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Abstract
The most active vitamin D metabolite, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)), is a pleiotropic hormone with wide regulatory actions. Classically, vitamin D deficiency was known to alter calcium and phosphate metabolism and bone biology. In addition, recent epidemiological and experimental studies support the association of vitamin D deficiency with a large variety of human diseases, and particularly with the high risk of colorectal cancer. By regulating the expression of many genes via several mechanisms, 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) induces differentiation, controls the detoxification metabolism and cell phenotype, sensitises cells to apoptosis and inhibits the proliferation of cultured human colon carcinoma cells. Consistently, 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and several of its analogues decrease intestinal tumourigenesis in animal models. Molecular, genetic and clinical data in humans are scarce but they suggest that vitamin D is protective against colon cancer. Clearly, the available evidence warrants new, well-designed, large-scale trials to clarify the role of vitamin D in the prevention and/or therapy of this important neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Pereira
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Darabian S, Rattanasompattikul M, Hatamizadeh P, Bunnapradist S, Budoff MJ, Kovesdy CP, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Cardiorenal syndrome and vitamin D receptor activation in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2012; 31:12-25. [PMID: 26889405 PMCID: PMC4715094 DOI: 10.1016/j.krcp.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) refers to a constellation of conditions whereby heart and kidney diseases are pathophysiologically connected. For clinical purposes, it would be more appropriate to emphasize the pathophysiological pathways to classify CRS into: (1) hemodynamic, (2) atherosclerotic, (3) uremic, (4) neurohumoral, (5) anemic–hematologic, (6) inflammatory–oxidative, (7) vitamin D receptor (VDR) and/or FGF23-, and (8) multifactorial CRS. In recent years, there have been a preponderance data indicating that vitamin D and VDR play an important role in the combination of renal and cardiac diseases. This review focuses on some important findings about VDR activation and its role in CRS, which exists frequently in chronic kidney disease patients and is a main cause of morbidity and mortality. Pathophysiological pathways related to suboptimal or defective VDR activation may play a role in causing or aggravating CRS. VDR activation using newer agents including vitamin D mimetics (such as paricalcitol and maxacalcitol) are promising agents, which may be related to their selectivity in activating VDR by means of attracting different post-D-complex cofactors. Some, but not all, studies have confirmed the survival advantages of D-mimetics as compared to non-selective VDR activators. Higher doses of D-mimetic per unit of parathyroid hormone (paricalcitol to parathyroid hormone ratio) is associated with greater survival, and the survival advantages of African American dialysis patients could be explained by higher doses of paricalcitol (>10 μg/week). More studies are needed to verify these data and to explore additional avenues for CRS management via modulating VDR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirous Darabian
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA; St. John Cardiovascular Reserach Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Manoch Rattanasompattikul
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Parta Hatamizadeh
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | | | - Matthew J Budoff
- St. John Cardiovascular Reserach Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | | | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Donkena KV, Young CYF. Vitamin d, sunlight and prostate cancer risk. Adv Prev Med 2011; 2011:281863. [PMID: 21991434 PMCID: PMC3170721 DOI: 10.4061/2011/281863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second common cancer in men worldwide. The prevention of prostate cancer remains a challenge to researchers and clinicians. Here, we review the relationship of vitamin D and sunlight to prostate cancer risk. Ultraviolet radiation of the sunlight is the main stimulator for vitamin D production in humans. Vitamin D's antiprostate cancer activities may be involved in the actions through the pathways mediated by vitamin D metabolites, vitamin D metabolizing enzymes, vitamin D receptor (VDR), and VDR-regulated genes. Although laboratory studies including the use of animal models have shown that vitamin D has antiprostate cancer properties, whether it can effectively prevent the development and/or progression of prostate cancer in humans remains to be inconclusive and an intensively studied subject. This review will provide up-to-date information regarding the recent outcomes of laboratory and epidemiology studies on the effects of vitamin D on prostate cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Vanaja Donkena
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Charles Y. F. Young
- Departments of Urology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Staunstrup NH, Sharma N, Bak RO, Svensson L, Petersen TK, Aarenstrup L, Kristiansen K, Bolund L, Mikkelsen JG. A Sleeping Beauty DNA transposon-based genetic sensor for functional screening of vitamin D3 analogues. BMC Biotechnol 2011; 11:33. [PMID: 21473770 PMCID: PMC3083354 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-11-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Analogues of vitamin D3 are extensively used in the treatment of various illnesses, such as osteoporosis, inflammatory skin diseases, and cancer. Functional testing of new vitamin D3 analogues and formulations for improved systemic and topical administration is supported by sensitive screening methods that allow a comparative evaluation of drug properties. As a new tool in functional screening of vitamin D3 analogues, we describe a genomically integratable sensor for sensitive drug detection. This system facilitates assessment of the pharmacokinetic and pharmadynamic properties of vitamin D3 analogues. The tri-cistronic genetic sensor encodes a drug-sensoring protein, a reporter protein expressed from an activated sensor-responsive promoter, and a resistance marker. Results The three expression cassettes, inserted in a head-to-tail orientation in a Sleeping Beauty DNA transposon vector, are efficiently inserted as a single genetic entity into the genome of cells of interest in a reaction catalyzed by the hyperactive SB100X transposase. The applicability of the sensor for screening purposes is demonstrated by the functional comparison of potent synthetic analogues of vitamin D3 designed for the treatment of psoriasis and cancer. In clones of human keratinocytes carrying from a single to numerous insertions of the vitamin D3 sensor, a sensitive sensor read-out is detected upon exposure to even low concentrations of vitamin D3 analogues. In comparative studies, the sensor unveils superior potency of new candidate drugs in comparison with analogues that are currently in clinical use. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate the use of the genetic sensor as a tool in first-line evaluation of new vitamin D3 analogues and pave the way for new types of drug delivery studies in sensor-transgenic animals.
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Gynther P, Toropainen S, Matilainen JM, Seuter S, Carlberg C, Väisänen S. Mechanism of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)-dependent repression of interleukin-12B. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1813:810-8. [PMID: 21310195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is a heterodimeric, pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a central role in activation and differentiation of CD4(+) T cells into interferon-γ secreting T-helper type 1 cells. IL-12B, a gene encoding the larger subunit of active IL-12, has been reported to be down-regulated by the nuclear hormone 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1α,25(OH)(2)D(3)), but the mechanism of the regulation is unknown. In this study, we have examined the molecular mechanism of transcriptional regulation of the IL-12B gene by 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated human monocytes (THP-1). Quantitative RT-PCR showed that IL-12B mRNA displays a cyclical expression profile and is down-regulated 2.8-fold during the first 8h and even 12.1-fold 24h after exposure to 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3). Gel shift and quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays demonstrated vitamin D receptor (VDR) binding to genomic regions 480 and 6300bp upstream of the IL-12B transcription start site (TSS). Quantitative ChIP assays also revealed that together with VDR and its partner RXR the above regions recruited the co-repressor NCOR2/SMRT and histone deacetylase 3 leading to a decreased histone 4 acetylation and increased histone 3 trimethylation at the IL-12B promoter and its TSS. We suggest that these repressive epigenetic changes eventually cause down-regulation of IL-12 expression. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 11th European Symposium on Calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Gynther
- Department of Biosciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Hancock WW. Rationale for HDAC inhibitor therapy in autoimmunity and transplantation. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2011; 206:103-23. [PMID: 21879448 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-21631-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
While there are currently more than 70 ongoing clinical trials of inhibitors of so-called classical HDACs (HDACi) as anticancer therapies, given their potency as antiproliferative and angiostatic agents, HDACi also have considerable therapeutic potential as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs. The utility of HDACi as anti-inflammatory agents is dependent upon their proving safe and effective in experimental models. Current pan-HDACi compounds are not well suited to this role, given the broad distribution of target HDACs and their complex and multifaceted mechanisms of action. In contrast, the development of isoform-selective HDACi may provide important new tools for therapy in autoimmunity and transplantation. This chapter discusses which HDACs are worthwhile targets in inflammation and progress toward their therapeutic inhibition, including the use of HDAC subclass and isoform-selective HDACi to promote the functions of Foxp3+ T regulatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne W Hancock
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 916B Abramson Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, USA.
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Milovanovic M, Heine G, Hallatschek W, Opitz B, Radbruch A, Worm M. Vitamin D receptor binds to the ε germline gene promoter and exhibits transrepressive activity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:1016-23, 1023.e1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Matilainen JM, Husso T, Toropainen S, Seuter S, Turunen MP, Gynther P, Ylä-Herttuala S, Carlberg C, Väisänen S. Primary effect of 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ on IL-10 expression in monocytes is short-term down-regulation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1803:1276-86. [PMID: 20691220 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The biologically most active vitamin D compound, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (1α,25(OH)₂D₃), influences the status of inflammation by modulating the expression of several cytokine genes. In this study, we have examined the mechanism of transcriptional regulation of interleukin 10 (IL-10) by 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated human monocytes (THP-1). Quantitative PCR showed that IL-10 mRNA expression was significantly down-regulated (2.8-fold) during the first 8h of 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ treatment, while after 48 h it was up-regulated (3-fold). Gel shift and quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed that the vitamin D receptor (VDR) binds in a cyclical fashion to a promoter region 1500-1700 bp upstream of the IL-10 transcription start site (TSS) containing two conserved VDR binding sites. Targeting of VDR binding sites by enhancer specific duplex RNAs revealed that only the more distal element is functional and chromosome conformation capture analysis suggested that this region loops 1α,25(OH)₂D₃-dependently to the TSS. Quantitative ChIP and micrococcal nuclease assays also revealed 1α,25(OH)₂D₃-dependent cyclical epigenetic changes and nucleosome remodeling at this promoter region. In conclusion, in LPS-treated THP-1 cells the primary effect of 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ on IL-10 expression is down-regulation, which is achieved via a cyclical recruitment of VDR to the promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha M Matilainen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Eastern Finland, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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