51
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Zhang W, Zhang T, Liu H, Zheng Y, Zhong Y, Wang G, Zhu Q, Liu X, Zhang L, Li H. Synthesis and characterization of a novel hydroxy telechelic polyfluoroether to enhance the properties of HTPB solid propellant binders. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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52
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Miao-miao L, Zhi-peng Z, Jing-jing C, Ting-ting Z, Lian-chao C, Sen X. Research on Performance of PBT/Bu-NENA Low-vulnerability Propellant. FIREPHYSCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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53
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Zhuang S, Jia J, Lin Y, He Y, Liu Y, Huang H, Chen JB. A two-in-one sensing solvent for green extraction and analysis of N-oxide based explosives. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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54
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Koh YP, Fondren ZT, Denton AA, Simon SL, McKenna GB. Amorphization and Crystallization of Hexanitroazobenzene (HNAB) Using Conventional DSC and Flash DSC. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202100366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yung P. Koh
- Department of Chemical Engineering Texas Tech University Lubbock TX 79409–3121 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695–7905 USA
| | - Zachary T. Fondren
- Department of Chemical Engineering Texas Tech University Lubbock TX 79409–3121 USA
- CCDC-AC Picatinny Arsenal NJ 07806 USA
| | - Aric A. Denton
- Department of Chemical Engineering Texas Tech University Lubbock TX 79409–3121 USA
| | - Sindee L. Simon
- Department of Chemical Engineering Texas Tech University Lubbock TX 79409–3121 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695–7905 USA
| | - Gregory B. McKenna
- Department of Chemical Engineering Texas Tech University Lubbock TX 79409–3121 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695–7905 USA
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55
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Chockalingam S, Lem J, Cohen T. Thermo-chemo-mechanically coupled cavity dynamics and the emergence of multi-phase bursts. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2022.0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics induced by confined thermo-chemical processes occurring inside a solid medium is a fundamental problem of interest in several applications, such as hotspot formation and micro-explosions in energetic materials and laser-induced cavitation for energy focusing and material characterization. In recent years, advanced experimental capabilities have uncovered elusive behaviours in such systems, including temperature spikes that emerge at short timescales, and multi-phase explosions. By coupling the mechanics of the solid, the thermodynamics, and the chemical kinetics of the decomposition reactions, the theoretical model developed here explains and demonstrates these phenomena. The dimensionless response of the system is studied numerically and analytical expressions for the mechanical response limits are derived. These results should be useful in guiding future experiments and in explaining phenomena that may emerge at various length and timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Chockalingam
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - J. Lem
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - T. Cohen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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56
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Theoretical investigation on properties of CL-20/HMX cocrystal explosive with crystal defect by molecular dynamics method. Theor Chem Acc 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-022-02899-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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57
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Vereshchagin AL, Morozova EA. Hydrogen Bonding in Insensitive High Explosives. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427222080018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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58
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Turner AM, Luo Y, Marks JH, Sun R, Lechner JT, Klapötke TM, Kaiser RI. Exploring the Photochemistry of Solid 1,1-Diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) Spanning Simple Bond Ruptures, Nitro-to-Nitrite Isomerization, and Nonadiabatic Dynamics. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:4747-4761. [PMID: 35852300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c02696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The UV photolysis of solid FOX-7 at 5 K with 355 and 532 nm photons was investigated to unravel initial isomerization and decomposition pathways. Isomer-selective single photon ionization coupled with reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ReTOF-MS) documented the nitric oxide (NO) loss channel at 355 nm along with a nitro-to-nitrite isomerization, which was observed by using infrared spectroscopy, representing the initial reaction pathway followed by O─NO bond rupture of the nitrite moiety. A residual gas analyzer detected molecular oxygen for the 355 and 532 nm photolysis at a ratio of 4.3 ± 0.3:1, which signifies FOX-7 as an energetic material that provides its own oxidant once the decomposition starts. Overall branching ratios for molecular oxygen versus nitric oxide were derived to be 700 ± 100:1 at 355 nm. It is notable that this is the first time that molecular oxygen was detected as a decomposition product of FOX-7. Computations show that atomic oxygen, which later combines to form molecular oxygen, is likely released from a nitro group involving conical intersections. The condensed phase potential energy profile computed at the CCSD(T) and CASPT2 level correlates well with the experiments and highlights the critical roles of conical intersections, nonadiabatic dynamics, and the encapsulated environment that dictate the mechanism of the reaction through intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Turner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Joshua H Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Jasmin T Lechner
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Thomas M Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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59
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O'Connor D, Bier I, Hsieh YT, Marom N. Performance of Dispersion-Inclusive Density Functional Theory Methods for Energetic Materials. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:4456-4471. [PMID: 35759249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular crystals of energetic materials (EMs) are denser than typical molecular crystals and are characterized by distinct intermolecular interactions between nitrogen-containing moieties. To assess the performance of dispersion-inclusive density functional theory (DFT) methods, we have compiled a data set of experimental sublimation enthalpies of 31 energetic materials. We evaluate the performance of three methods: the semilocal Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) functional coupled with the pairwise Tkatchenko-Scheffler (TS) dispersion correction, PBE with the many-body dispersion (MBD) method, and the PBE-based hybrid functional (PBE0) with MBD. Zero-point energy contributions and thermal effects are described using the quasi-harmonic approximation (QHA), including explicit treatment of thermal expansion, which we find to be non-negligible for EMs. The lattice energies obtained with PBE0+MBD are the closest to experimental sublimation enthalpies with a mean absolute error of 9.89 kJ/mol. However, the state-of-the-art treatment of vibrational and thermal contributions makes the agreement with experiment worse. Pressure-volume curves are also examined for six representative materials. For pressure-volume curves, all three methods provide reasonable agreement with experimental data with mean absolute relative errors of 3% or less. Most of the intermolecular interactions typical of EMs, namely nitro-amine, nitro-nitro, and nitro-hydrogen interactions, are more sensitive to the choice of the dispersion method than to the choice of the exchange-correlation functional. The exception is π-π stacking interactions, which are also very sensitive to the choice of the functional. Overall, we find that PBE+TS, PBE+MBD, and PBE0+MBD do not perform as well for energetic materials as previously reported for other classes of molecular crystals. This highlights the importance of testing dispersion-inclusive DFT methods for diverse classes of materials and the need for further method development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana O'Connor
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Imanuel Bier
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yun-Ting Hsieh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Noa Marom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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60
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Study on Synthesis, Burning Rate Catalytic and Anti-migration Properties of Ferrocene-Based Furan and Triazole Derivatives. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-04082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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61
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Kim YJ, Militzer B, Boates B, Bonev S, Celliers PM, Collins GW, Driver KP, Fratanduono DE, Hamel S, Jeanloz R, Rygg JR, Swift DC, Eggert JH, Millot M. Evidence for Dissociation and Ionization in Shock Compressed Nitrogen to 800 GPa. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:015701. [PMID: 35841582 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.015701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Triple bonding in the nitrogen molecule (N_{2}) is among the strongest chemical bonds with a dissociation enthalpy of 9.8 eV/molecule. Nitrogen is therefore an excellent test bed for theoretical and numerical methods aimed at understanding how bonding evolves under the influence of the extreme pressures and temperatures of the warm dense matter regime. Here, we report laser-driven shock experiments on fluid molecular nitrogen up to 800 GPa and 4.0 g/cm^{3}. Line-imaging velocimetry measurements and impedance matching method with a quartz reference yield shock equation of state data of initially precompressed nitrogen. Comparison with numerical simulations using path integral Monte Carlo and density functional theory molecular dynamics reveals clear signatures of chemical dissociation and the onset of L-shell ionization. Combining data along multiple shock Hugoniot curves starting from densities between 0.76 and 1.29 g/cm^{3}, our study documents how pressure and density affect these changes in chemical bonding and provides benchmarks for future theoretical developments in this regime, with applications for planetary interior modeling, high energy density science, and inertial confinement fusion research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jae Kim
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Burkhard Militzer
- Departments of Earth and Planetary Science and Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Brian Boates
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Stanimir Bonev
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Peter M Celliers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Gilbert W Collins
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Physics and Astronomy, and the Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - Kevin P Driver
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | | | - Sebastien Hamel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Raymond Jeanloz
- Departments of Earth and Planetary Science and Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J Ryan Rygg
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Physics and Astronomy, and the Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - Damian C Swift
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Jon H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Marius Millot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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62
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ReaxFF/lg molecular dynamics study on thermolysis mechanism of NTO/HTPB plastic bonded explosive. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2022.113834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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63
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Yue P, Long X, Jiang X, Zhang Z. A new high order virial equation of state and its application in the Chapman‐Jouguet parameters calculation of explosives. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202100371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yue
- China Academy of Engineering Physics Institute of Chemical Materials CHINA
| | | | | | - zhiming Zhang
- China Academy of Engineering Physics Institute of Chemical Materials CHINA
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64
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Characterization of Nano-Scale Parallel Lamellar Defects in RDX and HMX Single Crystals by Two-Dimension Small Angle X-ray Scattering. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123871. [PMID: 35744992 PMCID: PMC9230898 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Nano-scale crystal defects extremely affect the security and reliability of explosive charges of weapons. In this work, the nano-scale crystal defects of 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) single crystals were characterized by two-dimension SAXS. Deducing from the changes of SAXS pattern with sample stage rotating, we firstly found the parallel lamellar nano-scale defects in both RDX and HMX single crystals. Further analysis shows that the average diameter and thickness of nano-scale lamellar defects for RDX single crystal are 66.4 nm and 19.3 nm, respectively. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicate that the lamellar nano-scale defects distribute along the (001) in RDX and the (011) in HMX, which are verified to be the crystal planes with the lowest binding energy by the theoretical calculation.
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65
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Reliable crystal structure predictions from first principles. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3095. [PMID: 35654882 PMCID: PMC9163189 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30692-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An inexpensive and reliable method for molecular crystal structure predictions (CSPs) has been developed. The new CSP protocol starts from a two-dimensional graph of crystal’s monomer(s) and utilizes no experimental information. Using results of quantum mechanical calculations for molecular dimers, an accurate two-body, rigid-monomer ab initio-based force field (aiFF) for the crystal is developed. Since CSPs with aiFFs are essentially as expensive as with empirical FFs, tens of thousands of plausible polymorphs generated by the crystal packing procedures can be optimized. Here we show the robustness of this protocol which found the experimental crystal within the 20 most stable predicted polymorphs for each of the 15 investigated molecules. The ranking was further refined by performing periodic density-functional theory (DFT) plus dispersion correction (pDFT+D) calculations for these 20 top-ranked polymorphs, resulting in the experimental crystal ranked as number one for all the systems studied (and the second polymorph, if known, ranked in the top few). Alternatively, the polymorphs generated can be used to improve aiFFs, which also leads to rank one predictions. The proposed CSP protocol should result in aiFFs replacing empirical FFs in CSP research. Developing theoretical frameworks to predict new polymorphs is highly desirable. Here the authors present an ab initio based force-field approach for crystal structure prediction offering a dramatic computational speed-up over fully ab initio schemes.
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66
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Wu W, Li H, Shen Z, Cui H. Research on Constant Speed Tension and Compression Mechanical Properties of Azide Polyether Propellant. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202200055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weijing Wu
- College of Aerospace Science and Engineering National University of Defense Technology Changsha 410073 China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Intelligent Planning and Simulation for Aerospace Missions Changsha 410073 China
| | - Haiyang Li
- College of Aerospace Science and Engineering National University of Defense Technology Changsha 410073 China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Intelligent Planning and Simulation for Aerospace Missions Changsha 410073 China
| | - Zhibin Shen
- College of Aerospace Science and Engineering National University of Defense Technology Changsha 410073 China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Intelligent Planning and Simulation for Aerospace Missions Changsha 410073 China
| | - Huiru Cui
- College of Defense Engineering Army Engineering University of PLA Nanjing 210007 China
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67
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Nunez Avila AG, Deschênes-Simard B, Arnold JE, Morency M, Chartrand D, Maris T, Berger G, Day GM, Hanessian S, Wuest JD. Surprising Chemistry of 6-Azidotetrazolo[5,1- a]phthalazine: What a Purported Natural Product Reveals about the Polymorphism of Explosives. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6680-6694. [PMID: 35504046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
6-Azidotetrazolo[5,1-a]phthalazine (ATPH) is a nitrogen-rich compound of surprisingly broad interest. It is purported to be a natural product, yet it is closely related to substances developed as explosives and is highly polymorphic despite having a nearly planar structure with little flexibility. Seven solid forms of ATPH have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The structures show diverse patterns of molecular organization, including both stacked sheets and herringbone packing. In all cases, N···N and C-H···N interactions play key roles in ensuring molecular cohesion. The high polymorphism of ATPH appears to arise in part from the ability of virtually every atom of nitrogen and hydrogen in the molecule to take part in close N···N and C-H···N contacts. As a result, adjacent molecules can adopt many different relative orientations that are energetically similar, thereby generating a polymorphic landscape with an unusually high density of potential structures. This landscape has been explored in detail by the computational prediction of crystal structures. Studying ATPH has provided insights into the field of energetic materials, where access to multiple polymorphs can be used to improve performance and clarify how it depends on molecular packing. In addition, our work with ATPH shows how valuable insights into molecular crystallization, often gleaned from statistical analyses of structural databases, can also come from in-depth empirical and theoretical studies of single compounds that show distinctive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph E Arnold
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Mathieu Morency
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Daniel Chartrand
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Gilles Berger
- Microbiologie, Chimie bioorganique et macromoléculaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium
| | - Graeme M Day
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Stephen Hanessian
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - James D Wuest
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
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68
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Tariq Q, Manzoor S, Tariq M, Cao W, Dong W, Arshad F, Zhang J. Synthesis and Energetic Properties of Trending Metal‐Free Potential Green Primary Explosives: A Review. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qamar‐un‐Nisa Tariq
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Saira Manzoor
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Maher‐un‐Nisa Tariq
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Wen‐Li Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Wen‐Shuai Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Faiza Arshad
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Jian‐Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
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69
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1-Hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrazole and its transition metal complexes: A family of green high-energy catalysts for ammonium perchlorate. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.122896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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70
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Intermolecular Vibration Energy Transfer Process in Two CL-20-Based Cocrystals Theoretically Revealed by Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectra. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072153. [PMID: 35408551 PMCID: PMC9000797 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the recent cocrystallization and theory of energetic materials, we theoretically investigated the intermolecular vibrational energy transfer process and the non-covalent intermolecular interactions between explosive compounds. The intermolecular interactions between 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) and between 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX) and CL-20 were studied using calculated two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectra and the independent gradient model based on the Hirshfeld partition (IGMH) method, respectively. Based on the comparison of the theoretical infrared spectra and optimized geometries with experimental results, the theoretical models can effectively reproduce the experimental geometries. By analyzing cross-peaks in the 2D IR spectra of TNT/CL-20, the intermolecular vibrational energy transfer process between TNT and CL-20 was calculated, and the conclusion was made that the vibrational energy transfer process between CL-20 and TNTII (TNTIII) is relatively slower than between CL-20 and TNTI. As the vibration energy transfer is the bridge of the intermolecular interactions, the weak intermolecular interactions were visualized using the IGMH method, and the results demonstrate that the intermolecular non-covalent interactions of TNT/CL-20 include van der Waals (vdW) interactions and hydrogen bonds, while the intermolecular non-covalent interactions of HMX/CL-20 are mainly comprised of vdW interactions. Further, we determined that the intermolecular interaction can stabilize the trigger bond in TNT/CL-20 and HMX/CL-20 based on Mayer bond order density, and stronger intermolecular interactions generally indicate lower impact sensitivity of energetic materials. We believe that the results obtained in this work are important for a better understanding of the cocrystal mechanism and its application in the field of energetic materials.
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71
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Harter AG, Klapötke TM, Riedelsheimer C, Stierstorfer J, Strobel SM, Voggenreiter M. 2‐Hydrazonyl‐propandihydrazide ‐ a versatile precursor for high‐energy materials. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Harter
- LMU Munich Faculty for Chemistry and Pharmacy: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen Fakultat fur Chemie und Pharmazie Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Universität LMU Institut für Anorg. Chemie Butenandtstr. 5-13, Haus D 81377 München GERMANY
| | - Christian Riedelsheimer
- LMU Munich Faculty for Chemistry and Pharmacy: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen Fakultat fur Chemie und Pharmazie Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Joerg Stierstorfer
- LMU Munich Faculty for Chemistry and Pharmacy: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen Fakultat fur Chemie und Pharmazie Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Sebastian M. Strobel
- LMU Munich Faculty for Chemistry and Pharmacy: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen Fakultat fur Chemie und Pharmazie Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Michael Voggenreiter
- LMU Munich Faculty for Chemistry and Pharmacy: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen Fakultat fur Chemie und Pharmazie Chemistry GERMANY
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Yount J, Piercey DG. Electrochemical Synthesis of High-Nitrogen Materials and Energetic Materials. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8809-8840. [PMID: 35290022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical synthesis is a valuable method for the preparation of molecules. It is innately eco-friendly, as potentially hazardous oxidation and reduction agents are replaced with electrochemical potentials. Electrochemistry is commonly applied globally in the synthesis of numerous chemicals, but the energetic materials field lags in this regard. In this review, we endeavor to cover the entire history of synthetic electrochemistry for the preparation of energetic materials and detail the electrochemical transformations of high-nitrogen materials that are relevant for the preparation of new energetic molecules. We hope this review serves as a starting point to inform those involved in synthetic energetic materials chemistry, and those interested in other applications of high-nitrogen molecules, about the environmentally friendly electrochemical methods available for such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Yount
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States.,Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Davin G Piercey
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States.,Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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73
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An E, Chen S, Li X, Tan Y, Cao X, Deng P. Thermal kinetics, thermodynamics, decomposition mechanism, and thermal safety performance of typical ammonium perchlorate-based molecular perovskite energetic materials. CAN J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2021-0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we report the thermal kinetics, thermodynamics, and decomposition mechanism of AP-based molecular perovskite energetic materials and estimate their thermal safety performance. Typical AP-based molecular perovskite energetic materials, (H2dabco)[NH4(ClO4)3] (DAP-4), (H2pz)[NH4(ClO4)3](PAP-4), (H2mpz)[NH4(ClO4)3](PAP-M4), and (H2hpz)[NH4(ClO4)3] (PAP-H4), were synthesized and characterized. These were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that all of the obtained AP-based molecular perovskite energetic materials have higher thermal decomposition temperatures, and the peak temperatures are more than 360 °C. All follow random nucleation and growth models. Other thermodynamic parameters, such as the reaction enthalpy (ΔH), entropy change (ΔS), and Gibbs free energy (ΔG), show that they are generally thermodynamically stable. Moreover, their adiabatic induced temperatures were obtained; TD24 of DAP-4, PAP-4, PAP-M4, and PAP-H4 were 246.6, 201.2, 194.5, and 217.5 °C, respectively. This study offers an important and in-depth understanding of the thermal decomposition characteristics of AP-based molecular perovskite energetic materials and their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhai An
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaoli Chen
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingxin Tan
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiong Cao
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Deng
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030051, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
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74
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Jia K, Liu Y, Chai T, Yu Y, Jing S, Wu P, He J, Zhang W. Fast Polymerization of Dopamine for Coating on ANPZO Surface with Excellent Thermal Stability and Mechanical Properties. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202100279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanghui Jia
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering North University of China Taiyuan 030051 China
| | - Yucun Liu
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering North University of China Taiyuan 030051 China
| | - Tao Chai
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering North University of China Taiyuan 030051 China
| | - Yanwu Yu
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering North University of China Taiyuan 030051 China
| | - Suming Jing
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering North University of China Taiyuan 030051 China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering North University of China Taiyuan 030051 China
| | - Jinxuan He
- Science and Technology on Aerospace Chemical Power Laboratory Hubei Institute of Aerospace Chemotechnology Xiangyang 441003 Hubei China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Jinxi Group Shanxi Jiangyang Chemical Co., Ltd. Taiyuan 030051 China
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75
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Guo D, Zybin SV, Chafin AP, Goddard WA. Increasing Oxygen Balance Leads to Enhanced Performance in Environmentally Acceptable High-Energy Density Materials: Predictions from First-Principles Molecular Dynamics Simulations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:5257-5264. [PMID: 35040628 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Environmental concerns have stimulated the development of green alternatives to environmentally pollutive nitramine compounds used for high-energy density materials (HEDMs). The excellent energetic properties of CL20 make it a promising candidate, but its negative oxygen balance limits its efficiency for industrial and military applications. We predict here that CL20-EO formed by introducing ether links into the CC bonds of the original CL20 structure to attain balanced CO2 and H2O production leads to improved performance while minimizing the formation of carbonaceous clusters and toxic gases. To test this concept, we predicted the detonation properties at the Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) state using reactive molecular dynamics simulations with the ReaxFF force field combined with quantum mechanics based moleculear dynamics. We predict that CL20-EO enhances energetic performance compared to CL20 with a 6.0% increase in the CJ pressure and a 1.1% increase in the detonation velocity, which we attribute to achieving the correct oxygen balance to produce fully oxidized gaseous products. After expansion to normal conditions from the CJ state, CL20-EO leads only to nontoxic fully oxidized gases instead of forming the carbonaceous clusters and toxic gases found with CL-20. Thus, CL20-EO is predicted to be environmentally green. These results indicate that oxygen balance plays an important role in both energy availability and end-product toxicity and that balanced CO2 and H2O production systems provide promising candidates for the next generation of environmentally acceptable alternatives to toxic HEDMs while also enhancing the detonation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhou Guo
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- The Gene & Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Sergey V Zybin
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Andrew P Chafin
- Research Department, Chemistry Division, Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division (NAWCWD), 1900 N. Knox Rd. Stop 6303, China Lake, California 93555, United States
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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76
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Klapötke TM, Lechner JT, Stierstorfer J. Synthesis, Characterization and Derivatives of Iso‐Picramic Acid. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202100205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Jasmin T. Lechner
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
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77
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Cho H, Kim Y, Lee S, Kwon K, Yoo HW, Moon HR, Choe W. Modulating Energetic Characteristics of Multicomponent 1D Coordination Polymers: Interplay of Metal-Ligand Coordination Modes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:1881-1887. [PMID: 35025496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The energetic properties of multicomponent explosive materials can be altered for high detonation capabilities and minimized safety risk by changing their building components. We synthesized energetic coordination polymers (ECPs) using a 5,5'-bis(tetrazole)-1,1'-diolate linker and a N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) solvent, together with Cu and Mn metal cations. The new compounds, ECP-1 and ECP-2, contain two different types of 1D chain structures, straight and helical. We have conducted comprehensive studies on these ECP structures, energetic properties, and sensitivity and found excellent insensitivity owing to the long chain-to-chain distances created by the DMA solvent molecules. The results indicate that the metals as well as solvents used are crucial components influencing both the structure and energetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonsoo Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Soochan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kuktae Kwon
- The 1st R&D Institute - 2nd Directorate, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Wook Yoo
- The 1st R&D Institute - 2nd Directorate, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoi Ri Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonyoung Choe
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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78
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Hu WJ, Gou RJ, Zhang SH, Liu Y, Shang FQ, Chen YH, Bai H. Theoretical investigation on the intermolecular interactions between 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one and 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide using DFT methods. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-02059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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79
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Aravindu P, Rani KD, Shaik AM, Kommu N, Rao VK. Synthesis of Novel Hexaazaisowurtzitane Cages to Access CL‐20. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pampuram Aravindu
- Advanced Center of Research in High Energy Materials University of Hyderabad Gopanpalle Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Karike Durga Rani
- Advanced Center of Research in High Energy Materials University of Hyderabad Gopanpalle Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Abdul Munaf Shaik
- Advanced Center of Research in High Energy Materials University of Hyderabad Gopanpalle Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Nagarjuna Kommu
- Advanced Center of Research in High Energy Materials University of Hyderabad Gopanpalle Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Vepa Kameswara Rao
- Advanced Center of Research in High Energy Materials University of Hyderabad Gopanpalle Hyderabad 500046 India
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80
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Satta M, Casavola AR, Cartoni A, Castrovilli MC, Catone D, Chiarinelli J, Borocci S, Avaldi L, Bolognesi P. Ionization of 2- and 4(5)-Nitroimidazoles Radiosensitizers: A "Kinetic Competition" Between NO 2 and NO Losses. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:2387-2391. [PMID: 34597457 PMCID: PMC9293481 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nitroimidazoles are a class of chemicals with a remarkable broad spectrum of applications from the production of explosives to the use as radiosensitizers in radiotherapy. The understanding of thedynamics of their fragmentation induced by ionizing sources is of fundamental interest. The goal of this work is to theoretically investigate the kinetic competition between the two most important decomposition channels of 2, 4 and 5‐Nitroimidazole cations: the NO and NO2 losses. The calculated rate constants of the two processes are in very good agreement with the experimental Photoelectron‐Photoion Coincidence (PEPICO) branching ratio. This study solves the intriguing and theoretically unexplained experimental observation that 2‐Nitroimidazole, at variance with the other two regio‐isomers is a source for only NO at low energies (<12.76 eV). This is a key point for biomedical application of the nitroimidazoles, because NO is the vasodilator that favors the reoxigenation of hypoxic tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Satta
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN-CNR), Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Casavola
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
| | - Antonella Cartoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli studi di Roma La Sapienza, Pl.e Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Mattea Carmen Castrovilli
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
| | - Daniele Catone
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 2, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 10, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Jacopo Chiarinelli
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
| | - Stefano Borocci
- Dipartimento per l'Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali (DIBAF), Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Avaldi
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
| | - Paola Bolognesi
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
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81
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Tetranitro-diazinodiazines as high energy materials: computational investigation of structural aspects of fused heterocyclic backbone and isomerism. Struct Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-021-01791-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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82
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Computational Design of High Energy RDX-Based Derivatives: Property Prediction, Intermolecular Interactions, and Decomposition Mechanisms. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237199. [PMID: 34885779 PMCID: PMC8659176 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of new high-energy insensitive compounds were designed based on 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) skeleton through incorporating -N(NO2)-CH2-N(NO2)-, -N(NH2)-, -N(NO2)-, and -O- linkages. Then, their electronic structures, heats of formation, detonation properties, and impact sensitivities were analyzed and predicted using DFT. The types of intermolecular interactions between their bimolecular assemble were analyzed. The thermal decomposition of one compound with excellent performance was studied through ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. All the designed compounds exhibit excellent detonation properties superior to 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20), and lower impact sensitivity than CL-20. Thus, they may be viewed as promising candidates for high energy density compounds. Overall, our design strategy that the construction of bicyclic or cage compounds based on the RDX framework through incorporating the intermolecular linkages is very beneficial for developing novel energetic compounds with excellent detonation performance and low sensitivity.
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83
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Compression Behavior and Vibrational Properties of New Energetic Material LLM-105 Analyzed Using the Dispersion-Corrected Density Functional Theory. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226831. [PMID: 34833923 PMCID: PMC8625217 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105) is a newly energetic material with an excellent performance and low sensitivity and has attracted considerable attention. On the basis of the dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT-D), the high-pressure responses of vibrational properties, in conjunction with structural properties, are used to understand its intermolecular interactions and anisotropic properties under hydrostatic and uniaxial compressions. At ambient and pressure conditions, the DFT-D scheme could reasonably describe the structural parameters of LLM-105. The hydrogen bond network, resembling a parallelogram shape, links two adjacent molecules and contributes to the structure stability under hydrostatic compression. The anisotropy of LLM-105 is pronounced, especially for Raman spectra under uniaxial compression. Specifically, the red-shifts of modes are obtained for [100] and [010] compressions, which are caused by the pressure-induced enhance of the strength of the hydrogen bonds. Importantly, coupling modes and discontinuous Raman shifts are observed along [010] and [001] compressions, which are related to the intramolecular vibrational redistribution and possible structural transformations under uniaxial compressions. Overall, the detailed knowledge of the high-pressure responses of LLM-105 is established from the atomistic level. Uniaxial compression responses provide useful insights for realistic shock conditions.
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84
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Yang W, Hu R, Li M, Xu M, Yang Z, Meng L. Thermal Decomposition of Photocurable Energetic APNIMMO Polymer. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202100239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Yang
- School of Physics Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 PR China
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 PR China
| | - Rui Hu
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 PR China
| | - Manman Li
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 PR China
| | - Minghui Xu
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 PR China
| | - Zhiwei Yang
- School of Physics Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 PR China
| | - Lingjie Meng
- School of Physics Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 PR China
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85
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Zhang JY, Chen GL, Jie Dong, Pan Wang, Gong XD. Design and exploration of 5-nitro-3-trinitromethyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole and its derivatives as energetic materials. Mol Divers 2021; 25:2107-2121. [PMID: 32436152 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
According to the fact that 5-nitro-3-trinitromethyl-1H-1,2,4 triazole (NTNMT) is a successful, good explosive, energetic groups such as -CH3, -NH2, -NHNO2, -NO2, -ONO2, -NF2, -CN, -NC, -N3 groups were introduced into NTNMT and their oxygen balance was at about zero. The energetic properties, detonation performance, and sensitivity were studied at the B3LYP/6-31G** level of density functional theory to seek for possible high energy density compounds. The effects of substituent groups on heat of formation (HOF), density ρ, detonation velocity D, detonation pressure P, detonation energy Q, and sensitivity (evaluated using oxygen balance OB, the nitro group charges -QNO2, and bond dissociation energies BDE were studied and discussed. The order of contribution of the substituent groups to ρ, D, and P was -NF2 > -ONO2 > -NO2 > -NHNO2 > -N3 > -NH2 > -NC > -CN > -CH3; while to HOF is -N3 > -NC > -CN > -NO2 > -NF2 > -ONO2 > -NH2 > -NHNO2 > -CH3. The trigger bonds in the pyrolysis process for NTNMT derivatives may be N-NO2, N-NH2, N-NHNO2, C-NO2, or O-NO2 varying with the attachment of different substituents. Results show that NTNMT-NHNO2, -NH2, -CN, and -NC derivatives have high detonation performance and good stability. In a word, the oxygen balance at about zero strategy in this work offers new routes for the improvement in properties and stabilities of energetic materials. In the present paper, several 5-nitro-3-trinitromethyl-1H-1,2,4 triazole (NTNMT) derivatives were designed. Their energetic properties, detonation performance, and sensitivity were studied at the B3LYP/6-31G** level of density functional theory (DFT) to seek for possible high energy density compounds (HEDCs). The different substituents have some changes in the influence on heat of formation (HOF), density ρ, detonation velocity D, detonation pressure P, detonation energy Q, and sensitivity. In a word, the oxygen balance at about zero strategy in this work offers new routes for the improvement in properties and stabilities of energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ying Zhang
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, ChuZhou University, ChuZhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gang-Ling Chen
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, ChuZhou University, ChuZhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Dong
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, ChuZhou University, ChuZhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Wang
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, ChuZhou University, ChuZhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Dong Gong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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86
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Cobalt copper ferrite: burning rate modifier for composite solid propellants and its catalytic activity on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-021-04599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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87
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Hanafi S, Trache D, Mezroua A, Boukeciat H, Meziani R, Tarchoun AF, Abdelaziz A. Optimized energetic HNTO/AN co-crystal and its thermal decomposition kinetics in the presence of energetic coordination nanomaterials based on functionalized graphene oxide and cobalt. RSC Adv 2021; 11:35287-35299. [PMID: 35493178 PMCID: PMC9043024 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06367g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research aims to select the optimal molar ratio of hydrazine 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (HNTO) and ammonium nitrate (AN) to produce an energetic co-crystal. For a comparison purpose, the heat release, cost, density and hygroscopicity of the different co-crystals were evaluated. The obtained results indicated that HNTO/AN at the 1 : 3 ratio exhibited a higher heat release, better thermal stability, low water content and a reasonable cost, compared to other co-crystals. This new co-crystal was fully characterized through powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), confirming that this latter displayed similar characteristics to those of the co-crystal with a 1 : 1 ratio, which was recently developed. On the other hand, the catalytic activity of two energetic coordination polymers of triaminoguanidine-cobalt (T-Co) complexes, with or without graphene oxide (GO-T-Co-T), on the thermolysis of the developed co-crystal has been also assessed by DSC under non-isothermal conditions. It is revealed that these catalysts have greatly decreased the decomposition temperature of the HNTO/AN cocrystal. Moreover, because of the complete decomposition in the case of the (HNTO/AN)/GO-T-Co-T composite, the heat release has been increased as well. Isoconversional integral kinetic methods were exploited to determine the kinetic parameters of the different systems. According to the obtained results, these catalysts have a strong catalytic action on the decomposition of the co-crystal AN/HNTO for which the activation energy and the pre-exponential factor are considerably lowered. Consequently, the developed co-crystal and the energetic catalysts could be considered as potential ingredients for the next generation of composite solid propellant formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Hanafi
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Teaching and Research Unit of Energetic Processes, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique BP 17, Bordj El-Bahri Algiers 16046 Algeria
| | - Djalal Trache
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Teaching and Research Unit of Energetic Processes, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique BP 17, Bordj El-Bahri Algiers 16046 Algeria
| | - Abderrahmane Mezroua
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Teaching and Research Unit of Energetic Processes, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique BP 17, Bordj El-Bahri Algiers 16046 Algeria
| | - Hani Boukeciat
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Teaching and Research Unit of Energetic Processes, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique BP 17, Bordj El-Bahri Algiers 16046 Algeria
| | - Redha Meziani
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Teaching and Research Unit of Energetic Processes, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique BP 17, Bordj El-Bahri Algiers 16046 Algeria
| | - Ahmed Fouzi Tarchoun
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Teaching and Research Unit of Energetic Processes, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique BP 17, Bordj El-Bahri Algiers 16046 Algeria
- Energetic Propulsion Laboratory, Teaching and Research Unit of Energetic Processes, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique BP 17, Bordj El-Bahri Algiers 16046 Algeria
| | - Amir Abdelaziz
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Teaching and Research Unit of Energetic Processes, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique BP 17, Bordj El-Bahri Algiers 16046 Algeria
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88
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Yang B, Ding K, Li T, Qu C, Zhu L, Ge Z. Experimental Observation and Energy Performance Calculations of Potential Oxidants O4−/0 and O6−/0 Clusters. FIREPHYSCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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89
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Fang Z, Li S, Liu J. Probing the Effects of Deuteration on the Structure and Thermal Behavior of TNT‐
d
5. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuqing Fang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China
| | - Shukui Li
- School of Mechatronical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China
| | - Jiping Liu
- School of Mechatronical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China
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90
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Zhang LY, Wu YH, Wang NX, Yan Z, Gao XW, Liu YH, Xu BC, Liu N, Wang BZ. Synthetic optimization of TACOT-derived nitrogen-rich energetic compounds and reaction mechanism research. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2021.1952434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Yang Zhang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Hua Wu
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nai-Xing Wang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhan Yan
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Wang Gao
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Hong Liu
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bao-Cai Xu
- School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, China
| | - Bo-Zhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, China
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91
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3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO): High Explosive Insensitive Energetic Material. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-021-02973-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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92
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Du YH, Liu FS, Liu QJ, Tang B, Zhong M, Zhang MJ. HMX/NMP cocrystal explosive: first-principles calculations. J Mol Model 2021; 27:254. [PMID: 34406485 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-04879-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The band structure, total density of states, and atomic orbit projected density of states analysis were performed to investigate HMX/NMP cocrystal by using the first-principles calculations. Results show that the HMX/NMP cocrystal is equipped with a direct band gap and the interactions between HMX and NMP molecules are rather weak. The O orbits hybridize with H orbits, and the parts of charge transform from H to O atoms by analyzing the DOS. The HMX/NMP cocrystal possesses three types of intermolecular interactions between HMX and NMP; these interactions and the arrangement of two molecules in the structure are the main reasons for the low sensitivity of the cocrystal. The C-H…O type hydrogen bond is the key role in forming the structure, and the strength of the hydrogen bond interaction for C-H…O-N is higher than that of C-H…O-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hua Du
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Southwest Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fu-Sheng Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Southwest Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Jun Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Southwest Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Zhong
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Southwest Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Jian Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Southwest Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, People's Republic of China.
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93
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Wen L, Yu T, Lai W, Shi J, Liu M, Liu Y, Wang B. Intra‐Ring
Bridging: A Strategy for Molecular Design of Highly Energetic Nitramines. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Linyuan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an Shaanxi 710065 China
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 China
| | - Tao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an Shaanxi 710065 China
| | - Weipeng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an Shaanxi 710065 China
| | - Jinwen Shi
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 China
| | - Maochang Liu
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 China
| | - Yingzhe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an Shaanxi 710065 China
| | - Bozhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an Shaanxi 710065 China
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94
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First-principles calculations of the electronic, vibrational, and thermodynamic properties of 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105). Chem Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2021.111232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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95
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Mustapha K, Metwalli KM. A review of fused deposition modelling for 3D printing of smart polymeric materials and composites. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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96
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97
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Chen L, Cao X, Chen Y, Li Q, Wang Y, Wang X, Qin Y, Cao X, Liu J, Shao Z, He W. Biomimetic-Inspired One-Step Strategy for Improvement of Interfacial Interactions in Cellulose Nanofibers by Modification of the Surface of Nitramine Explosives. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:8486-8497. [PMID: 34236199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a burgeoning category of biocompatible botanically derived nanomaterial cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) has captured tremendous attention on account of its entangled nanostructured network, natural abundance, and outstanding mechanical properties. Biomimetically inspired by the superior properties of CNFs, this paper examined them as the coating material to cover cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX), and hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) via a facile water suspension method and the ultrasonic technology. The core-shell structure and the composition of energetic crystal@CNF were examined through scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. The obtained outcomes demonstrated that the dispersibility of the CNF enhanced favorably upon covering the surface of explosive crystals; the interfacial contact ability between CNFs and energetic crystals was also manifested to be increased, which could be ascribed to the interfacial interaction of hydrogen bonds and the electrostatic force of self-assembly. In addition, the stable crystalloid construction of β-HMX and ε-CL-20 has been preserved positively in the preparation process. In comparison with raw explosives, the thermal stability and sensitivity performances of the core-shell structure composites were outstanding. Accordingly, this work demonstrated the rewarding application of coating CNFs uniformly on the surface of energetic crystals, ulteriorly offering a potential fabrication strategy for the embellishment of high-explosive crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Xinfu Cao
- Inner Mongolia Synthetic Chemical and Engineering Institute, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Institute of Chemical Defence, Academy of Military Sciences, Zhijiang, Hubei 443200, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Yingbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Xijin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Yang Qin
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Xiang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Jie Liu
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Ziqiang Shao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Weidong He
- Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
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98
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Balachandar KG, Thangamani A. Novel high performance energetic materials of fluorine-containing 2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenol derivatives with substituted azoles. J Fluor Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2021.109801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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99
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Fawcett-Hirst W, Temple TJ, Ladyman MK, Coulon F. A review of treatment methods for insensitive high explosive contaminated wastewater. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07438. [PMID: 34401549 PMCID: PMC8353291 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Insensitive high explosive materials (IHE) such as 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) and 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) are increasingly being used in formulations of insensitive munitions alongside 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). Load, assembly and packing (LAP) facilities that process munitions produce wastewater contaminated with IHE which must be treated before discharge. Some facilities can produce as much as 90,000 L of contaminated wastewater per day. In this review, methods of wastewater treatment are assessed in terms of their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for their use in production of IHE munitions including their limitations and how they could be applied to industrial scale LAP facilities. Adsorption is identified as a suitable treatment method, however the high solubility of NTO, up to 16.6 g.L-1 which is 180 times higher that of TNT, has the potential to exceed the adsorptive capacity of carbon adsorption systems. The key properties of the adsorptive materials along the selection of adsorption models are highlighted and recommendations on how the limitations of carbon adsorption systems for IHE wastewater can be overcome are offered, including the modification of carbons to increase adsorptive capacity or reduce costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Fawcett-Hirst
- Centre for Defence Chemistry, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UK
| | - Tracey J Temple
- Centre for Defence Chemistry, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UK
| | - Melissa K Ladyman
- Centre for Defence Chemistry, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UK
| | - Frederic Coulon
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, Bedfordshire, UK
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100
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The study of spectroscopy and vibrational assignments of high nitrogen material 1,1'-azobis-1,2,3-triazole. J Mol Model 2021; 27:205. [PMID: 34160692 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-04822-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Benefiting from the new strategy of oxidative azo coupling of the N-NH2 moiety, a series of energetic nitrogen-rich molecules with long catenated nitrogen chains have been successfully synthesized. As one of them, the synthesized 1,1'-azobis-1,2,3-triazole shows excellent thermal stability, great explosive performance, and special photochromic properties, which has caused widespread concern. To further characterize its performance, the structural, electronic, vibrational, mechanical, and thermodynamic properties of 1,1'-azobis-1,2,3-triazole were investigated based on the first-principles density functional theory calculations. The obtained structural parameters are consistent with previous results. We used the band structure, density of states, Mulliken charges, bond populations, and electron density to analyze the electronic properties and chemical bonding. The vibrational frequency regions (396.51-3210.12 cm-1) were assigned to the corresponding vibrational modes. Furthermore, mechanical properties of 1,1'-azobis-1,2,3-triazole are also calculated. Finally, the thermodynamic properties of 1,1'-azobis-1,2,3-triazole were calculated, including the specific heat at constant volume Cv, temperature*entropy TS, enthalpy H, Gibbs free energy G, and Debye temperature ΘD.
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