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Inoue R, Yoshihisa Y, Tojo Y, Okamura C, Yoshida Y, Kishimoto J, Luan X, Watanabe M, Mizuguchi M, Nabeshima Y, Hamase K, Matsunaga K, Shimizu T, Mori H. Localization of serine racemase and its role in the skin. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:1618-1626. [PMID: 24441099 PMCID: PMC4021815 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
D-serine is an endogenous coagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptor in the central nervous system and its synthesis is catalyzed by serine racemase (SR). Recently, the NMDA receptor has been found to be expressed in keratinocytes (KCs) of the skin and involved in the regulation of KC growth and differentiation. However, the localization and role of SR in the skin remain unknown. Here, using SR-knockout (SR-KO) mice as the control, we demonstrated the localization of the SR protein in the granular and cornified layer of the epidermis of wild-type (WT) mice and its appearance in confluent WT KCs. We also demonstrated the existence of a mechanism for conversion of L-serine to D-serine in epidermal KCs. Furthermore, we found increased expression levels of genes involved in the differentiation of epidermal KCs in adult SR-KO mice, and alterations in the barrier function and ultrastructure of the epidermis in postnatal day 5 SR-KO mice. Our findings suggest that SR in the skin epidermis is involved in the differentiation of epidermal KCs and the formation of the skin barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Inoue
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yoko Yoshihisa
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tojo
- Shiseido Innovative Science Research and Development Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Chieko Okamura
- Shiseido Innovative Science Research and Development Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuzo Yoshida
- Shiseido Innovative Science Research and Development Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jiro Kishimoto
- Shiseido Innovative Science Research and Development Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Xinghua Luan
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mineyuki Mizuguchi
- Department of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yuko Nabeshima
- Department of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kenji Hamase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsunaga
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tadamichi Shimizu
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hisashi Mori
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
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52
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D-Alanine in the islets of Langerhans of rat pancreas. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 447:328-33. [PMID: 24721429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Relatively high levels of D-alanine (D-Ala), an endogenous D-amino acid, have been found in the endocrine systems of several animals, especially in the anterior pituitary; however, its functional importance remains largely unknown. We observed D-Ala in islets of Langerhans isolated from rat pancreas in significantly higher levels than in the anterior/intermediate pituitary; specifically, 180±60 fmol D-Ala per islet (300±100 nmol/gislet), and 10±2.5 nmol/g of wet tissue in pituitary. Additionally, 12±5% of the free Ala in the islets was in the d form, almost an order of magnitude higher than the percentage of D-Ala found in the pituitary. Surprisingly, glucose stimulation of the islets resulted in D-Ala release of 0.6±0.5 fmol per islet. As D-Ala is stored in islets and released in response to changes in extracellular glucose, D-Ala may have a hormonal role.
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53
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Chiral amino acid analysis of Japanese traditional Kurozu and the developmental changes during earthenware jar fermentation processes. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 966:187-92. [PMID: 24582151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective amino acid metabolome analysis of the Japanese traditional black vinegars (amber rice vinegar, Kurozu) was performed using two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography combining a microbore-monolithic ODS column and narrowbore-enantioselective columns. d-Amino acids, the enantiomers of widely observed l-amino acids, are currently paid attention as novel physiologically active substances, and the foodstuffs and beverages containing high amounts of d-amino acids are the subjects of interest. In the present study, the amino acid enantiomers were determined by two-dimensional HPLC techniques after pre-column fluorescence derivatization with 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole. In the first dimension, the amino acid enantiomers are separated as their d plus l mixtures by the reversed-phase mode, then the d-amino acids and their l-counterparts are separately determined in the second dimension by the enantioselective columns. As a result, large amounts of d-Ala (800-4000nmol/mL), d-Asp (200-400nmol/mL) and d-Glu (150-500nmol/mL) were observed in some of the traditionally produced Kurozu vinegars. Relatively large or small amounts of d-Ser (50-100nmol/mL), d-Leu (10-50nmol/mL) and d-allo-Ile (less than 20nmol/mL) were also present in these samples. Developmental changes in the d-amino acid amounts during the fermentation and aging processes have also been investigated.
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54
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Ischemic acute kidney injury perturbs homeostasis of serine enantiomers in the body fluid in mice: early detection of renal dysfunction using the ratio of serine enantiomers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86504. [PMID: 24489731 PMCID: PMC3906037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The imbalance of blood and urine amino acids in renal failure has been studied mostly without chiral separation. Although a few reports have shown the presence of D-serine, an enantiomer of L-serine, in the serum of patients with severe renal failure, it has remained uncertain how serine enantiomers are deranged in the development of renal failure. In the present study, we have monitored serine enantiomers using a two-dimensional HPLC system in the serum and urine of mice after renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), known as a mouse model of acute kidney injury. In the serum, the level of D-serine gradually increased after renal IRI in parallel with that of creatinine, whereas the L-serine level decreased sharply in the early phase after IRI. The increase of D-serine was suppressed in part by genetic inactivation of a D-serine-degrading enzyme, D-amino acid oxidase (DAO), but not by disruption of its synthetic enzyme, serine racemase, in mice. Renal DAO activity was detected exclusively in proximal tubules, and IRI reduced the number of DAO-positive tubules. On the other hand, in the urine, D-serine was excreted at a rate nearly triple that of L-serine in mice with sham operations, indicating that little D-serine was reabsorbed while most L-serine was reabsorbed in physiological conditions. IRI significantly reduced the ratio of urinary D−/L-serine from 2.82±0.18 to 1.10±0.26 in the early phase and kept the ratio lower than 0.5 thereafter. The urinary D−/L-serine ratio can detect renal ischemia earlier than kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) or neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in the urine, and more sensitively than creatinine, cystatin C, or the ratio of D−/L-serine in the serum. Our findings provide a novel understanding of the imbalance of amino acids in renal failure and offer a potential new biomarker for an early detection of acute kidney injury.
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HAMASE K, NAKAUCHI Y, MIYOSHI Y, KOGA R, KUSANO N, ONIGAHARA H, NARAOKA H, MITA H, KADOTA Y, NISHIO Y, MITA M, LINDNER W. Enantioselective Determination of Extraterrestrial Amino Acids Using a Two-Dimensional Chiral High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic System. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2014. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2014.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji HAMASE
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Yusuke NAKAUCHI
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Yurika MIYOSHI
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Reiko KOGA
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Nao KUSANO
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | | | - Hiroshi NARAOKA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Hajime MITA
- Department of Life, Environment and Materials Science, Fukuoka Institute of Technology
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56
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Stevenson PG, Guiochon G. Cumulative area of peaks in a multidimensional high performance liquid chromatogram. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1308:79-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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57
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León-González ME, Rosales-Conrado N, Pérez-Arribas LV, Guillén-Casla V. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography for direct chiral separations: a review. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 28:59-83. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia León-González
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry; Complutense University of Madrid; E-28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Noelia Rosales-Conrado
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry; Complutense University of Madrid; E-28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Luis Vicente Pérez-Arribas
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry; Complutense University of Madrid; E-28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Vanesa Guillén-Casla
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry; Complutense University of Madrid; E-28040 Madrid Spain
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58
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Kinoshita K, Jingu S, Yamaguchi JI. A surrogate analyte method to determine d-serine in mouse brain using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2013; 432:124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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59
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Sueyoshi K, Koino H, Kitagawa F, Otsuka K. Sensitive enantioseparation by transient trapping-cyclodextrin electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1269:366-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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60
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HPLC analysis of naturally occurring free d-amino acids in mammals. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 69:42-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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61
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Miyoshi Y, Konno R, Sasabe J, Ueno K, Tojo Y, Mita M, Aiso S, Hamase K. Alteration of intrinsic amounts of D-serine in the mice lacking serine racemase and D-amino acid oxidase. Amino Acids 2012; 43:1919-31. [PMID: 22990841 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1398-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
For elucidation of the regulation mechanisms of intrinsic amounts of D-serine (D-Ser) which modulates the neuro-transmission of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the brain, mutant animals lacking serine racemase (SRR) and D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) were established, and the amounts of D-Ser in the tissues and physiological fluids were determined. D-Ser amounts in the frontal brain areas were drastically decreased followed by reduced SRR activity. On the other hand, a moderate but significant decrease in D-Ser amounts was observed in the cerebellum and spinal cord of SRR knock-out (SRR(-/-)) mice compared with those of control mice, although the amounts of D-Ser in these tissues were low. The amounts of D-Ser in the brain and serum were not altered with aging. To clarify the uptake of exogenous D-Ser into the brain tissues, we have determined the D-Ser of SRR(-/-) mice after oral administration of D-Ser for the first time, and a drastic increase in D-Ser amounts in all the tested tissues was observed. Because both DAO and SRR are present in some brain areas, we have established the double mutant mice lacking SRR and DAO for the first time, and the contribution of both enzymes to the intrinsic D-Ser amounts was investigated. In the frontal brain, most of the intrinsic D-Ser was biosynthesized by SRR. On the other hand, half of the D-Ser present in the hindbrain was derived from the biosynthesis by SRR. These results indicate that the regulation of intrinsic D-Ser amounts is different depending on the tissues and provide useful information for the development of treatments for neuronal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurika Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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62
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Yamanaka M, Miyoshi Y, Ohide H, Hamase K, Konno R. d-Amino acids in the brain and mutant rodents lacking d-amino-acid oxidase activity. Amino Acids 2012; 43:1811-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1384-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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63
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Mohd Zain Z, Ab Ghani S, O’Neill RD. Amperometric microbiosensor as an alternative tool for investigation of d-serine in brain. Amino Acids 2012; 43:1887-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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64
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Pérez-de la Cruz V, Amori L, Sathyasaikumar KV, Wang XD, Notarangelo FM, Wu HQ, Schwarcz R. Enzymatic transamination of D-kynurenine generates kynurenic acid in rat and human brain. J Neurochem 2012; 120:1026-35. [PMID: 22224417 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In the mammalian brain, the α7 nicotinic and NMDA receptor antagonist kynurenic acid is synthesized by irreversible enzymatic transamination of the tryptophan metabolite l-kynurenine. d-kynurenine, too, serves as a bioprecursor of kynurenic acid in several organs including the brain, but the conversion is reportedly catalyzed through oxidative deamination by d-amino acid oxidase. Using brain and liver tissue homogenates from rats and humans, and conventional incubation conditions for kynurenine aminotransferases, we show here that kynurenic acid production from d-kynurenine, like the more efficient kynurenic acid synthesis from l-kynurenine, is blocked by the aminotransferase inhibitor amino-oxyacetic acid. In vivo, focal application of 100 μM d-kynurenine by reverse microdialysis led to a steady rise in extracellular kynurenic acid in the rat striatum, causing a 4-fold elevation after 2 h. Attesting to functional significance, this increase was accompanied by a 36% reduction in extracellular dopamine. Both of these effects were duplicated by perfusion of 2 μM l-kynurenine. Co-infusion of amino-oxyacetic acid (2 mM) significantly attenuated the in vivo effects of d-kynurenine and essentially eliminated the effects of l-kynurenine. Thus, enzymatic transamination accounts in part for kynurenic acid synthesis from d-kynurenine in the brain. These results are discussed with regard to implications for brain physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Pérez-de la Cruz
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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65
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Singh NS, Paul RK, Sichler M, Moaddel R, Bernier M, Wainer IW. Capillary electrophoresis-laser-induced fluorescence (CE-LIF) assay for measurement of intracellular D-serine and serine racemase activity. Anal Biochem 2011; 421:460-6. [PMID: 22037294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An enantioselective capillary electrophoresis-laser-induced fluorescence (CE-LIF) method for the analysis of D-serine (D-Ser) in cellular matrices has been developed. The assay involves derivatization with FITC followed by CE-LIF using 0.5 mM hydroxyl propyl-β-cyclodextrin in borate buffer [80 mM, pH 9.3]. The method was able to resolve D-Ser and L-Ser with an enantioselectivity (α) of 1.03 and a resolution (R(s)) of 1.37. Linearity was established from 0.25 to 100.00 μM. The assay was also able to enantioselectively resolve 6 additional amino acid racemates. The method was applied to the determination of intracellular D-Ser concentrations in PC-12, C6, 1312N1, and HepG2 cell lines. This method was used to determine the concentration-dependent increases in D-Ser and associated EC₅₀ values produced by L-Ser and the concentration-dependent decreases in d-Ser and associated IC₅₀ values produced by glycine, a competitive inhibitor of serine racemase (SR). Western blot analysis determined that the PC-12 and C6 cell lines contained monomeric and dimeric forms of SR while the 1321N1 and HepG2 cells contained only the monomeric form. Although the SR dimer has been identified as the active form of the enzyme, all four of the tested cell lines expressed enzymatically active SR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra S Singh
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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