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Ticha LA, Klaasen JA, Green IR, Naidoo S, Baker B, Pietersen RD. Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Screening of Flavanones and Chalcones from Galenia africana and Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501000713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focused on an 80% ethanol:water extract of Galenia africana and Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis in which a phytochemical study revealed the presence of flavonoids as the major secondary plant metabolites. Eleven pure flavonoids viz., ( E)-2′,4′-dihydroxychalcone 1, ( S)-7-hydroxyflavanone 2, ( E)-2′,4′-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrochalcone 3, ( S)-5,7-dihydroxyflavanone 4, ( S)-2′,5,7,-trihydroxyflavanone 5, ( S)-5,7-dihydroxy-2′-methoxyflavanone 6, 5,7-dihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one 7, ( S)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone 8 and ( E)-2-hydroxy-3′,6′-dimethoxychalcone 9 were isolated from G. africana, while [sakuranetin] ( S)-4′,5-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone 10 and [eriodictyol-3′,7-dimethyl ether] ( S)-4′,5-dihydroxy-3′,7-dimethoxyflavanone 11 were isolated from D. rhinocerotis. Compounds 6 and 9 are new while this is the first reported isolation of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10 and 11 from these plants. All isolated compounds were tested for their antimycobacterial activity against the reference strain Mtb H37Rv. The most active compound, 9, demonstrated a MIC 99 of 5 μM against Mtb H37Rv American Type Culture (ATCC) and (ATCC27294), which were also sensitive to Isoniazid (INH) and Rifampicin. The antibacterial activity of 9 might be ascribed to the presence of features such as the α,β-unsaturated ketone and the substitution patterns on the A and B rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence A. Ticha
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Jeremy A. Klaasen
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535 South Africa
| | - Ivan R. Green
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Sivapregasen Naidoo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Bienyameen Baker
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Centre for Biomedical TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Ray-Dean Pietersen
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Centre for Biomedical TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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Maneenoon K, Khuniad C, Teanuan Y, Saedan N, Prom-In S, Rukleng N, Kongpool W, Pinsook P, Wongwiwat W. Ethnomedicinal plants used by traditional healers in Phatthalung Province, Peninsular Thailand. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2015; 11:43. [PMID: 26025447 PMCID: PMC4469324 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-015-0031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In rural communities of Thailand, traditional healers still play an important role in local health care systems even though modern medicine is easily accessible. Meanwhile, natural forests in Thailand which are important sources of materia medica are being greatly destroyed. This has led to an erosion of traditional Thai medicine. Furthermore, the concept of medicinal plant selection as medicine based on their tastes is still an important component of traditional Thai medicine, but no or little publications have been reported. Thus the aim of the present study is to collect ethnomedicinal data, medicinal plant tastes and relevant information from experienced traditional healers before they are lost. METHODS An ethnobotanical survey was carried out to collect information from nine experienced traditional healers on the utilization of medicinal plants in Phatthalung Province, Peninsular Thailand. Data were obtained using semi-structured interviews and participant observations. Plant specimens were also collected and identified according to the plant taxonomic method. RESULTS A total of 151 medicinal plants were documented and 98 of these are reported in the study. Local names, medicinal uses, parts used, modes of preparation, and the relationship between ailments and tastes of medicinal plant species are presented. CONCLUSIONS This research suggests that traditional healers are still considered important for public health among Thai communities and that many people trust the healing properties of medicinal plants. In the future, it is hoped that traditional Thai medicine will be promoted and therefore will help reduce national public health expense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katesarin Maneenoon
- Faculty of Traditional Thai Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
| | - Chuanchom Khuniad
- Faculty of Traditional Thai Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Thaksin University, Phatthalung, 93110, Thailand.
| | - Yaowalak Teanuan
- Faculty of Traditional Thai Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Songkhla Rajabhat University, Songkhla, 90000, Thailand.
| | - Nisachon Saedan
- Faculty of Traditional Thai Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
| | - Supatra Prom-In
- Faculty of Traditional Thai Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
| | - Nitiphol Rukleng
- Faculty of Traditional Thai Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
| | - Watid Kongpool
- Faculty of Traditional Thai Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
| | - Phongsura Pinsook
- Faculty of Traditional Thai Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
| | - Winyu Wongwiwat
- Faculty of Traditional Thai Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
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Abstract
Peptic ulcers are open sores or erosions in the lining of either the duodenum (duodenal ulcers) or the stomach (gastric ulcers). Peptic ulcer, which is mainly caused by bacterial attack or excess of acid secretion, can be cured effectively by these isolated plant compounds. In this present scenario, demand for herbal medicines are increasing due to easy availability in surrounding place at low cost. This review article is all about such isolated plant compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoids. Various plants have been used as folk medicine by the people of rural area, which shows significant effect against peptic ulcer. Further study should be conducted upon these herbal plants because there is possibility for minimising the adverse effect caused by the present antiulcer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag Jain
- a Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya , Koni, Bilaspur , Chhattisgarh 495009 , India
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Tangjitman K, Wongsawad C, Kamwong K, Sukkho T, Trisonthi C. Ethnomedicinal plants used for digestive system disorders by the Karen of northern Thailand. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2015; 11:27. [PMID: 25885534 PMCID: PMC4422539 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-015-0011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Digestive system disorders have a substantial effect on worldwide morbidity and mortality rates, including in Thailand, where the majority of the rural areas have a lack of proper sanitation and awareness about disease prevention. This has led to the prevalence of different types of digestive diseases. Karen people in Thailand still use medicinal plants as first aid remedies in treating these diseases. Therefore, this study aimed at documenting the plants used to cure and prevent different types of digestive system disorders by Karen people of Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand. METHODS Ethnomedicinal data were collected from six key informants and 172 non-specialist informants regarding their traditional knowledge of medicinal plants. Quantitative approaches were used to determine Use Value (UV), Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) and Fidelity Level (FL) values. RESULTS The study revealed that 36 medicinal plant species belonging to 31 genera and 24 families were used to treat digestive system disorders. The most prevalent plant families were Zingiberaceae (6 species), Euphorbiaceae (4 species) and Fabaceae (4 species). Leaves were the most commonly used plant part accounting for 32.6% of the plants, followed by the bark (18.6%). About 60% of the administrations were given orally by potion (60%) and consumption as food was also indicated (14%). The highest ICF values were recorded for carminative disorders, stomachaches, geographic tongue, constipation, appetite stimulants and food poisoning (1.00 each) indicating the best agreement among the informants knowledge of medicinal plants that were used to treat aliments in these categories. The highest fidelity level values were recorded for Punica granatum (100.00), Psidium guajava (95.45), and Gymnopetalum integrifolium (90.91) showing conformity of knowledge on species with the best healing potential. CONCLUSION Medicinal plants still play an important role among Karen culture. The present information on these medicinal plants, which have high UV and FL values, may serve as the baseline data to initiate further research for the discovery of new compounds and the biological activities of these potential plant remedies. Further research on these plants may provide some important clues for the development of new drugs for the treatment of digestive system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornkanok Tangjitman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Huaykaew Road, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Chalobol Wongsawad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Huaykaew Road, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Kaweesin Kamwong
- Royal Park Rajapruek, Mae-hea, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Treetip Sukkho
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Huaykaew Road, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Chusie Trisonthi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Huaykaew Road, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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Sidahmed HMA, Hashim NM, Abdulla MA, Ali HM, Mohan S, Abdelwahab SI, Taha MME, Fai LM, Vadivelu J. Antisecretory, gastroprotective, antioxidant and anti-Helicobcter pylori activity of zerumbone from Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121060. [PMID: 25798602 PMCID: PMC4370679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zingiber zerumbet Smith is a perennial herb, broadly distributed in many tropical areas. In Malaysia, it's locally known among the Malay people as "lempoyang" and its rhizomes, particularly, is widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease beyond other gastric disorders. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the current study is to evaluate the gastroprotective effect of zerumbone, the main bioactive compound of Zingiber zerumbet rhizome, against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were pre-treated with zerumbone and subsequently exposed to acute gastric ulcer induced by absolute ethanol administration. Following treatment, gastric juice acidity, ulcer index, mucus content, histological analysis (HE and PAS), immunohistochemical localization for HSP-70, prostaglandin E2 synthesis (PGE2), non-protein sulfhydryl gastric content (NP-SH), reduced glutathione level (GSH), and malondialdehyde level (MDA) were evaluated in ethanol-induced ulcer in vivo. Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) and anti-H. pylori activity were investigated in vitro. RESULTS The results showed that the intragastric administration of zerumbone protected the gastric mucosa from the aggressive effect of ethanol-induced gastric ulcer, coincided with reduced submucosal edema and leukocyte infiltration. This observed gastroprotective effect of zerumbone was accompanied with a significant (p <0.05) effect of the compound to restore the lowered NP-SH and GSH levels, and to reduce the elevated MDA level into the gastric homogenate. Moreover, the compound induced HSP-70 up-regulation into the gastric tissue. Furthermore, zerumbone significantly (p <0.05) enhanced mucus production, showed intense PAS stain and maintained PG content near to the normal level. The compound exhibited antisecretory activity and an interesting minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against H. pylori strain. CONCLUSION The results of the present study revealed that zerumbone promotes ulcer protection, which might be attributed to the maintenance of mucus integrity, antioxidant activity, and HSP-70 induction. Zerumbone also exhibited antibacterial action against H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Najihah Mohd Hashim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mahmood Ameen Abdulla
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hapipah Mohd Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala, Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Syam Mohan
- Medical Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Loke Mun Fai
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Feroz SR, Sumi RA, Malek SNA, Tayyab S. A comparative analysis on the binding characteristics of various mammalian albumins towards a multitherapeutic agent, pinostrobin. Exp Anim 2014; 64:101-8. [PMID: 25519455 PMCID: PMC4427724 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.14-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of pinostrobin (PS), a multitherapeutic agent with serum albumins of
various mammalian species namely, goat, bovine, human, porcine, rabbit, sheep and dog was
investigated using fluorescence quench titration and competitive drug displacement
experiments. Analysis of the intrinsic fluorescence quenching data revealed values of the
association constant, Ka in the range of 1.49 – 6.12 ×
104 M−1, with 1:1 binding stoichiometry. Based on the PS–albumin
binding characteristics, these albumins were grouped into two classes. Ligand displacement
studies using warfarin as the site I marker ligand correlated well with the binding data.
Albumins from goat and bovine were found to be closely similar to human albumin on the
basis of PS binding characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shevin R Feroz
- Biomolecular Research Group, Biochemistry Programme, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Rouhollahi E, Zorofchian Moghadamtousi S, Hamdi OAA, Fadaeinasab M, Hajrezaie M, Awang K, Looi CY, Abdulla MA, Mohamed Z. Evaluation of acute toxicity and gastroprotective activity of curcuma purpurascens BI. rhizome against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:378. [PMID: 25283308 PMCID: PMC4197259 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Curcuma purpurascens BI. is a medicinal plant from the Zingiberaceae family, which is widely used as a spice and as folk medicine. The aim of the present study is to investigate the gastroprotective activity of C. purpurascens rhizome hexane extract (CPRHE) against ethanol- induced gastric ulcers in rats. Methods Acute toxicity test was carried out on 36 rats (18 males and 18 females) with low dose of CPRHE (1 g/kg), high dose of CPRHE (2 g/kg) and vehicle (5% Tween 20). To determine the gastroprotective effect of CPRHE, gastric juice acidity, gross and histological gastric lesions, mucus content and ulcer index were evaluated in ethanol-induced ulcer in rats. In addition, superoxide dismutase activity, nitric oxide level and immunohistochemical evaluation of Bax and HSP70 proteins were examined. Results The CPRHE acute toxicity test on rats did not reveal any signs of mortality and toxicity up to 2 g/kg. The oral administration of CPRHE at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg and omeprazole (positive control) at a dose of 20 mg/kg to rats remarkably attenuated gastric lesions induced by ethanol. Pre-treatment of rats with CPRHE significantly replenished the depletion of mucus content caused by ethanol administration and decreased the acidity of gastric walls. Further examination of gastric mucosal homogenate revealed significant elevation of superoxide dismutase and nitric oxide activities and reduction in malondialdehyde level in CPRHE-treated group, compared to the lesion control group. Histological assessment of gastric walls obtained from rats pre-treated with CPRHE demonstrated a noteworthy decrease in hemorrhagic mucosal lesions. Immunohistochemical staining showed down-regulation of Bax protein and up-regulation of Hsp70 protein. Conclusion Taken together, these findings confirmed the gastroprotective effect of Curcuma purpurascens rhizome against gastric damage.
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Patel NK, Bhutani KK. Pinostrobin and Cajanus lactone isolated from Cajanus cajan (L.) leaves inhibits TNF-α and IL-1β production: in vitro and in vivo experimentation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:946-953. [PMID: 24680612 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) inhibitory activities of Cajanus cajan (leaves) crude methanolic extract, its fractions and its phytochemical constituents were evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated RAW 264.7 and J774A.1 cells. Phytochemical investigation of the active ethyl acetate (CCE) and n-butanol (CCB) fractions of C. cajan L. leaves yielded 14 compounds. It was observed that both pinostrobin (9) and cajanus lactone (4) were found to be most active in inhibiting TNF-α (IC50<22 μM) and IL-1β (IC50<40 μM) whereas compounds 2, 3, 5-8, 10 and 14 showed moderate and mild effects (IC50=35.50-81.22 μM for TNF-α and 38.23-89.10 μM for IL-1β) in both the cell lines. Furthermore, at dose of 20mg/kg, both pinostrobin (9) and cajanus lactone (4) were found to reduce LPS-induced TNF-α levels by 48.6% and 55.0% respectively and IL-1β levels by 53.1% and 41.8% respectively in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. These findings suggest that C. cajan L. leaves can be developed as an effective herbal remedy for the treatment and prevention of inflammation or associated ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj K Patel
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Kamlesh K Bhutani
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India.
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Zakaria ZA, Balan T, Suppaiah V, Ahmad S, Jamaludin F. Mechanism(s) of action involved in the gastroprotective activity of Muntingia calabura. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 151:1184-1193. [PMID: 24380736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Muntingia calabura L. (Muntingiaceae) is locally known as kerukup siam. Its leaves, flowers, barks and roots have been used traditionally in East Asia and South America to treat various diseases including ulcer-related diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism(s) of gastroprotective effect of methanol extract of Muntingia calabura leaves (MEMC) using the pylorus ligation induced gastric ulceration in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five groups of rats (n=6) were administered orally once daily for 7 days with 8% Tween 80 (negative control), 100 mg/kg ranitidine (positive control), or MEMC (100, 250 or 500 mg/kg), followed by the ulcer induction via ligation of the pyloric part of the rat's stomach. This was followed by the macroscopic analysis of the stomach, evaluation of gastric content parameters, and quantification of mucus content. The antioxidant (measured using the superoxide anion and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-radical scavenging, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and total phenolic content (TPC) assays), anti-inflammatory (evaluated using the in vitro lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase assays), phytoconstituents and HPLC analysis of MEMC were also carried out. RESULTS The MEMC significantly (p<0.05) reduced gastric lesion in this model. Furthermore, the extract also significantly (p<0.01) reduced the volume of gastric content whereas the total acidity was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in the doses of 100 and 500 mg/kg MEMC. Moreover, the mucus content increased significantly (p<0.01) in MEMC-treated rats. The extract also showed high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in all assays tested, and demonstrated the presence of high tannins and saponins followed by flavonoids. CONCLUSION The MEMC exerted gastroprotective effect via several mechanisms including the anti-secretory, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. These activities could be attributed to the presence of tannins, saponins and flavonoids (e.g. rutin, quercitrin, fisetin and dihydroquercetin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Tavamani Balan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Velan Suppaiah
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Syahida Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fadzureena Jamaludin
- Natural Products Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia
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Boesenbergia Pandurata Roxb., An Indonesian Medicinal Plant: Phytochemistry, Biological Activity, Plant Biotechnology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proche.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Balan T, Mohd Sani MH, Suppaiah V, Mohtarrudin N, Suhaili Z, Ahmad Z, Zakaria ZA. Antiulcer activity of Muntingia calabura leaves involves the modulation of endogenous nitric oxide and nonprotein sulfhydryl compounds. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 52:410-418. [PMID: 24192248 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.839713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Context: Muntingia calabura L. (Muntingiaceae) is a native plant species of the American continent and is widely cultivated in warm areas in Asia, including Malaysia. The plant is traditionally used to relieve pain from gastric ulcers. Objective: This study was designed to determine the antiulcer activity of a methanol extract of M. calabura leaves (MEMC) and the possible mechanisms of action involved. Materials and methods: An acute toxicity study was conducted using a single oral dose of 2000 mg/kg MEMC. The antiulcer activity of MEMC was evaluated in absolute ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer rat models. MEMC was administered orally (dose range 25-500 mg/kg) to rats fasted for 24 h. The animals were pretreated with NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl esters (l-NAME) or N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) prior to MEMC treatment to assess the possible involvement of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) and nonprotein sulfhydryl (NP-SH) compounds in the gastroprotective effect of MEMC. Results: As the administered dose did not cause toxicity in the rats, the oral median lethal dose (LD50) of MEMC was >2000 mg/kg in rats. MEMC exerted significant (p < 0.001) gastroprotective activity in the ethanol- and indomethacin-induced ulcer models dose-dependently. Histological evaluation supported the observed antiulcer activity of MEMC. l-NAME and NEM pretreatment significantly (p < 0.05) reversed and abolished the gastroprotective effect of MEMC, respectively. Discussion and conclusion: The results obtained indicate that MEMC has significant antiulcer activity that might involve the participation of endogenous NO and NP-SH compounds. These findings provide new pharmacological information regarding the potential use of M. calabura.
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Yuliana ND, Budijanto S, Verpoorte R, Choi YH. NMR metabolomics for identification of adenosine A1 receptor binding compounds from Boesenbergia rotunda rhizomes extract. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:95-99. [PMID: 23981846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Boesenbergia rotunda Linn. (Zingiberaceae) is traditionally used in many Asian countries as medicine for stomach pain and discomfort, viral and bacterial infection, inflammation, and as diuretic agent. AIM OF THE STUDY The study aimed to identify adenosine A1 receptor binding compounds from Boesenbergia rotunda rhizome extract by using comprehensive extraction coupled to the NMR metabolomics method. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dried and powdered Boesenbergia rotunda rhizomes were extracted with the comprehensive extraction method to obtain several fractions with different polarity. Each fraction was divided into two: for NMR analysis and for adenosine A1 receptor binding test. Orthogonal projection to the least square analysis (OPLS) was used to study the correlation between metabolites profile and adenosine A1 receptor binding activity of the plant extracts. Based on Y-related coefficient and variable of important (VIP) value, signals in active area of OPLS loading plot were studied and the respective compounds were then elucidated RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Based on OPLS Y-related coefficient plot and variable of importance value plot, several characteristic signals were found to positively correlate to the binding activity. By using 1D and 2D NMR spectra of one of the most active fraction, pinocembrine and hydroxy-panduratin were identified as the possible active compounds. Two signals from ring C of pinocembrine flavanone skeleton with negative coefficient correlations possibly overlapped with those of non-active methoxylated flavanones which were also presence in the extract. NMR based metabolomics applied in this study was able to quickly identify bioactive compounds from plant extract without necessity to purify them. Further confirmation by isolating pinocembrine and hydroxy-panduratin and testing their adenosine A1 receptor binding activity to chemically validate the method are required. CONCLUSION Two flavonoid derivatives, pinocembrine and hydroxy-panduratin, have been elucidated as possible active compounds bind to adenosine A1 receptor. Flavonoid was reported to be one of natural antagonist ligand for adenosine A1 receptor while antagonistic activity to the receptor is known to associate with diuretic activity. Thus, the result of this research supports the traditional use of Boesenbergia rotunda rhizome extract as diuretic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Dewi Yuliana
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Food Science and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, IPB Darmaga Campus, PO Box 220, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; Southeast Asian Food and Agricultural Science and Technology (SEAFAST) Center, Jalan Puspa No. 1, IPB Darmaga Kampus, Bogor 16680, Indonesia.
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Antioxidant and cytotoxic agent from the rhizomes of Kaempferia pandurata. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(13)60091-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mechanism of Hepatoprotective Effect of Boesenbergia rotunda in Thioacetamide-Induced Liver Damage in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:157456. [PMID: 23997791 PMCID: PMC3749608 DOI: 10.1155/2013/157456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Researchers focused on developing traditional therapies as pharmacological medicines to treat liver cirrhosis. Objectives. Evaluating the hepatoprotective activity of Boesenbergia rotunda (BR) rhizome ethanolic extract on thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats. Methods. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally injected with 200 mg/kg TAA 3 times/week and daily oral administration of 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg of BR extract, and 50 mg/kg of the reference drug Silymarin for 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment, Masson's trichrome staining was used to measure the degree of liver fibrosis. Hepatic antioxidant enzymes (CAT and GPx), nitrotyrosine, cytochrome (P450 2E1), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2 and MMP-9), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-1), and urinary 8-hydroxyguanosine were measured. Serum levels of transforming growth factor TGF-β1, nuclear transcription factor NF-κB, proinflammatory cytokine IL-6, and caspase-3 were evaluated. Serum protein expression and immunohistochemistry of proapoptotic Bax and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins were measured and confirmed by immunohistochemistry of Bax, Bcl-2, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Results. BR treatment improved liver histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and biochemistry, triggered apoptosis, and inhibited cytokines, extracellular matrix proteins, and hepatocytes proliferation. Conclusion. Liver cirrhosis progression can be inhibited by the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of BR ethanolic extract while preserving the normal liver status.
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Sidahmed HMA, Azizan AHS, Mohan S, Abdulla MA, Abdelwahab SI, Taha MME, Hadi AHA, Ketuly KA, Hashim NM, Loke MF, Vadivelu J. Gastroprotective effect of desmosdumotin C isolated from Mitrella kentii against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal hemorrhage in rats: possible involvement of glutathione, heat-shock protein-70, sulfhydryl compounds, nitric oxide, and anti-Helicobacter pylori activity. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 13:183. [PMID: 23866830 PMCID: PMC3765280 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitrella kentii (M. kentii) (Bl.) Miq, is a tree-climbing liana that belongs to the family Annonaceae. The plant is rich with isoquinoline alkaloids, terpenylated dihydrochalcones and benzoic acids and has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory activity. The purpose of this study is to assess the gastroprotective effects of desmosdumotin C (DES), a new isolated bioactive compound from M. kentii, on gastric ulcer models in rats. METHODS DES was isolated from the bark of M. kentii. Experimental rats were orally pretreated with 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg of the isolated compound and were subsequently subjected to absolute ethanol-induced acute gastric ulcer. Gross evaluation, mucus content, gastric acidity and histological gastric lesions were assessed in vivo. The effects of DES on the anti-oxidant system, non-protein sulfhydryl (NP-SH) content, nitric oxide (NO)level, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme activity, bcl-2-associated X (Bax) protein expression and Helicabacter pylori (H pylori) were also investigated. RESULTS DES pre-treatment at the administered doses significantly attenuated ethanol-induced gastric ulcer; this was observed by decreased gastric ulcer area, reduced or absence of edema and leucocytes infiltration compared to the ulcer control group. It was found that DES maintained glutathione (GSH) level, decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level, increased NP-SH content and NO level and inhibited COX-2 activity. The compound up regulated heat shock protein-70 (HSP-70) and down regulated Bax protein expression in the ulcerated tissue. DES showed interesting anti-H pylori effects. The efficacy of DES was accomplished safely without any signs of toxicity. CONCLUSIONS The current study reveals that DES demonstrated gastroprotective effects which could be attributed to its antioxidant effect, activation of HSP-70 protein, intervention with COX-2 inflammatory pathway and potent anti H pylori effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Syam Mohan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Mahmood Ameen Abdulla
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | | | | | - A Hamid A Hadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Kamal Aziz Ketuly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Najihah Mohd Hashim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Mun Fai Loke
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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Sidahmed HMA, Hashim NM, Amir J, Abdulla MA, Hadi AHA, Abdelwahab SI, Taha MME, Hassandarvish P, Teh X, Loke MF, Vadivelu J, Rahmani M, Mohan S. Pyranocycloartobiloxanthone A, a novel gastroprotective compound from Artocarpus obtusus Jarret, against ethanol-induced acute gastric ulcer in vivo. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:834-843. [PMID: 23570997 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Pyranocycloartobiloxanthone A (PA), a xanthone derived from the Artocarpus obtusus Jarret, belongs to the Moraceae family which is native to the tropical forest of Malaysia. In this study, the efficacy of PA as a gastroprotective compound was examined against ethanol-induced ulcer model in rats. The rats were pretreated with PA and subsequently exposed to acute gastric lesions induced by absolute ethanol. The ulcer index, gastric juice acidity, mucus content, histological analysis, glutathione (GSH) levels, malondialdehyde level (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) and non-protein sulfhydryl group (NP-SH) contents were evaluated in vivo. The activities of PA as anti-Helicobacter pylori, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor and free radical scavenger were also investigated in vitro. The results showed that the oral administration of PA protects gastric mucosa from ethanol-induced gastric lesions. PA pretreatment significantly (p<0.05) restored the depleted GSH, NP-SH and NO levels in the gastric homogenate. Moreover, PA significantly (p<0.05) reduced the elevated MDA level due to ethanol administration. The gastroprotective effect of PA was associated with an over expression of HSP70 and suppression of Bax proteins in the ulcerated tissue. In addition, PA exhibited a potent FRAP value and significant COX-2 inhibition. It also showed a significant minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against H. pylori bacterium. The efficacy of PA was accomplished safely without the presence of any toxicological parameters. The results of the present study indicate that the gastroprotective effect of PA might contribute to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties as well as the anti-apoptotic mechanism and antibacterial action against Helicobacter pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyam M A Sidahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Abdelwahab SI, Taha MME, Abdulla MA, Nordin N, Hadi AHA, Mohan S, Jayapalan JJ, Hashim OH. Gastroprotective mechanism of Bauhinia thonningii Schum. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 148:277-286. [PMID: 23612423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Bauhinia thonningii Schum. (Cesalpiniaceae) is locally known as Tambarib and used to treat various diseases including gastric ulcer. AIM OF THE STUDY The current study aims to evaluate the gastroprotecive mechanism(s) of methanolic (MEBT) and chloroform (CEBT) extracts of Bauhinia thonningii leaves on ethanol-induced gastric ulceration. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gastric acidity, quantification and histochemistry of mucus, gross and microscopic examination, nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation, 2D gel electrophoresis, mass spectroscopy and biochemical tests were utilized to assess the mechanism(s) underlying the gastroprotective effects of MEBT and CEBT. Effect of these extracts into lipopolysaccharide/interferon-γ stimulated rodent cells were done in vitro. In vitro and in vivo toxicity studies were also conducted. Antioxidant activities of MEBT and CEBT were examined using DPPH, FRAP and ORAC assays. Phytochemical analyses of MEBT and CEBT were conducted using chemical and spectroscopic methods. RESULTS Gross and histological features confirmed the anti-ulcerogenic properties of Bauhinia thonningii. Gastroprotective mechanism of MEBT was observed to be mediated through the modulation of PAS-reactive substances, MDA and proteomics biomarkers (creatine kinase, malate dehydrogenase, ATP synthase, actin and thioredoxin). MEBT and CEBT showed no significant in vitro and in vivo effects on nitric oxide. Methanolic extract (MEBT) showed superior gastroprotective effects, polyphenolic content and antioxidant activities compared to CEBT. The plant extracts showed no in vitro or in vivo toxicity. CONCLUSION It could be concluded that MEBT possesses anti-ulcer activity, which could be attributed to the inhibition of ethanol-induced oxidative damage and the intervention in proteomic pathways but not the nitric oxide pathway.
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Magalhães CG, de Fátima Silva GD, Duarte LP, Bazzocchi IL, Diaz AJ, Moujir L, López MR, Figueiredo RC, Vieira Filho SA. Salicassin, an Unprecedented ChalconeDiterpene Adduct and a Quinone Methide Triterpenoid fromMaytenus salicifolia. Helv Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201200316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Gastroprotective Activity of Polygonum chinense Aqueous Leaf Extract on Ethanol-Induced Hemorrhagic Mucosal Lesions in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:404012. [PMID: 23365597 PMCID: PMC3544547 DOI: 10.1155/2012/404012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Polygonum chinense is a Malaysian ethnic plant with various healing effects. This study was to determine preventive effect of aqueous leaf extract of P. chinense against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. Sprague Dawley rats were divided into seven groups. The normal and ulcer control groups were orally administered with distilled water. The reference group was orally administered with 20 mg/kg omeprazole. The experimental groups received the extracts 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg, accordingly. After sixty minutes, distilled water and absolute ethanol were given (5 mL/kg) to the normal control and the others, respectively. In addition to histology, immunohistochemical and periodic acid schiff (PAS) stains, levels of lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA), antioxidant enzymes, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured. The ulcer group exhibited severe mucosal damages. The experimental groups significantly reduced gastric lesions and MDA levels and increased SOD level. Immunohistochemistry of the experimental groups showed upregulation and downregulation of Hsp70 and Bax proteins, respectively. PAS staining in these groups exhibited intense staining as compared to the ulcer group. Acute toxicity study revealed the nontoxic nature of the extract. Our data provide first evidence that P. chinense extract could significantly prevent gastric ulcer.
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Boesenbergia rotunda: From Ethnomedicine to Drug Discovery. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:473637. [PMID: 23243448 PMCID: PMC3519102 DOI: 10.1155/2012/473637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Boesenbergia rotunda is a herb from the Boesenbergia genera under the Zingiberaceae family. B. rotunda is widely found in Asian countries where it is commonly used as a food ingredient and in ethnomedicinal preparations. The popularity of its ethnomedicinal usage has drawn the attention of scientists worldwide to further investigate its medicinal properties. Advancement in drug design and discovery research has led to the development of synthetic drugs from B. rotunda metabolites via bioinformatics and medicinal chemistry studies. Furthermore, with the advent of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, new insights on the biosynthetic pathways of B. rotunda metabolites can be elucidated, enabling researchers to predict the potential bioactive compounds responsible for the medicinal properties of the plant. The vast biological activities exhibited by the compounds obtained from B. rotunda warrant further investigation through studies such as drug discovery, polypharmacology, and drug delivery using nanotechnology.
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Neamsuvan O, Tuwaemaengae T, Bensulong F, Asae A, Mosamae K. A survey of folk remedies for gastrointestinal tract diseases from Thailand's three southern border provinces. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 144:11-21. [PMID: 22940242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gastrointestinal tract diseases commonly occur in Thailand. However, surveying for finding out traditional drugs has never been done. AIM OF STUDY To quantify and categorize the folk medicinal remedies that are used for healing the gastrointestinal tract by the traditional healers living in Thailand's three southern border provinces. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat provinces were selected. Semi-structured interviews of nine healers were conducted to collect information that included the remedy names, herbal ingredients, plant parts used, preparation, properties and treatment methods. The data were then further analyzed. RESULT The results revealed that 39 multi-species remedies and 36 single-species remedies were used to treat gastrointestinal disorders. A total of 103 plant species and 5 other materia medica were used as therapeutics. Most of the plants used were of the Zingiberaceae, Fabaceae and Euphorbiaceae families. Furthermore, it was found that although most of the healers used different remedies for a particular disease, some of the ingredients might have been similar. For example, Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. was an ingredient used for parasitic disease remedies, and Senna alata (L.) Roxb. was used for constipation remedies. CONCLUSION A review of the literature revealed 57 plant species and 2 other materia medica that have already been tested for their biological activities, whereas 46 plant species and 3 materia medica have never been tested. Consequently, research should be performed to confirm the pharmacological properties of folk remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oratai Neamsuvan
- Faculty of Traditional Thai Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
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Protective Effects of Pinostrobin on β-Amyloid-Induced Neurotoxicity in PC12 Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 32:1223-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-012-9847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Taha MME, Salga MS, Ali HM, Abdulla MA, Abdelwahab SI, Hadi AHA. Gastroprotective activities of Turnera diffusa Willd. ex Schult. revisited: Role of arbutin. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 141:273-281. [PMID: 22374081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Turnera diffusa Willd. ex Schult. has been used for the treatment of several human disorders including peptic ulcer. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The current study is an attempt to evaluate the anti-ulcerogenic activities of arbutin, a major constituent of Turnera diffusa on two ulcer models. The possible involvement of lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and mucus barrier mechanism has been investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Effects of arbutin on ulcer index, gastric juice acidity, mucus content and histochemistry, gross and histological gastric lesions, nitric oxide, cytokines levels (IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), were evaluated in aspirin or ethanol-induced ulcer in vivo. Acute toxicity of arbutin was also examined in rodent model. MTT assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of the compound on normal liver cells (WRL-68). RESULTS Pre-treatment with arbutin or omeprazole protected the gastric mucosa as seen by reduction in ulcer area and mucosal content, reduced or absence of edema, inflammation and leucocytes infiltration on both models. Arbutin significantly (P<0.05) lowered the elevated TBARS level into gasteric homogenate. Arbutin did not produce significant inhibition of NO. This natural compound has modulated the levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-10 and TNF-α. No in vitro or in vivo toxicities for arbutin were observed. CONCLUSION Thus it can be concluded that Turnera diffusa possesses anti-ulcer activity, which could be attributed to lipid peroxidation inhibitory, immuno modulatory and anti-oxidant mechanisms of arbutin but not to the intervention with nitric oxide inflammation pathway.
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