51
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Barry NPE, Sadler PJ. Dicarba-closo-dodecarborane-containing half-sandwich complexes of ruthenium, osmium, rhodium and iridium: biological relevance and synthetic strategies. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:3264-79. [PMID: 22307021 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs15300a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review describes how the incorporation of dicarba-closo-dodecarboranes into half-sandwich complexes of ruthenium, osmium, rhodium and iridium might lead to the development of a new class of compounds with applications in medicine. Such a combination not only has unexplored potential in traditional areas such as Boron Neutron Capture Therapy agents, but also as pharmacophores for the targeting of biologically important proteins and the development of targeted drugs. The synthetic pathways used for the syntheses of dicarba-closo-dodecarboranes-containing half-sandwich complexes of ruthenium, osmium, rhodium and iridium are also reviewed. Complexes with a wide variety of geometries and characteristics can be prepared. Examples of addition reactions on the metal centre, B-H activation, transmetalation reactions and/or direct formation of metal-metal bonds are discussed (103 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas P E Barry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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52
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Blunden BM, Thomas DS, Stenzel MH. Macromolecular ruthenium complexes as anti-cancer agents. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20439h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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53
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Casini A. Exploring the mechanisms of metal-based pharmacological agents via an integrated approach. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 109:97-106. [PMID: 22342074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The peculiar chemical properties of metal-based drugs impart innovative pharmacological profiles to this class of therapeutic and diagnostic agents, most likely in relation to novel molecular mechanisms still poorly understood. However, inorganic drugs have been scarcely considered for medicinal applications with respect to classical organic compounds due to the prejudice of the relevant toxic effects evidenced in certain cases. Thus, the development of improved metallodrugs requires clearer understanding of their physiological processing and molecular basis of actions. Among the various issues in the area of medicinal inorganic chemistry, the possibility of target elucidation is essential for the identification of new therapeutic applications for metal compounds or as molecular biological tools. Here we present the results of our recent research in the field, which in our opinion constitute the basis of a systematic and interdisciplinary approach to address some of the critical issues in the study of the molecular mechanisms of metallodrugs' action via the implementation of high-resolution biophysical techniques coupled with more pharmacological methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Casini
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. ,
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54
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Bytzek AK, Boeck K, Hermann G, Hann S, Keppler BK, Hartinger CG, Koellensperger G. LC- and CZE-ICP-MS approaches for the in vivo analysis of the anticancer drug candidate sodium trans-[tetrachloridobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)] (KP1339) in mouse plasma. Metallomics 2011; 3:1049-55. [PMID: 21935553 DOI: 10.1039/c1mt00055a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium-indazole complexes are promising anticancer agents undergoing clinical trials. KP1339 is administered intravenously (i.v.), where serum proteins are the first available biological binding partners. In order to gain a better insight into the mode of action, mice were treated with different doses of KP1339 i.v. and sacrificed at different time points. The blood plasma was isolated from blood samples and analyzed by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and size exclusion/anion exchange chromatography (SEC-IC) both combined on-line to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The performance of the analytical methodology was compared and the interaction of KP1339 with mouse plasma proteins characterized in vivo. Interestingly, the samples of the mice treated with 50 mg kg(-1) and terminated after 24 h showed a ca. 4-fold lowered albumin content and increased ruthenation of albumin aggregates as compared to the untreated control group and the 40 mg kg(-1) group. The majority of Ru was bound to albumin and the stoichiometry of the KP1339 protein binding was determined through the molar Ru/S ratio. In general, good agreement of the data obtained with both techniques was achieved and the SEC-IC method was found to be more sensitive as compared to the CZE-ICP-MS approach, whereas the latter benefits from the shorter analysis time and lower sample consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Bytzek
- University of Vienna, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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55
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Nowak-Sliwinska P, van Beijnum JR, Casini A, Nazarov AA, Wagnières G, van den Bergh H, Dyson PJ, Griffioen AW. Organometallic Ruthenium(II) Arene Compounds with Antiangiogenic Activity. J Med Chem 2011; 54:3895-902. [DOI: 10.1021/jm2002074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Nowak-Sliwinska
- Institute of Bio-Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judy R. van Beijnum
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angela Casini
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexey A. Nazarov
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Georges Wagnières
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hubert van den Bergh
- Institute of Bio-Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul J. Dyson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arjan W. Griffioen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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56
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Tan C, Hu S, Liu J, Ji L. Synthesis, characterization, antiproliferative and anti-metastatic properties of two ruthenium–DMSO complexes containing 2,2′-biimidazole. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:1555-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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57
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Groessl M, Zava O, Dyson PJ. Cellular uptake and subcellular distribution of ruthenium-based metallodrugs under clinical investigation versus cisplatin. Metallomics 2011; 3:591-9. [PMID: 21399784 DOI: 10.1039/c0mt00101e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The cellular uptake and subcellular distribution including adduct formation with genomic DNA and uptake into mitochondria of two ruthenium(iii)-based drugs in clinical trials, KP1019 and NAMI-A, and cisplatin, was investigated in cisplatin sensitive and resistant A2780 human ovarian carcinoma cells. These data indicate that reduced metal uptake into mitochondria in combination with increased binding towards low molecular weight components involved in detoxification mechanisms is essential for cisplatin resistance. The ruthenium drugs show distinct differences with respect to cisplatin, especially in the cisplatin resistant cells; in comparison to the sensitive cells, KP1019 exhibits higher cytotoxicity and an only slightly changed metabolism of the drug, whereas NAMI-A treatment results in increased intracellular ruthenium levels and a higher number of ruthenium-DNA adducts. In addition, size exclusion-inductively coupled mass spectrometry indicates that adduct formation with high molecular weight components in the particulate and nuclear fractions is crucial for the therapeutic effect of KP1019 in both cisplatin resistant and sensitive cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Groessl
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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58
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Ang WH, Casini A, Sava G, Dyson PJ. Organometallic ruthenium-based antitumor compounds with novel modes of action. J Organomet Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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59
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Adding diversity to ruthenium(II)–arene anticancer (RAPTA) compounds via click chemistry: The influence of hydrophobic chains. J Organomet Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2010.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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60
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Görmen M, Pigeon P, Top S, Hillard EA, Huché M, Hartinger CG, de Montigny F, Plamont MA, Vessières A, Jaouen G. Synthesis, Cytotoxicity, and COMPARE Analysis of Ferrocene and [3]Ferrocenophane Tetrasubstituted Olefin Derivatives against Human Cancer Cells. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:2039-50. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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61
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Vacchina V, Oguey S, Ionescu C, Bravo D, Lobinski R. Characterization of metal glycinate complexes by electrospray Q-TOF-MS/MS and their determination by capillary electrophoresis–ICP-MS: application to premix samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:435-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3907-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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62
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Ratanaphan A, Temboot P, Dyson P. In vitro Ruthenation of Human Breast Cancer Suppressor Gene 1 (BRCA1) by the Antimetastasis Compound RAPTA-C and Its Analogue CarboRAPTA-C. Chem Biodivers 2010; 7:1290-302. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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63
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Egger AE, Hartinger CG, Renfrew AK, Dyson PJ. Metabolization of [Ru(eta(6)-C (6)H (5)CF (3))(pta)Cl (2)]: a cytotoxic RAPTA-type complex with a strongly electron withdrawing arene ligand. J Biol Inorg Chem 2010; 15:919-27. [PMID: 20364440 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-010-0654-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The anticancer ruthenium-arene compound [Ru(eta(6)-C(6)H(5)CF(3))(pta)Cl(2)] (where pta is 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphatricyclo[3.3.1.1]decane), termed RAPTA-CF3, with the electron-withdrawing alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene ligand, is one of the most cytotoxic RAPTA compounds known. To rationalize the high observed cytotoxicity, the hydrolysis of RAPTA-CF3 in water and brine (100 mM sodium chloride) and its reactions with the protein ubiquitin and a double-stranded oligonucleotide (5'-GTATTGGCACGTA-3') were studied using NMR spectroscopy, high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, and gel electrophoresis. The aquation of the ruthenium-chlorido complex was accompanied by a loss of the arene ligand, independent of the chloride concentration, which is a special property of the compound not observed for other ruthenium-arene complexes with relatively stable ruthenium-arene bonds. Accordingly, the mass spectra of the biomolecule reaction mixtures contained mostly [Ru(pta)]-biomolecule adducts, whereas [Ru(pta)(arene)] adducts typical of other RAPTA compounds were not observed in the protein or DNA binding studies. Gel electrophoresis experiments revealed a significant degree of decomposition of the oligonucleotide, which was more pronounced in the case of RAPTA-CF3 compared with RAPTA-C. Consequently, facile arene loss appears to be responsible for the increased cytotoxicity of RAPTA-CF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Egger
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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64
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Bytzek AK, Reithofer MR, Galanski M, Groessl M, Keppler BK, Hartinger CG. The first example of MEEKC-ICP-MS coupling and its application for the analysis of anticancer platinum complexes. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1144-1150. [PMID: 20349510 PMCID: PMC3512080 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
MEEKC is a powerful electrodriven separation technique with many applications in different disciplines, including medicinal chemistry; however, up to now the coupling to highly sensitive and selective MS detectors was limited due to the ion suppressive effect of the commonly used surfactant SDS. Herein, the first example of the coupling of MEEKC to ICP-MS is presented and an MEEKC method for the separation of Pt(II) and Pt(IV) anticancer drugs and drug candidates was developed. Different compositions of microemulsions were evaluated and the data were compared with those collected with standard ultraviolet/visible (UV/vis) spectroscopy detection. The MEEKC-ICP-MS system was found to be more sensitive than MEEKC-UV/vis and the analysis of UV/vis silent compounds is now achievable. The migration behavior of the Pt(II) and Pt(IV) compounds under investigation is correlated to their different chemical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. Bytzek
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael R. Reithofer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Galanski
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Groessl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard K. Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian G. Hartinger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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65
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Ruthenium versus platinum: interactions of anticancer metallodrugs with duplex oligonucleotides characterised by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. J Biol Inorg Chem 2010; 15:677-88. [PMID: 20213306 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-010-0635-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The binding of the ruthenium-based anticancer drug candidates KP1019, NAMI-A and RAPTA-T towards different double-stranded oligonucleotides was probed by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry and compared with that of the widely used platinum-based chemotherapeutics cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin. It was found that the extent of adduct formation decreased in the following order: cisplatin > oxaliplatin > NAMI-A > RAPTA-T > carboplatin > KP1019. In addition to the characterisation of the adducts formed with the DNA models, the binding sites of the metallodrugs on the oligonucleotides were elucidated employing top-down tandem mass spectrometry and were found to be similar for all the metallodrugs studied, irrespective of the sequence of the oligonucleotide. A strong preference for guanine residues was established.
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66
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Timerbaev AR. Inorganic species analysis by CE â An overview for 2007â2008. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:192-204. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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67
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Foteeva LS, Timerbaev AR. Application of capillary electrophoresis to the analysis of metal-containing pharmaceuticals. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934809120028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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68
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Abstract
Neutral or cationic arene ruthenium complexes providing both hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic properties due to the robustness of the ruthenium-arene unit hold a high potential for the development of metal-based anticancer drugs. Mononuclear arene ruthenium complexes containing P- or N-donor ligands or N,N-, N,O- or O,O-chelating ligands, dinuclear arene ruthenium systems with adjustable organic linkers, trinuclear arene ruthenium clusters containing an oxo cap, tetranuclear arene ruthenium porphyrin derivatives that are photoactive, as well as hexanuclear ruthenium cages that are either empty or filled with other molecules have been shown to be active against a variety of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Süss-Fink
- Institut de Chimie, Université de Neuchâtel, Case postale 158, CH-2009 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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69
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Serum-protein interactions with anticancer Ru(III) complexes KP1019 and KP418 characterized by EPR. J Biol Inorg Chem 2009; 15:131-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-009-0578-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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70
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Abstract
Interest in Ru anticancer drugs has been growing rapidly since NAMI-A ((ImH(+))[Ru(III)Cl(4)(Im)(S-dmso)], where Im = imidazole and S-dmso = S-bound dimethylsulfoxide) or KP1019 ((IndH(+))[Ru(III)Cl(4)(Ind)(2)], where Ind = indazole) have successfully completed phase I clinical trials and an array of other Ru complexes have shown promise for future development. Herein, the recent literature is reviewed critically to ascertain likely mechanisms of action of Ru-based anticancer drugs, with the emphasis on their reactions with biological media. The most likely interactions of Ru complexes are with: (i) albumin and transferrin in blood plasma, the former serving as a Ru depot, and the latter possibly providing active transport of Ru into cells; (ii) collagens of the extracellular matrix and actins on the cell surface, which are likely to be involved in the specific anti-metastatic action of Ru complexes; (iii) regulatory enzymes within the cell membrane and/or in the cytoplasm; and (iv) DNA in the cell nucleus. Some types of Ru complexes can also promote the intracellular formation of free radical species, either through irradiation (photodynamic therapy), or through reactions with cellular reductants. The metabolic pathways involve competition among reduction, aquation, and hydrolysis in the extracellular medium; binding to transport proteins, the extracellular matrix, and cell-surface biomolecules; and diffusion into cells; with the extent to which individual drugs participate in various steps along these pathways being crucial factors in determining whether they are mainly anti-metastatic or cytotoxic. This diversity of modes of action of Ru anticancer drugs is also likely to enhance their anticancer activities and to reduce the potential for them to develop tumour resistance. New approaches to metabolic studies, such as X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence microscopy, are required to provide further mechanistic insights, which could lead to the rational design of improved Ru anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
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71
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Renfrew AK, Phillips AD, Tapavicza E, Scopelliti R, Rothlisberger U, Dyson PJ. Tuning the Efficacy of Ruthenium(II)-Arene (RAPTA) Antitumor Compounds with Fluorinated Arene Ligands. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om900345n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. Renfrew
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrew D. Phillips
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Tapavicza
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Rothlisberger
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul J. Dyson
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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72
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Groessl M, Bytzek A, Hartinger CG. The serum protein binding of pharmacologically active gallium(III) compounds assessed by hyphenated CE-MS techniques. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:2720-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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73
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Electronic structural investigations of ruthenium compounds and anticancer prodrugs. J Biol Inorg Chem 2009; 14:891-8. [PMID: 19350289 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-009-0501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Several Ru(III) compounds are propitious anticancer agents although the precise mechanisms of action remain unknown. With this paper we start to establish an experimental library of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) data for ten Ru compounds wherein the ligands [Cl(-), dimethyl sulfoxide, imidazole, and indazole] were varied systematically to provide electronic structural information for future use in correlating spectroscopic signatures with chemical properties. Despite the considerable difference in the coordination environments of the complexes studied, the overall differences in spectral features and electronic structures calculated using density functional theory are unexpectedly small. However, the differences in the electronic structure of the Ru(III) prodrugs KP1019 ([IndH][trans-RuCl(4)(Ind)(2)], Ind is indazole) and ICR ([ImH][trans-RuCl(4)(Im)(2)], Im is imidazole) observed in the XAS data show correlation with known chemical and biological activities in addition to the donor abilities of imidazole compared with indazole and reduction potentials of the complexes. These semiquantitative results lay the groundwork for future biochemical studies into the structure-function relationships of Ru-based anticancer drugs.
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74
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Auzias M, Gueniat J, Therrien B, Süss-Fink G, Renfrew AK, Dyson PJ. Arene–ruthenium complexes with ferrocene-derived ligands: Synthesis and characterization of complexes of the type [Ru(η6-arene)(NC5H4CH2NHOC-C5H4FeC5H5)Cl2] and [Ru(η6-arene)(NC3H3N(CH2)2O2C–C5H4FeC5H5)Cl2]. J Organomet Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2008.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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75
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Bagowski CP, You Y, Scheffler H, Vlecken DH, Schmitz DJ, Ott I. Naphthalimide gold(i) phosphine complexes as anticancer metallodrugs. Dalton Trans 2009:10799-805. [DOI: 10.1039/b912378d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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76
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Hartinger CG, Jakupec MA, Zorbas-Seifried S, Groessl M, Egger A, Berger W, Zorbas H, Dyson PJ, Keppler BK. KP1019, a new redox-active anticancer agent--preclinical development and results of a clinical phase I study in tumor patients. Chem Biodivers 2008; 5:2140-2155. [PMID: 18972504 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200890195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 649] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The promising drug candidate indazolium trans-[tetrachlorobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)] (KP1019) is the second Ru-based anticancer agent to enter clinical trials. In this review, which is an update of a paper from 2006 (Hartinger et al., J. Inorg. Biochem. 2006, 100, 891-904), the experimental evidence for the proposed mode of action of this coordination compound is discussed, including transport into the cell via the transferrin cycle and activation by reduction. The results of the early clinical development of KP1019 are summarized in which five out of six evaluated patients experienced disease stabilization with no severe side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Hartinger
- University of Vienna, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna.
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77
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Groessl M, Hartinger CG, Połeć-Pawlak K, Jarosz M, Dyson PJ, Keppler BK. Elucidation of the interactions of an anticancer ruthenium complex in clinical trials with biomolecules utilizing capillary electrophoresis hyphenated to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Short communication. Chem Biodivers 2008; 5:1609-1614. [PMID: 18729095 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200890148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The application of capillary electrophoresis (CE) combined with highly sensitive inductively-coupled-plasma mass spectrometric (ICP-MS) detection allows the interactions of metal complexes with biomolecules to be characterized. This technique has been used to provide new insights into the mode of action of the ruthenium-based anticancer drug candidate indazolium [trans-tetrachlorobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)] (KP1019). While the compound binds rapidly and efficiently to serum proteins, especially albumin, its reactivity towards the model DNA compound 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate (5'-dGMP) is moderate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Groessl
- University of Vienna, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna
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Hydrolysis study of the bifunctional antitumour compound RAPTA-C, [Ru(η6-p-cymene)Cl2(pta)]. J Inorg Biochem 2008; 102:1743-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dorcier A, Hartinger CG, Scopelliti R, Fish RH, Keppler BK, Dyson PJ. Studies on the reactivity of organometallic Ru-, Rh- and Os-pta complexes with DNA model compounds. J Inorg Biochem 2007; 102:1066-76. [PMID: 18086499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2007.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Revised: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of arene-metal complexes (arene=p-cymene, benzene or pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, metal=Ru, Rh or Os), including 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphatricyclo-[3.3.1.1]decanephosphine (pta) and chloro co-ligands, with 9-methylguanine, adenine, and a series of nucleosides were studied in water to ascertain the binding modes. The products were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Tandem mass spectrometry was found to provide excellent information on preferential binding sites. In general, the N7 position on guanine (the most basic site) was found to be the preferred donor atom for coordination to the metal complexes. The X-ray structures of the precursor complexes, [(eta5-C10H15)RhCl(pta-Me)2]Cl2, [(eta6-C10H14)OsCl(pta)2]Cl, and [(eta6-C6H6)OsCl2(CH3CN)], are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Dorcier
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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