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Koudouvo K, Karou DS, Kokou K, Essien K, Aklikokou K, Glitho IA, Simpore J, Sanogo R, De Souza C, Gbeassor M. An ethnobotanical study of antimalarial plants in Togo Maritime Region. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 134:183-90. [PMID: 21167269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria continues to be of great concern in Togo, as it accounts for high mortality rates, principally in children. Although plant-based medicines are the only means in major malarious regions of the country, still very little is known about the medicinal plants and medical practices of the indigenous people. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to document the indigenous medicinal plant utilization for the management of malaria and related symptoms in Togo Maritime Region. METHODOLOGY Fifty Traditional Healers (TH) were selected with the help leaders of Togolese Traditional Healers Associations and information on their knowledge on the use of plants for malaria therapeutic purposes was gathered using a semi-structured interviews. RESULTS After enquiries, 52 plant species belonging to 49 genera and 29 families were recorded. The most represented families were Rubiaceae and Rutaceae with four species each. Traditional healers agreed more in the treatment of malaria (ICF=0.70), fever (ICF=0.33) and anemia (ICF=0.20). For the treatment of malaria, 38.46% (20/52) of the species cited in the study were of high fidelity level (FL=100%). The leaves (58.22%), leafy stem (33.78%) and fruits (8.52%) were the most used parts in concoctions. The main mode of preparation was decoction (69%) and the administration was essentially by oral route (79%) and body-bath (14%). CONCLUSION The issue of the study showed that Togo Maritime Region TH have a good knowledge of antimalarial plants. However the study must be extend to the whole country to lead to innovative strategies in malaria control. Such results could be a starting point for in vitro antimalarial screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Koudouvo
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé, Togo
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Investigation of some medicinal plants traditionally used for treatment of malaria in Kenya as potential sources of antimalarial drugs. Exp Parasitol 2011; 127:609-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Valdés AFC, Martínez JM, Lizama RS, Gaitén YG, Rodríguez DA, Payrol JA. In vitro antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity of some selected cuban medicinal plants. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2010; 52:197-201. [DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652010000400006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial plants have been demonstrated to be sources of antimalarial compounds. In Cuba, little is known about antimalarial potentials of plant species used as medicinals. For that reason, we evaluated the antimalarial activity of 14 plant species used in Cuba as antimalarial, antipyretic and/or antiparasitic. Hydroalcoholic extracts were prepared and tested in vitro for the antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum Ghana strain and over human cell line MRC-5 to determine cytotoxicity. Parasite multiplication was determined microscopically by the direct count of Giemsa stained parasites. A colorimetric assay was used to quantify cytotoxicity. Nine extracts showed IC50 values lower than 100 µg/mL against P. falciparum, four extracts were classified as marginally active (SI < 4), one as partially active (Parthenium hysterophorus) exhibiting SI equal to 6.2 and two extracts as active (Bambusa vulgaris and Punica granatum), showing SI > 10. B. vulgaris showed the most potent and specific antiplasmodial action (IC50 = 4.7 µg/mL, SI = 28.9). Phytochemical characterization of active extracts confirmed the presence of triterpenoids in B. vulgaris and polar compounds with phenol free groups and fluorescent metabolites in both extracts as major phytocompounds, by thin layer chromatography. In conclusion, antimalarial use of B. vulgaris and P. hysterophorus was validated. B. vulgaris and P. granatum extracts were selected for follow-up because of their strong antimalarial activity.
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Lucantoni L, Yerbanga RS, Lupidi G, Pasqualini L, Esposito F, Habluetzel A. Transmission blocking activity of a standardized neem (Azadirachta indica) seed extract on the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei in its vector Anopheles stephensi. Malar J 2010; 9:66. [PMID: 20196858 PMCID: PMC2846955 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-9-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The wide use of gametocytocidal artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) lead to a reduction of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in several African endemic settings. An increased impact on malaria burden may be achieved through the development of improved transmission-blocking formulations, including molecules complementing the gametocytocidal effects of artemisinin derivatives and/or acting on Plasmodium stages developing in the vector. Azadirachtin, a limonoid (tetranortriterpenoid) abundant in neem (Azadirachta indica, Meliaceae) seeds, is a promising candidate, inhibiting Plasmodium exflagellation in vitro at low concentrations. This work aimed at assessing the transmission-blocking potential of NeemAzal®, an azadirachtin-enriched extract of neem seeds, using the rodent malaria in vivo model Plasmodium berghei/Anopheles stephensi. Methods Anopheles stephensi females were offered a blood-meal on P. berghei infected, gametocytaemic BALB/c mice, treated intraperitoneally with NeemAzal, one hour before feeding. The transmission-blocking activity of the product was evaluated by assessing oocyst prevalence, oocyst density and capacity to infect healthy mice. To characterize the anti-plasmodial effects of NeemAzal® on early midgut stages, i.e. zygotes and ookinetes, Giemsa-stained mosquito midgut smears were examined. Results NeemAzal® completely blocked P. berghei development in the vector, at an azadirachtin dose of 50 mg/kg mouse body weight. The totally 138 examined, treated mosquitoes (three experimental replications) did not reveal any oocyst and none of the healthy mice exposed to their bites developed parasitaemia. The examination of midgut content smears revealed a reduced number of zygotes and post-zygotic forms and the absence of mature ookinetes in treated mosquitoes. Post-zygotic forms showed several morphological alterations, compatible with the hypothesis of an azadirachtin interference with the functionality of the microtubule organizing centres and with the assembly of cytoskeletal microtubules, which are both fundamental processes in Plasmodium gametogenesis and ookinete formation. Conclusions This work demonstrated in vivo transmission blocking activity of an azadirachtin-enriched neem seed extract at an azadirachtin dose compatible with 'druggability' requisites. These results and evidence of anti-plasmodial activity of neem products accumulated over the last years encourage to convey neem compounds into the drug discovery & development pipeline and to evaluate their potential for the design of novel or improved transmission-blocking remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Lucantoni
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute, Università di Camerino, Camerino (MC), Italy.
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Wright CW. Recent developments in research on terrestrial plants used for the treatment of malaria. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:961-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c002196m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Porto DD, Henriques AT, Fett-Neto AG. Bioactive Alkaloids from South American Psychotria and Related Species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2174/1874847300902010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Many important molecules have been discovered from tropical and sub-tropical plant biodiversity. However, the largest part of the chemical profile of such biodiversity remains unknown. Combining ethnopharmacological and chemotaxonomical investigation can be a good strategy in bioactive compound discovery. South American Psychotria species studied by this approach proved to be a rich source of new bioactive alkaloids, some of which bear unique chemical skeletons.
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Batista R, de Jesus Silva Júnior A, de Oliveira AB. Plant-derived antimalarial agents: new leads and efficient phytomedicines. Part II. Non-alkaloidal natural products. Molecules 2009; 14:3037-72. [PMID: 19701144 PMCID: PMC6254980 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14083037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is still the most destructive and dangerous parasitic infection in many tropical and subtropical countries. The burden of this disease is getting worse, mainly due to the increasing resistance of Plasmodium falciparum against the widely available antimalarial drugs. There is an urgent need for new, more affordable and accessible antimalarial agents possessing original modes of action. Natural products have played a dominant role in the discovery of leads for the development of drugs to treat human diseases, and this fact anticipates that new antimalarial leads may certainly emerge from tropical plant sources. This present review covers most of the recently-published non-alkaloidal natural compounds from plants with antiplasmodial and antimalarial properties, belonging to the classes of terpenes, limonoids, flavonoids, chromones, xanthones, anthraquinones, miscellaneous and related compounds, besides the majority of papers describing antiplasmodial crude extracts published in the last five years not reviewed before. In addition, some perspectives and remarks on the development of new drugs and phytomedicines for malaria are succinctly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Batista
- Departamento de Estudos Básicos e Instrumentais, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia – UESB, BR 415, Km 03, s/nº, 45.700-000 Itapetinga, BA, Brazil; E-mail: (A.d.J.S.J.)
| | - Ademir de Jesus Silva Júnior
- Departamento de Estudos Básicos e Instrumentais, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia – UESB, BR 415, Km 03, s/nº, 45.700-000 Itapetinga, BA, Brazil; E-mail: (A.d.J.S.J.)
| | - Alaíde Braga de Oliveira
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; E-mail: (A.B.d.O.)
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Novel 2H-isoquinolin-3-ones as antiplasmodial falcipain-2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:6505-11. [PMID: 19709887 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of 1-aryl-6,7-disubstituted-2H-isoquinolin-3-ones (2-10) was synthesized and evaluated for their inhibition against Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease falcipain-2, as well as against cultured P. falciparum strain FCBR parasites. All compounds displayed inhibitory activity against recombinant falcipain-2 and against in vitro cultured intraerythrocytic P. falciparum, with the exception of 9. The new compounds exhibited no selectivity against human cysteine proteases such as cathepsins B and L. The inhibitory activity of the synthesized compounds was also evaluated against another protozoal cysteine protease, namely rhodesain of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense.
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Boyom FF, Kemgne EM, Tepongning R, Ngouana V, Mbacham WF, Tsamo E, Zollo PHA, Gut J, Rosenthal PJ. Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 123:483-488. [PMID: 19442463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC(50) values lower than 5 microg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2. CONCLUSION These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Fekam Boyom
- Laboratory of Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Study, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
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Pillay P, Maharaj VJ, Smith PJ. Investigating South African plants as a source of new antimalarial drugs. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 119:438-454. [PMID: 18687395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Based on the historical success of natural products as antimalarial drugs and the urgent need for new antimalarials, a number of South African medicinal plants have been evaluated for their antimalarial properties. This paper reviews the major studies conducted and their findings. Overall three ethnobotanical screening programmes have been conducted on South African plants while there have been a few studies adopting a more direct approach, where plants within a particular genus were screened for antiplasmodial activity. The paper also summarizes the bioactive molecules identified from selected plants having antiplasmodial activity. Overall the results of all studies conducted to date confirm the potential of South African medicinal plants in antimalarial drug discovery and identified a number of promising taxa and compounds for further investigation as plant-based antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pillay
- Biosciences, CSIR, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
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Gianotti RL, Bomblies A, Dafalla M, Issa-Arzika I, Duchemin JB, Eltahir EA. Efficacy of local neem extracts for sustainable malaria vector control in an African village. Malar J 2008; 7:138. [PMID: 18651964 PMCID: PMC2515331 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-7-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Larval control of malaria vectors has been historically successful in reducing malaria transmission, but largely fell out of favour with the introduction of synthetic insecticides and bed nets. However, an integrated approach to malaria control, including larval control methods, continues to be the best chance for success, in view of insecticide resistance, the behavioural adaptation of the vectors to changing environments and the difficulties of reaching the poorest populations most at risk,. Laboratory studies investigating the effects of neem seed (Azadirachta indica) extracts on Anopheles larvae have shown high rates of larval mortality and reductions in adult longevity, as well as low potential for resistance development. Methods This paper describes a method whereby seeds of the neem tree can be used to reduce adult Anopheles gambiae s.l. abundance in a way that is low cost and can be implemented by residents of rural villages in western Niger. The study was conducted in Banizoumbou village, western Niger. Neem seeds were collected from around the village. Dried seeds were ground into a coarse powder, which was then sprinkled onto known Anopheles larvae breeding habitats twice weekly during the rainy season 2007. Adult mosquitoes were captured on a weekly basis in the village and captures compared to those from 2005 and 2006 over the same period. Adult mosquitoes were also captured in a nearby village, Zindarou, as a control data set and compared to those from Banizoumbou. Results It was found that twice-weekly applications of the powder to known breeding habitats of Anopheles larvae in 2007 resulted in 49% fewer adult female Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes in Banizoumbou, compared with previous captures under similar environmental conditions and with similar habitat characteristics in 2005 and 2006. The productivity of the system in 2007 was found to be suppressed compared to the mean behaviour of 2005 and 2006 in Banizoumbou, whereas no change was found in Zindarou. Conclusion With a high abundance of neem plants in many villages in this area, the results of this study suggest that larval control using neem seed powder offers a sustainable additional tool for malaria vector control in the Sahel region of Niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Gianotti
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Benoit-Vical F, Soh PN, Saléry M, Harguem L, Poupat C, Nongonierma R. Evaluation of Senegalese plants used in malaria treatment: focus on Chrozophora senegalensis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 116:43-48. [PMID: 18063330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An ethnobotanical study was conducted in the Dakar area of Senegal to investigate the species used in the treatment of malaria. Seven plants are principally used: Cissampelos mucronata, Maytenus senegalensis, Terminalia macroptera, Bidens engleri, Ceratotheca sesamoides, Chrozophora senegalensis and Mitracarpus scaber. From a bibliographic study, it had been shown that the Cissampelos mucronata, Maytenus senegalensis and Terminalia macroptera have already been studied by several authors, and so only Bidens engleri, Ceratotheca sesamoides, Chrozophora senegalensis and Mitracarpus scaber were evaluated in the present study. For each plant, extracts were prepared with different solvents and tested in vitro on two chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains. Crude extracts from the leaves and the stems of Chrozophora senegalensis showed the best in vitro results. The IC(50) value of an aqueous extract of Chrozophora senegalensis was 1.6 microg/ml without cytotoxicity. The in vivo antiplasmodial activity of Chrozophora extracts was determined by both the oral and the intraperitoneal ways. The stages of Plasmodium cycle targeted by Chrozophora were then studied in vitro. These results could justify the traditional use of this plant in malaria treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Benoit-Vical
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, UPR8241, 31077 Toulouse 4, France.
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