzed in the present review and placed in perspective. It is considered that substantial preclinical trials are still required to address improvements in expression levels as well as immunological data. Approaches for testing additional antigenic configurations with higher yields and improved immunogenic properties are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, SLP, 78210, México
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84
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Voellmy R, Bloom DC, Vilaboa N. A novel approach for addressing diseases not yielding to effective vaccination? Immunization by replication-competent controlled virus. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:637-51. [PMID: 25676927 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1013941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination involves inoculation of a subject with a disabled disease-causing microbe or parts thereof. While vaccination has been highly successful, we still lack sufficiently effective vaccines for important infectious diseases. We propose that a more complete immune response than that elicited from a vaccine may be obtained from immunization with a disease-causing virus modified to subject replication-essential genes to the control of a gene switch activated by non-lethal heat in the presence of a drug-like compound. Upon inoculation, strictly localized replication of the virus would be triggered by a heat dose administered to the inoculation site. Activated virus would transiently replicate with an efficiency approaching that of the disease-causing virus and express all viral antigens. It may also vector heterologous antigens or control co-infecting microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Voellmy
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Sciences, Gainesville, FL, USA
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85
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Jiang Y, Liu H, Li M, Li G, Pang H, Dou X, Zhao X, Wan K. Single nucleotide polymorphism in Ag85 genes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex: analysis of 178 clinical isolates from China and 13 BCG strains. Int J Med Sci 2015; 12:126-34. [PMID: 25589888 PMCID: PMC4293177 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.9951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Host immune pressure and associated immune evasion of pathogenic bacteria are key features of host-pathogen co-evolution. Human T-cell epitopes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) were evolutionarily hyperconserved and thus it was deduced that M. tuberculosis lacks antigenic variation and immune evasion. However, in our previous studies, proteins MPT64, PstS1, Rv0309 and Rv2945c all harbored higher numbers of amino acid substitutions in their T cell epitopes, which suggests their roles in ongoing immune evasion. Here, we used the same set of 180 clinical M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) isolates from China, amplified the genes encoding Ag85 complex, and compared the sequences. The results showed that Ag85 were hyperconserved in T/B cell epitopes and the genes were more likely to be under purifying selection. The divergence of host immune selection on different proteins may result from different function of the proteins. In addition, A312G of Ag85A and T418C of Ag85B may represent special mutations in BCG strains, which may be used to differentiate M.bovis and BCG strains from MTB strains. Also, C714A in Ag85B seems to be a valuable phylogenetic marker for Beijing strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jiang
- 1. State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P. R. China ; 2. Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Haican Liu
- 1. State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P. R. China ; 2. Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Machao Li
- 1. State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P. R. China ; 2. Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Guilian Li
- 1. State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P. R. China ; 2. Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hui Pang
- 3. Immunology Department, Changzhi Medical College, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiangfeng Dou
- 4. Beijing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Xiuqin Zhao
- 1. State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P. R. China ; 2. Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Kanglin Wan
- 1. State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P. R. China ; 2. Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
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86
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Harrison DE, Astle CM, Niazi MKK, Major S, Beamer GL. Genetically diverse mice are novel and valuable models of age-associated susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Immun Ageing 2014; 11:24. [PMID: 25606048 PMCID: PMC4299371 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-014-0024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis, the disease due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Use of mouse models may accelerate insight into the disease and tests of therapies since mice age thirty times faster than humans. However, the majority of TB research relies on inbred mouse strains, and these results might not extrapolate well to the genetically diverse human population. We report here the first tests of M. tuberculosis infection in genetically heterogeneous aging mice, testing if old mice benefit from rapamycin. FINDINGS We find that genetically diverse aging mice are much more susceptible than young mice to M. tuberculosis, as are aging human beings. We also find that rapamycin boosts immune responses during primary infection but fails to increase survival. CONCLUSIONS Genetically diverse mouse models provide a valuable resource to study how age influences responses and susceptibility to pathogens and to test interventions. Additionally, surrogate markers such as immune measures may not predict whether interventions improve survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Harrison
- />The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA
| | - Clinton M Astle
- />The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA
| | | | - Samuel Major
- />Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, Grafton, MA 01536 USA
| | - Gillian L Beamer
- />Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, Grafton, MA 01536 USA
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87
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Urdahl KB. Understanding and overcoming the barriers to T cell-mediated immunity against tuberculosis. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:578-87. [PMID: 25453230 PMCID: PMC4314386 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the overwhelming success of immunization in reducing, and even eliminating, the global threats posed by a wide spectrum of infectious diseases, attempts to do the same for tuberculosis (TB) have failed to date. While most effective vaccines act by eliciting neutralizing antibodies, T cells are the primary mediators of adaptive immunity against TB. Unfortunately, the onset of the T cell response after aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the bacterium that causes TB, is exceedingly slow, and systemically administered vaccines only modestly accelerate the recruitment of effector T cells to the lungs. This delay seems to be orchestrated by Mtb itself to prolong the period of unrestricted bacterial replication in the lung that characterizes the innate phase of the response. When T cells finally arrive at the site of infection, multiple layers of regulation have been established that limit the ability of T cells to control or eradicate Mtb. From this understanding, emerges a strategy for achieving immunity. Lung resident memory T cells may recognize Mtb-infected cells shortly after infection and confer protection before regulatory networks are allowed to develop. Early studies using vaccines that elicit lung resident T cells by targeting the lung mucosa have been promising, but many questions remain. Due to the fundamental nature of these questions, and the need to understand and manipulate the early events in the lung after aerosol infection, only coordinated approaches that utilize tractable animal models to inform human TB vaccine trials will move the field toward its goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Urdahl
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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88
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2-Butyl-4-chloroimidazole based substituted piperazine-thiosemicarbazone hybrids as potent inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5520-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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89
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Jong WSP, Daleke-Schermerhorn MH, Vikström D, Ten Hagen-Jongman CM, de Punder K, van der Wel NN, van de Sandt CE, Rimmelzwaan GF, Follmann F, Agger EM, Andersen P, de Gier JW, Luirink J. An autotransporter display platform for the development of multivalent recombinant bacterial vector vaccines. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:162. [PMID: 25421093 PMCID: PMC4252983 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-014-0162-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Autotransporter pathway, ubiquitous in Gram-negative bacteria, allows the efficient secretion of large passenger proteins via a relatively simple mechanism. Capitalizing on its crystal structure, we have engineered the Escherichia coli autotransporter Hemoglobin protease (Hbp) into a versatile platform for secretion and surface display of multiple heterologous proteins in one carrier molecule. Results As proof-of-concept, we demonstrate efficient secretion and high-density display of the sizeable Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens ESAT6, Ag85B and Rv2660c in E. coli simultaneously. Furthermore, we show stable multivalent display of these antigens in an attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium strain upon chromosomal integration. To emphasize the versatility of the Hbp platform, we also demonstrate efficient expression of multiple sizeable antigenic fragments from Chlamydia trachomatis and the influenza A virus at the Salmonella cell surface. Conclusions The successful efficient cell surface display of multiple antigens from various pathogenic organisms highlights the potential of Hbp as a universal platform for the development of multivalent recombinant bacterial vector vaccines. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-014-0162-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter S P Jong
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Section Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Abera Bioscience AB, SE-111 45, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Maria H Daleke-Schermerhorn
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Section Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Abera Bioscience AB, SE-111 45, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - David Vikström
- Xbrane Bioscience AB, SE-111 45, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Biomembrane Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Corinne M Ten Hagen-Jongman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Section Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Abera Bioscience AB, SE-111 45, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Karin de Punder
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066, CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Present Address: Institute for Medical Psychology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nicole N van der Wel
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066, CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Present Address: Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015, GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank Follmann
- Department of Infectious Disease & Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Else Marie Agger
- Department of Infectious Disease & Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease & Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jan-Willem de Gier
- Xbrane Bioscience AB, SE-111 45, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Biomembrane Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Joen Luirink
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Section Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Abera Bioscience AB, SE-111 45, Stockholm, Sweden.
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90
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Abstract
Genomics research has enabled crucial insights into the adaptive evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as an obligate human pathogen. Here, we highlight major recent advances and evaluate the potential for genomics approaches to inform tuberculosis control efforts in high-burden settings.
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91
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Bhattacharya D, Dwivedi VP, Kumar S, Reddy MC, Van Kaer L, Moodley P, Das G. Simultaneous inhibition of T helper 2 and T regulatory cell differentiation by small molecules enhances Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine efficacy against tuberculosis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:33404-11. [PMID: 25315774 PMCID: PMC4246096 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.600452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis affects nine million individuals and kills almost two million people every year. The only vaccine available, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), has been used since its inception in 1921. Although BCG induces host-protective T helper 1 (Th1) cell immune responses, which play a central role in host protection, its efficacy is unsatisfactory, suggesting that additional methods to enhance protective immune responses are needed. Recently we have shown that simultaneous inhibition of Th2 cells and Tregs by using the pharmacological inhibitors suplatast tosylate and D4476, respectively, dramatically enhances Mycobacterium tuberculosis clearance and induces superior Th1 responses. Here we show that treatment with these two drugs during BCG vaccination dramatically improves vaccine efficacy. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these drugs induce a shift in the development of T cell memory, favoring central memory T (Tcm) cell responses over effector memory T (Tem) cell responses. Collectively, our findings provide evidence that simultaneous inhibition of Th2 cells and Tregs during BCG vaccination promotes vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debapriya Bhattacharya
- From the Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Ved Prakash Dwivedi
- From the Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Santosh Kumar
- From the Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | | | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, and
| | - Prashini Moodley
- From the Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Gobardhan Das
- From the Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa, Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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92
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Orchestration of pulmonary T cell immunity during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: immunity interruptus. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:559-77. [PMID: 25311810 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite the introduction almost a century ago of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG), an attenuated form of M. bovis that is used as a vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, tuberculosis remains a global health threat and kills more than 1.5 million people each year. This is mostly because BCG fails to prevent pulmonary disease--the contagious form of tuberculosis. Although there have been significant advances in understanding how the immune system responds to infection, the qualities that define protective immunity against M. tuberculosis remain poorly characterized. The ability to predict who will maintain control over the infection and who will succumb to clinical disease would revolutionize our approach to surveillance, control, and treatment. Here we review the current understanding of pulmonary T cell responses following M. tuberculosis infection. While infection elicits a strong immune response that contains infection, M. tuberculosis evades eradication. Traditionally, its intracellular lifestyle and alteration of macrophage function are viewed as the dominant mechanisms of evasion. Now we appreciate that chronic inflammation leads to T cell dysfunction. While this may arise as the host balances the goals of bacterial sterilization and avoidance of tissue damage, it is becoming clear that T cell dysfunction impairs host resistance. Defining the mechanisms that lead to T cell dysfunction is crucial as memory T cell responses are likely to be subject to the same subject to the same pressures. Thus, success of T cell based vaccines is predicated on memory T cells avoiding exhaustion while at the same time not promoting overt tissue damage.
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93
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Kastenmüller W, Kastenmüller K, Kurts C, Seder RA. Dendritic cell-targeted vaccines--hope or hype? Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:705-11. [PMID: 25190285 DOI: 10.1038/nri3727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of an effective vaccine that elicits a strong and durable T cell response against intracellular pathogens and cancer is a challenge. One strategy to enhance the effectiveness of vaccination is by targeting dendritic cells (DCs). In this Opinion article, we discuss existing DC-targeting approaches that induce adaptive immunity. We highlight the crucial issues that need to be addressed to move the field forward and discuss whether targeting DCs could be better than current vaccine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathrin Kastenmüller
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and the Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Robert A Seder
- Cellular Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA
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