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Booijink R, Salgado‐Polo F, Jamieson C, Perrakis A, Bansal R. A type IV Autotaxin inhibitor ameliorates acute liver injury and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e16333. [PMID: 35833384 PMCID: PMC9449594 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202216333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling axis is an important but rather underexplored pathway in liver disease. LPA is predominantly produced by Autotaxin (ATX) that has gained significant attention with an impressive number of ATX inhibitors (type I-IV) reported. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of a (yet unexplored) type IV inhibitor, Cpd17, in liver injury. We first confirmed the involvement of the ATX-LPA signaling axis in human and murine diseased livers. Then, we evaluated the effects of Cpd17, in comparison with the classic type I inhibitor PF8380, in vitro, where Cpd17 showed higher efficacy. Thereafter, we characterized the mechanism-of-action of both inhibitors and found that Cpd17 was more potent in inhibiting RhoA-mediated cytoskeletal remodeling, and phosphorylation of MAPK/ERK and AKT/PKB. Finally, the therapeutic potential of Cpd17 was investigated in CCl4 -induced acute liver injury and diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, demonstrating an excellent potential of Cpd17 in reducing liver injury in both disease models in vivo. We conclude that ATX inhibition, by type IV inhibitor in particular, has an excellent potential for clinical application in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richell Booijink
- Translational Liver Research, Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of TwenteEnschedeThe Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Division of BiochemistryNetherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Fernando Salgado‐Polo
- Oncode Institute, Division of BiochemistryNetherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Craig Jamieson
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
| | - Anastassis Perrakis
- Oncode Institute, Division of BiochemistryNetherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ruchi Bansal
- Translational Liver Research, Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of TwenteEnschedeThe Netherlands
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Ralph D, Levine MA, Richard G, Morrow M, Flynn E, Uitto J, Li Q. Mutation update: Variants of the ENPP1 gene in pathologic calcification, hypophosphatemic rickets, and cutaneous hypopigmentation with punctate keratoderma. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:1183-1200. [PMID: 35475527 PMCID: PMC9357117 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ENPP1 encodes ENPP1, an ectonucleotidase catalyzing hydrolysis of ATP to AMP and inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), and an endogenous plasma protein physiologically preventing ectopic calcification of connective tissues. Mutations in ENPP1 have been reported in association with a range of human genetic diseases. In this mutation update, we provide a comprehensive review of all the pathogenic variants, likely pathogenic variants, and variants of unknown significance in ENPP1 associated with three autosomal recessive disorders-generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI), autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets type 2 (ARHR2), and pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), as well as with a predominantly autosomal dominant disorder-Cole disease. The classification of all variants is determined using the latest ACMG guidelines. A total of 140 ENPP1 variants were curated consisting of 133 previously reported variants and seven novel variants, with missense variants being the most prevalent (70.0%, 98/140). While the pathogenic variants are widely distributed in the ENPP1 gene of patientsgen without apparent genotype-phenotype correlation, eight out of nine variants associated with Cole disease are confined to the somatomedin-B-like (SMB) domains critical for homo-dimerization of the ENPP1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Ralph
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
- Genetics, Genomics and Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, Jefferson College of Life Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
- PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael A. Levine
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
- PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Qiaoli Li
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
- PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
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Aresta Branco MSL, Gutierrez Cruz A, Dayton J, Perrino BA, Mutafova-Yambolieva VN. Mechanosensitive Hydrolysis of ATP and ADP in Lamina Propria of the Murine Bladder by Membrane-Bound and Soluble Nucleotidases. Front Physiol 2022; 13:918100. [PMID: 35784885 PMCID: PMC9246094 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.918100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior studies suggest that urothelium-released adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) has a prominent role in bladder mechanotransduction. Urothelial ATP regulates the micturition cycle through activation of purinergic receptors that are expressed in many cell types in the lamina propria (LP), including afferent neurons, and might also be important for direct mechanosensitive signaling between urothelium and detrusor. The excitatory action of ATP is terminated by enzymatic hydrolysis, which subsequently produces bioactive metabolites. We examined possible mechanosensitive mechanisms of ATP hydrolysis in the LP by determining the degradation of 1,N6-etheno-ATP (eATP) at the anti-luminal side of nondistended (empty) or distended (full) murine (C57BL/6J) detrusor-free bladder model, using HPLC. The hydrolysis of eATP and eADP was greater in contact with LP of distended than of nondistended bladders whereas the hydrolysis of eAMP remained unchanged during filling, suggesting that some steps of eATP hydrolysis in the LP are mechanosensitive. eATP and eADP were also catabolized in extraluminal solutions (ELS) that were in contact with the LP of detrusor-free bladders, but removed from the organ chambers prior to addition of substrate. The degradation of both purines was greater in ELS from distended than from nondistended preparations, suggesting the presence of mechanosensitive release of soluble nucleotidases in the LP. The released enzyme activities were affected differently by Ca2+ and Mg2+. The common nucleotidase inhibitors ARL67156, POM-1, PSB06126, and ENPP1 Inhibitor C, but not the alkaline phosphatase inhibitor (-)-p-bromotetramisole oxalate, inhibited the enzymes released during bladder distention. Membrane-bound nucleotidases were identified in tissue homogenates and in concentrated ELS from distended preparations by Wes immunodetection. The relative distribution of nucleotidases was ENTPD1 >> ENPP1 > ENTPD2 = ENTPD3 > ENPP3 = NT5E >> ENTPD8 = TNAP in urothelium and ENTPD1 >> ENTPD3 >> ENPP3 > ENPP1 = ENTPD2 = NT5E >> ENTPD8 = TNAP in concentrated ELS, suggesting that regulated ectodomain shedding of membrane-bound nucleotidases possibly occurs in the LP during bladder filling. Mechanosensitive degradation of ATP and ADP by membrane-bound and soluble nucleotidases in the LP diminishes the availability of excitatory purines in the LP at the end of bladder filling. This might be a safeguard mechanism to prevent over-excitability of the bladder. Proper proportions of excitatory and inhibitory purines in the bladder wall are determined by distention-associated purine release and purine metabolism.
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Clark JM, Salgado-Polo F, Macdonald SJF, Barrett TN, Perrakis A, Jamieson C. Structure-Based Design of a Novel Class of Autotaxin Inhibitors Based on Endogenous Allosteric Modulators. J Med Chem 2022; 65:6338-6351. [PMID: 35440138 PMCID: PMC9059126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) facilitates the hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a bioactive phospholipid, which facilitates a diverse range of cellular effects in multiple tissue types. Abnormal LPA expression can lead to the progression of diseases such as cancer and fibrosis. Previously, we identified a potent ATX steroid-derived hybrid (partially orthosteric and allosteric) inhibitor which did not form interactions with the catalytic site. Herein, we describe the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a focused library of novel steroid-derived analogues targeting the bimetallic catalytic site, representing an entirely unique class of ATX inhibitors of type V designation, which demonstrate significant pathway-relevant biochemical and phenotypic biological effects. The current compounds modulated LPA-mediated ATX allostery and achieved indirect blockage of LPA1 internalization, in line with the observed reduction in downstream signaling cascades and chemotaxis induction. These novel type V ATX inhibitors represent a promising tool to inactivate the ATX-LPA signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Clark
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando Salgado-Polo
- Oncode Institute and Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simon J F Macdonald
- Medicines Design, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Tim N Barrett
- Medicines Design, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Anastassis Perrakis
- Oncode Institute and Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Craig Jamieson
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
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Chou MY, Appan D, Chang KW, Chou CH, Lin CY, Gau SSF, Huang HS. Mouse hybrid genome mediates diverse brain phenotypes with the specificity of reciprocal crosses. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22232. [PMID: 35199866 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101624r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid species have more genetic diversity than their parents. However, the impact of the hybrid genome of reciprocal crosses on brain function remains largely unknown. We performed behavioral, molecular, and neuronal analyses on C57BL/6J mice (B6), CAST/EiJ mice (CAST), and hybrid mice resulting from reciprocal crosses of the two strains, B6/CAST F1i and B6/CAST F1r, respectively. Hybrid mice displayed greater motor strength and coordination, food grinding, social dominance, and less sociability compared to their parental strains. Parental origin influenced body weight, locomotor speed, and heat nociception of hybrid mice. Parental origin, cell type, and the interaction of both affected expression patterns of hybrid genomes including imprinted genes. There was a correlation between affected genes and corresponding behavioral phenotypes. Hybrid genomes mediated neuronal activity in the locus coeruleus, a brain region implicated in arousal, adaptive behaviors, and sleep-wake cycle due to its norepinephrine projections throughout the central nervous system. The comprehensive brain phenotypes in these hybrid mice reveal important functional readouts associated with interactions of hybrid genomes and impacts of parental genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yi Chou
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dhivya Appan
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Wei Chang
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsuan Chou
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Lin
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Sung Huang
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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