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McCubrey JA, Abrams SL, Fitzgerald TL, Cocco L, Martelli AM, Montalto G, Cervello M, Scalisi A, Candido S, Libra M, Steelman LS. Roles of signaling pathways in drug resistance, cancer initiating cells and cancer progression and metastasis. Adv Biol Regul 2014; 57:75-101. [PMID: 25453219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The EGFR/PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTORC pathway plays prominent roles in malignant transformation, prevention of apoptosis, drug resistance, cancer initiating cells (CICs) and metastasis. The expression of this pathway is frequently altered in breast and other cancers due to mutations at or aberrant expression of: HER2, EGFR1, PIK3CA, and PTEN as well as other oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. miRs and epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation are also important events which regulate this pathway. In some breast cancer cases, mutations at certain components of this pathway (e.g., PIK3CA) are associated with a better prognosis than breast cancers lacking these mutations. The expression of this pathway has been associated with CICs and in some cases resistance to therapeutics. We will review the effects of activation of the EGFR/PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTORC pathway primarily in breast cancer and development of drug resistance. The targeting of this pathway and other interacting pathways will be discussed as well as clinical trials with novel small molecule inhibitors as well as established drugs that are used to treat other diseases. In this manuscript, we will discuss an inducible EGFR model (v-ERB-B:ER) and its effects on cell growth, cell cycle progression, activation of signal transduction pathways, prevention of apoptosis in hematopoietic, breast and prostate cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
| | - Stephen L Abrams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Timothy L Fitzgerald
- Department of Surgery, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto M Martelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Montalto
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Melchiorre Cervello
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Palermo, Italy
| | - Aurora Scalisi
- Unit of Oncologic Diseases, ASP-Catania, Catania 95100, Italy
| | - Saverio Candido
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Linda S Steelman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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Matthews LM, Evans JP. α-endosulfine (ENSA) regulates exit from prophase I arrest in mouse oocytes. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:1639-49. [PMID: 24675883 DOI: 10.4161/cc.28606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian oocytes in ovarian follicles are arrested in meiosis at prophase I. This arrest is maintained until ovulation, upon which the oocyte exits from this arrest, progresses through meiosis I and to metaphase of meiosis II. The progression from prophase I to metaphase II, known as meiotic maturation, is mediated by signals that coordinate these transitions in the life of the oocyte. ENSA (α-endosulfine) and ARPP19 (cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein-19) have emerged as regulators of M-phase, with function in inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity. Inhibition of PP2A maintains the phosphorylated state of CDK1 substrates, thus allowing progression into and/or maintenance of an M-phase state. We show here ENSA in mouse oocytes plays a key role in the progression from prophase I arrest into M-phase of meiosis I. The majority of ENSA-deficient oocytes fail to exit from prophase I arrest. This function of ENSA in oocytes is dependent on PP2A, and specifically on the regulatory subunit PPP2R2D (also known as B55δ). Treatment of ENSA-deficient oocytes with Okadaic acid to inhibit PP2A rescues the defect in meiotic progression, with Okadaic acid-treated, ENSA-deficient oocytes being able to exit from prophase I arrest. Similarly, oocytes deficient in both ENSA and PPP2R2D are able to exit from prophase I arrest to an extent similar to wild-type oocytes. These data are evidence of a role for ENSA in regulating meiotic maturation in mammalian oocytes, and also have potential relevance to human oocyte biology, as mouse and human have genes encoding both Arpp19 and Ensa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Matthews
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Bloomberg School of Public Health; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Janice P Evans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Bloomberg School of Public Health; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, MD USA
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Non-canonical function of spindle assembly checkpoint proteins after APC activation reduces aneuploidy in mouse oocytes. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3444. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Williams BC, Filter JJ, Blake-Hodek KA, Wadzinski BE, Fuda NJ, Shalloway D, Goldberg ML. Greatwall-phosphorylated Endosulfine is both an inhibitor and a substrate of PP2A-B55 heterotrimers. eLife 2014; 3:e01695. [PMID: 24618897 PMCID: PMC3949306 DOI: 10.7554/elife.01695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During M phase, Endosulfine (Endos) family proteins are phosphorylated by Greatwall kinase (Gwl), and the resultant pEndos inhibits the phosphatase PP2A-B55, which would otherwise prematurely reverse many CDK-driven phosphorylations. We show here that PP2A-B55 is the enzyme responsible for dephosphorylating pEndos during M phase exit. The kinetic parameters for PP2A-B55's action on pEndos are orders of magnitude lower than those for CDK-phosphorylated substrates, suggesting a simple model for PP2A-B55 regulation that we call inhibition by unfair competition. As the name suggests, during M phase PP2A-B55's attention is diverted to pEndos, which binds much more avidly and is dephosphorylated more slowly than other substrates. When Gwl is inactivated during the M phase-to-interphase transition, the dynamic balance changes: pEndos dephosphorylated by PP2A-B55 cannot be replaced, so the phosphatase can refocus its attention on CDK-phosphorylated substrates. This mechanism explains simultaneously how PP2A-B55 and Gwl together regulate pEndos, and how pEndos controls PP2A-B55. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01695.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron C Williams
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Joshua J Filter
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | | | - Brian E Wadzinski
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Nicholas J Fuda
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - David Shalloway
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Michael L Goldberg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
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McCubrey JA, Davis NM, Abrams SL, Montalto G, Cervello M, Basecke J, Libra M, Nicoletti F, Cocco L, Martelli AM, Steelman LS. Diverse roles of GSK-3: tumor promoter-tumor suppressor, target in cancer therapy. Adv Biol Regul 2013; 54:176-96. [PMID: 24169510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
| | - Nicole M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Stephen L Abrams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Giuseppe Montalto
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Palermo, Italy
| | - Melchiorre Cervello
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Palermo, Italy
| | - Jorg Basecke
- Department of Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Sanct-Josef-Hospital Cloppenburg, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cloppenburg, Germany
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Lucio Cocco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto M Martelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council-IOR, Bologna, Italy
| | - Linda S Steelman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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Zineldeen DH, Wagih AA, Nakanishi M. Cloning and functional characterization of Ptpcd2 as a novel cell cycle related protein tyrosine phosphatase that regulates mitotic exit. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:3669-76. [PMID: 23886163 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.6.3669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Faithful transmission of genetic information depends on accurate chromosome segregation as cells exit from mitosis, and errors in chromosomal segregation are catastrophic and may lead to aneuploidy which is the hallmark of cancer. In eukaryotes, an elaborate molecular control system ensures proper orchestration of events at mitotic exit. Phosphorylation of specific tyrosyl residues is a major control mechanism for cellular proliferation and the activities of protein tyrosine kinases and phosphatases must be integrated. Although mitotic kinases are well characterized, phosphatases involved in mitosis remain largely elusive. Here we identify a novel variant of mouse protein tyrosine phosphatase containing domain 1 (Ptpcd1), that we named Ptpcd2. Ptpcd1 is a Cdc14 related centrosomal phosphatase. Our newly identified Ptpcd2 shared a significant homology to yeast Cdc14p (34.1%) and other Cdc14 family of phosphatases. By subcellular fractionation Ptpcd2 was found to be enriched in the cytoplasm and nuclear pellets with catalytic phosphatase activity. By means of immunofluorescence, Ptpcd2 was spatiotemporally regulated in a cell cycle dependent manner with cytoplasmic abundance during mitosis, followed by nuclear localization during interphase. Overexpression of Ptpcd2 induced mitotic exit with decreased levels of some mitotic markers. Moreover, Ptpcd2 failed to colocalize with the centrosomal marker γ-tubulin, suggesting it as a non-centrosomal protein. Taken together, Ptpcd2 phosphatase appears a non-centrosomal variant of Ptpcd1 with probable mitotic functions. The identification of this new phosphatase suggests the existence of an interacting phosphatase network that controls mammalian mitosis and provides new drug targets for anticancer modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa H Zineldeen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
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