51
|
Wessels I, Rink L. Micronutrients in autoimmune diseases: possible therapeutic benefits of zinc and vitamin D. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 77:108240. [PMID: 31841960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A functional immune system is essential for healthy life. This is achieved by the coordinate activation and interaction of different immune cells. One should be aware that activation of the immune response is as important as its deactivation when the pathogens are cleared, as otherwise host tissue can be damaged up to life-threatening levels. Autoimmune diseases (AID) represent a phenomenon of immune cells attacking host cells and tissue. Five to eight percent of the world's population are currently affected by 80-100 AID. In recent years, the incidence has been constantly increasing, reaching alarmingly high numbers particularly for type 1 diabetes mellitus, Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome and multiple sclerosis. This indicates a higher societal burden of AID for the future. This article provides an overview of general concepts of triggers and underlying mechanisms leading to self-destruction. Lately, several original concepts of disease etiology were revised, and there is a variety of hypotheses on triggers, underlying mechanisms and preventive actions. This article concentrates on the importance of nutrition, especially zinc and vitamin D, for balancing the immune function. Homespun nutritional remedies seem to reenter today's therapeutic strategies. Current treatment approaches are largely symptomatic or suppress the immune system. However, recent studies reveal significant benefits of nutrition-related therapeutic approaches including prevention and treatment of established disease, which offer a cost-efficient and trigger-unspecific alternative addressing balancing rather than suppression of the immune system. Zinc and vitamin D are currently the best studied and most promising candidates for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inga Wessels
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Emerging role of innate B1 cells in the pathophysiology of autoimmune and neuroimmune diseases: Association with inflammation, oxidative and nitrosative stress and autoimmune responses. Pharmacol Res 2019; 148:104408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
53
|
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Tsubata
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Karim MR, Wang YF. Phenotypic identification of CD19 +CD5 +CD1d + regulatory B cells that produce interleukin 10 and transforming growth factor β 1 in human peripheral blood. Arch Med Sci 2019; 15:1176-1183. [PMID: 31572462 PMCID: PMC6764295 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2018.77772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Regulatory B cells (Bregs), a novel subpopulation of B cells, are a significant area of research due to their immune regulatory function in the immunological response. Bregs have been reported to regulate acute inflammation and immunity through the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. MATERIAL AND METHODS A B cell subpopulation was identified using flow cytometric analysis in two different processes: 1) after preparation and storage of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using Ficoll density gradient centrifugation from a human blood sample, 2) followed by isolation and storage of B cells through magnetic separation using a B cell isolation kit and MS column. ELISA assays were performed to observe the cytokine production of interkleukin 10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) by this novel B cell subpopulation. RESULTS Double positive staining of CD5+CD1d+ Bregs represents (19.27 ±1.52) from PBMCs, (33.32 ±2.95) from B cells accordingly (n = 40). Through ELISA assays, it has been found that B cell subpopulation produces IL-10 (0.56 ±0.08) and TGF-β1 (0.90 ±0.12) (n = 40). CONCLUSIONS These methods should be able to facilitate progress in research on Bregs through the following steps: 1) the regulatory role may be observed in comparison with particular autoimmune diseases, inflammation, cancer, and immunologic responses to find out whether Breg alteration and/or cytokine production is altered as well in these disorders or conditions. 2) If the alteration of Bregs and cytokine production is significant along with the clinical correlation, a further in vitro study can be initiated with exposure of certain drugs to overcome the alteration of the cytokine production; then, an in vivo study can be initiated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Rezaul Karim
- Department of Neurology, Taihe Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Biomedical Research Institute of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yun-Fu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Taihe Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Biomedical Research Institute of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Understanding regulatory B cells in autoimmune diseases: the case of multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 61:26-32. [PMID: 31445312 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The suppressive function of B cells is mediated mostly through their provision of cytokines with anti-inflammatory properties, in particular interleukin-10. This B cell activity has been convincingly described in mice with autoimmune, infectious, as well as malignant diseases, and evidence is accumulating of its relevance in human. This review provides a personal view of this B cell function using multiple sclerosis and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis as representative examples, in an attempt to bridge observations obtained in mice and human, with the goal of providing a coherent transversal framework to further explore this field, and eventually manipulate this B cell function therapeutically.
Collapse
|
56
|
IL-10-producing regulatory B cells and plasmocytes: Molecular mechanisms and disease relevance. Semin Immunol 2019; 44:101323. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
57
|
Wei Y, Chang H, Feng H, Li X, Zhang X, Yin L. Low Serum Interleukin-10 Is an Independent Predictive Factor for the Risk of Second Event in Clinically Isolated Syndromes. Front Neurol 2019; 10:604. [PMID: 31244763 PMCID: PMC6579832 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluated the prognostic ability of several serum cytokines in clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) patients regarding second events and conversion to multiple sclerosis (MS) or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Methods: We enrolled 69 CIS patients whose serum samples were collected during the acute phase of the first onset before immunotherapy. Fifteen other non-inflammatory neurological disorder (OND) patients were also included. The serum levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-21, IL-23, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) were measured using the human cytokine multiplex assay or ELISA. Patients were seen every 3-6 months. Unscheduled visits occur in case of exacerbations. Clinical measures of disease progression were recorded. Results: Twenty CIS cases had second events during follow-up at a mean time of 15.3 ± 9.9 months. Serum IL-10 levels were significantly lower in CIS patients who relapsed compared to patients who did not. Low serum IL-10 levels were associated with higher risk and shorter times to second events. In clinical correlations, a significantly higher CSF white blood cells count, number of T2 lesions, and gadolinium-enhancing (Gd+) lesions in baseline MRI were found in the low serum IL-10 level group. Of the 20 relapsed cases, seven converted to MS, and eight converted to NMOSD. No significant differences were found in any cytokine levels between these patients at first onset. Conclusions: These findings support using serum IL-10 as a biomarker associated with the risk of relapse and the time to second events in patients with CIS. However, serum cytokine levels can not differentiate between the conversion from CIS to MS or NMOSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Wei
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Haoxiao Chang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Feng
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xindi Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xinghu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Yin
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Moore DK, Loxton AG. Regulatory B lymphocytes: development and modulation of the host immune response during disease. Immunotherapy 2019; 11:691-704. [DOI: 10.2217/imt-2018-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of B lymphocytes (B cells) in immunogenic responses has become increasingly important over the past decade, focusing on a new B-cell subtype: regulatory B-cells (Bregs). These Bregs have been shown to possess potent immunosuppressive activities and have identified as key players in disease control and immune tolerance. In this review, the occurrence of Breg type in various conditions, along with evidence supporting discovered functions and proposed purposes will be explored. An example of such regulatory functions includes the induction or suppression of various T lymphocyte phenotypes in response to a particular stimulus. Should Bregs prove effective in mediating immune responses, and correlate with favorable disease outcome, they may serve as a novel therapeutic to combat disease and prevent infection. However, the induction, function and stability of these cells remain unclear and further investigation is needed to better understand their role and therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dannielle K Moore
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, 8000
- South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, 8000
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Division of Molecular Biology & Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, 8000
| | - Andre G Loxton
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, 8000
- South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, 8000
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Division of Molecular Biology & Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, 8000
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Short-term changes in frequencies of circulating leukocytes associated with narrowband UVB phototherapy in people with clinically isolated syndrome. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7980. [PMID: 31138860 PMCID: PMC6538725 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44488-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) is the earliest clinical episode in multiple sclerosis (MS). Low environmental exposure to UV radiation is implicated in risk of developing MS, and therefore, narrowband UVB phototherapy might delay progression to MS in people with CIS. Twenty individuals with CIS were recruited, and half were randomised to receive 24 sessions of narrowband UVB phototherapy over a period of 8 weeks. Here, the effects of narrowband UVB phototherapy on the frequencies of circulating immune cells and immunoglobulin levels after phototherapy are reported. Peripheral blood samples for all participants were collected at baseline, and 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 months after enrolment. An extensive panel of leukocyte populations, including subsets of T cells, B cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells were examined in phototherapy-treated and control participants, and immunoglobulin levels measured in serum. There were significant short-term increases in the frequency of naïve B cells, intermediate monocytes, and fraction III FoxP3+ T regulatory cells, and decreases in switched memory B cells and classical monocytes in phototherapy-treated individuals. Since B cells are increasingly targeted by MS therapies, the effects of narrowband UVB phototherapy in people with MS should be investigated further.
Collapse
|
60
|
Xu C, Zhang M, Li K, Ni M, Bai Y, Zhang J, Song X, Wang J. CD24 hiCD38 hi B regulatory cells from patients with end plate inflammation presented reduced functional potency. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 70:295-301. [PMID: 30851710 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Problem due to disc degeneration is frequently found in the aging population. However, severe pain and accompanying end plate inflammation is only found in a small subset of patients, who can be of a younger age than most people with severe disc degeneration, with no apparent cause. We hypothesized that deficiencies in B regulatory (Breg) cells might contribute to the aberrant inflammation in these patients. However, we found that the frequency of CD24hiCD38hi Breg cells was significantly higher in patients than in controls. To investigate Breg function, CD24hiCD38hi Breg cells were stimulated via CD40L/αIg and via Staphylococcus aureus Cowan. Interestingly, the expression of IL-10 and TGF-β1 was significantly lower in patients than in controls. The expression of PD-L1 was comparable between patient CD24hiCD38hi Bregs and control CD24hiCD38hi Bregs. Control CD24hiCD38hi Bregs, but not patient CD24hiCD38hi Bregs, could suppress the expression of TBX21 and RORC2 in stimulated CD4+ T cells, in a manner that was dependent on IL-10 and PD-L1. The expression of FOXP3, on the other hand, was dependent on TGF-β. In addition, PD-L1 reduced the viability of CD4+ T cells. Together, we demonstrated that the patients with end plate inflammation did not present a reduction in CD19+CD24hiCD38hi Breg frequency, but presented a reduction in CD19+CD24hiCD38hi Breg function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengping Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Pudong New Area People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiyan Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Pudong New Area People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Ni
- Department of Orthopedics, Pudong New Area People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunpeng Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, Pudong New Area People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Pudong New Area People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Pudong New Area People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Pudong New Area People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Sun H, Zhang Y, Song W, Yin L, Wang G, Yu D, Zhang Q, Yan X, Li S. IgM +CD27 + B cells possessed regulatory function and represented the main source of B cell-derived IL-10 in the synovial fluid of osteoarthritis patients. Hum Immunol 2019; 80:263-269. [PMID: 30769033 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Synovial inflammation is observed in patients with osteoathritis (OA) and likely contributed to its exacerbation. Regulatory B (Breg) cells are shown to suppress inflammation in various diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To examine whether Breg cells also participated in OA, we examined the synovial fluid from OA patients, and compared with that in RA patients. In OA synovial fluid, IL-10-producing B cells were present directly ex vivo and were increased upon stimulation, indicating that B cells were a source of IL-10 directly at the affected site of OA patients. Interestingly, the frequency of IL-10+ cells in synovial B cells was higher in OA patients than in RA patients, but the total number of IL-10+ B cells in OA was lower than that in RA, suggesting that OA patients presented lower B cell infiltration than RA patients. Phenotypical analysis demonstrated that the IL-10+ B cells were IgM+ and CD27+, but not CD24hi or CD38hi. To allow functional analysis of IgM+CD27+ B cells, the IgM+CD27+ B cells in the blood of OA patients were examined. These blood IgM+CD27+ B cells expressed more IL-10, but less CD80 and CD86 than non-IgM+CD27+ B cells. Blood IgM+CD27+ B cells suppressed the proliferation and IFN-γ expression of autologous T cells, and this effect could be reverted if IL-10 was inhibited. Furthermore, we found that patients with more severe OA presented lower levels of IL-10+ B cells in the synovial fluid. Together, our study described an IgM+CD27+ B cell subset in OA patients, which represented the major IL-10-secreting B cell type in the synovial fluid of OA patients and possessed regulatory function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaqiang Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yeyong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Weiguo Song
- Pharmacology Center, Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Luxu Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Gongteng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dejia Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xinfeng Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shufeng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Dimitrijević M, Arsenović-Ranin N, Kosec D, Bufan B, Nacka-Aleksić M, Pilipović I, Leposavić G. Sexual dimorphism in Th17/Treg axis in lymph nodes draining inflamed joints in rats with collagen-induced arthritis. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 76:198-214. [PMID: 30476564 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.11.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen type II-induced arthritis (CIA) in Dark Agouti rats, a model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), reproduces sexual dimorphism in the incidence and severity of the human disease. Th17 cells are central in the induction/propagation of autoimmune inflammation in CIA and RA. To assess mechanisms underlying this dimorphism in CIA rats, in lymph nodes draining inflamed joints and adjacent tissues (dLNs) from CIA rats of both sexes Th17/CD25+Foxp3+CD4+ T-regulatory cell (Treg) ratio, Th17 cell redifferentiation in functionally distinct subsets and Treg transdifferentiation into IL-17-producing cells (exTregs) were examined. In female rats (developing more severe CIA than their male counterparts) the higher frequency of all Th17 cells (reflecting partly their greater proliferation), followed by the higher frequency of highly pathogenic IFN-γ/GM-CSF-co-producing cells, but lower frequency of less pathogenic/immunoregulatory IL-10-producing cells among them was found. Additionally, compared with male rats, in female rats the lower frequency of Tregs was observed. Moreover, Tregs from female rats exhibited diminished proliferative and suppressive capacity (judging by PD-1 expression) and enhanced conversion into IL-17-producing cells. Given that TGF-β concentration was comparable in collagen-type II-stimulated dLN cell cultures from female and male rats, the shift in Th17/Treg ratio followed by augmented Th17 cell redifferentiation into IFN-γ/GM-CSF-co-producing cells and Treg transdifferentiation into IL-17-producing cells in female rats was associated with increased concentration of IL-6 in female rat dLN cell cultures, and the higher frequency of IL-1β- and IL-23-producing cells among their dLN cells. The lower frequency of IL-10-producing B cells, presumably B regulatory cells (Bregs) could also contribute to the shift in Th17/Treg ratio in female rat compared with male rat dLNs. Consistently, the lower expression of IL-35 (the cytokine promoting Treg expansion directly and indirectly, by favoring Breg expansion and conversion into IL-10/IL-35-producing cells) in female rat dLN cells was detected. Thus, the study identified putative cellular and molecular substrates of the sexual dimorphism in the immunopathogenesis and clinical outcome of CIA and suggested mechanisms to be targeted in females to improve control of Th17 response, and consequently clinical outcome of CIA, and possibly RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Dimitrijević
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Nevena Arsenović-Ranin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Duško Kosec
- Immunology Research Center, Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", Vojvode Stepe 458, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Bufan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Nacka-Aleksić
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Pilipović
- Immunology Research Center, Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", Vojvode Stepe 458, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Leposavić
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, Serbia.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Severa M, Zhang J, Giacomini E, Rizzo F, Etna MP, Cruciani M, Garaci E, Chopp M, Coccia EM. Thymosins in multiple sclerosis and its experimental models: moving from basic to clinical application. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 27:52-60. [PMID: 30317071 PMCID: PMC7104151 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) afflicts more than 2.5 million individuals worldwide and this number is increasing over time. Within the past years, a great number of disease-modifying treatments have emerged; however, efficacious treatments and a cure for MS await discovery. Thymosins, soluble hormone-like peptides produced by the thymus gland, can mediate immune and non-immune physiological processes and have gained interest in recent years as therapeutics in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. METHODS Pubmed was searched with no time constraints for articles using a combination of the keywords "thymosin/s" or "thymus factor/s" AND "multiple sclerosis", mesh terms with no language restriction. RESULTS Here, we review the state-of-the-art on the effects of thymosins on MS and its experimental models. In particular, we describe what is known in this field on the roles of thymosin-α1 (Tα1) and -β4 (Tβ4) as potential anti-inflammatory as well as neuroprotective and remyelinating molecules and their mechanisms of action. CONCLUSION Based on the data that Tα1 and Tβ4 act as anti-inflammatory molecules and as inducers of myelin repair and neuronal protection, respectively, a possible therapeutic application in MS for Tα1 and Tβ4 alone or combined with other approved drugs may be envisaged. This approach is reasonable in light of the current clinical usage of Tα1 and data demonstrating the safety, tolerability and efficacy of Tβ4 in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Severa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Elena Giacomini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Rizzo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marilena Paola Etna
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Melania Cruciani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Garaci
- University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Lundqvist S, Modvig S, Fischer EA, Frederiksen JL, Degn M. Frequency and immunophenotype of IL10-producing regulatory B cells in optic neuritis. Immunology 2018; 156:259-269. [PMID: 30452090 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse models of multiple sclerosis (MS) have shown the importance of interleukin-10 (IL-10) -producing regulatory B (Breg) cells in dampening disease activity and inhibiting disease initiation and progression. In MS and other autoimmune diseases decreased frequency and functionality of Breg cells correlate with disease activity and the percentage of IL-10-producing Breg cells decreases during relapse and normalizes in remission. Optic neuritis (ON) is a common first clinical manifestation of MS and IL-10-producing Breg cells may be crucial in the transition from ON to MS, we therefore investigate the frequency and function of Breg cells in ON as a clinical model of early demyelinating disease. B cells were purified from 27 patients with ON sampled close to symptom onset (median 23 days, range 7-41 days) and 13 healthy controls. The B cells were stimulated and cultured for 48 hr with CD40 ligand and CpG before measurement of intracellular IL-10 and the surface markers CD19, CD1d, CD5, CD24, CD38 and CD27 by flow cytometry. The frequency of B-cell subsets was analysed in peripheral blood and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of patients. Sixty-five per cent of the IL-10-producing Breg cells co-expressed CD24 and CD38, and only 14% were CD24high CD27+ , suggesting that the naive B cells are the primary source of IL-10 in the B-cell culture, followed by memory cells in both healthy controls and patients. The frequency of naive CD19+ CD24+ CD38+ Breg cells was higher in patients with ON compared with controls. The ability of Breg cells to produce IL-10 was at normal levels in both ON patients with high risk and those with low risk of progression to MS. We found no correlation between Breg cell function and the presence of brain white matter lesions by magnetic resonance imaging or CSF oligoclonal bands indicative of ON patients carrying a higher risk of conversion to MS. The frequencies of IL-10-producing B cells did not correlate with the conversion to MS at 2-year follow up. Interleukin-10 was primarily produced by naive and memory B cells. The frequency of IL-10-secreting B cells did not correlate with risk factors of MS. Breg cell function at clinical onset of ON is not a determining factor for conversion to MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lundqvist
- MS Clinic, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Signe Modvig
- MS Clinic, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Emilie A Fischer
- MS Clinic, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Jette L Frederiksen
- MS Clinic, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Matilda Degn
- MS Clinic, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Montes Diaz G, Hupperts R, Fraussen J, Somers V. Dimethyl fumarate treatment in multiple sclerosis: Recent advances in clinical and immunological studies. Autoimmun Rev 2018; 17:1240-1250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
66
|
Abati E, Faravelli I, Magri F, Govoni A, Velardo D, Gagliardi D, Mauri E, Brusa R, Bresolin N, Fabio G, Comi GP, Carrabba M, Corti S. Central Nervous System Involvement in Common Variable Immunodeficiency: A Case of Acute Unilateral Optic Neuritis in a 26-Year-Old Italian Patient. Front Neurol 2018; 9:1031. [PMID: 30555409 PMCID: PMC6284006 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) is a group of heterogeneous primary immunodeficiencies sharing defective B lymphocytes maturation and dysregulated immune response and resulting in impaired immunoglobulin production. Clinical picture encompasses increased susceptibility to infections, hematologic malignancies, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases. Neurological manifestations are uncommon and optic neuritis has been previously reported only in one case with bilateral involvement. We hereby report a case of a 26-year-old man affected by CVID undergoing regular immunoglobulin supplementation, who presented with acute unilateral demyelinating optic neuritis and lymphocytic pleocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid. A variety of infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic conditions were excluded and a diagnosis of clinically isolated optic neuritis was made. The patient was treated with a short course of intravenous steroids with complete recovery. Overall, this case expands our current knowledge about clinical spectrum of complications in CVID and highlights the need for further research about this complex disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Abati
- Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Faravelli
- Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Magri
- Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Govoni
- Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Velardo
- Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Delia Gagliardi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Mauri
- Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Brusa
- Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nereo Bresolin
- Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Fabio
- Department of Internal Medicine, IPINet Primary Immunodeficiency Centre for Adult Care, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Pietro Comi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Carrabba
- Department of Internal Medicine, IPINet Primary Immunodeficiency Centre for Adult Care, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Corti
- Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Oleinika K, Mauri C, Salama AD. Effector and regulatory B cells in immune-mediated kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2018; 15:11-26. [DOI: 10.1038/s41581-018-0074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
68
|
Regulatory B and T lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis: friends or foes? AUTOIMMUNITY HIGHLIGHTS 2018; 9:9. [PMID: 30415321 PMCID: PMC6230324 DOI: 10.1007/s13317-018-0109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Current clinical experience with immunomodulatory agents and monoclonal antibodies in principle has established the benefit of depleting lymphocytic populations in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). B and T cells may exert multiple pro-inflammatory actions, but also possess regulatory functions making their role in RRMS pathogenesis much more complex. There is no clear correlation of Tregs and Bregs with clinical features of the disease. Herein, we discuss the emerging data on regulatory T and B cell subset distributions in MS and their roles in the pathophysiology of MS and its murine model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In addition, we summarize the immunomodulatory properties of certain MS therapeutic agents through their effect on such regulatory cell subsets and their relevance to clinical outcomes.
Collapse
|
69
|
Restoration of regulatory B cell deficiency following alemtuzumab therapy in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:300. [PMID: 30373595 PMCID: PMC6206644 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1334-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Regulatory B cells (Bregs), which protect from autoimmunity, are deficient in multiple sclerosis (MS). Novel regulatory B cell subsets CD19+CD24hiCD38hi cells and CD19+PD-L1hi cells, with disparate regulatory mechanisms have been defined. Alemtuzumab provides a long-lasting suppression of disease activity in MS. In contrast to its documented efficacy, alemtuzumab’s mechanism of action is not fully understood and information about the composition of repopulating B cell pool is scarce. Aim To characterize repopulated B cell subsets and elucidate alemtuzumab’s mechanism of action in B cell perspective. Methods The frequency and the absolute number of Bregs were studied in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 37 MS patients and 11 healthy controls (HC). Longitudinal analysis of the frequency and the absolute number of Bregs in PBMC of 11 MS patients was evaluated, before and at 6, 9, and 12 months post alemtuzumab. Results We found deficiency of CD19+CD24hiCD38hi cells during relapse compared to remission and HC (relapse vs remission: p = 0.0006, relapse vs HC: p = 0.0004). CD19+PD-L1hi cells were deficient during relapse than remission and HC (relapse vs remission: p = 0.0113, relapse vs HC: p = 0.0007). Following alemtuzumab, the distribution of B cells shifts towards naïve phenotype and Breg deficiency is restored. The frequency of CD19+CD24hiCD38hi cells was significantly increased at 6 M and 9 M compared to 0 M (6 M vs 0 M: p = 0.0004, 9 M vs 0 M: p = 0.0079). At 9 M, the frequency of CD19+CD24hiCD38hi cells started to decrease and by 12 M the frequency was reduced compared to 6 M, although it was significantly higher than baseline level (12 M vs 0 M: p = 0.0257). The absolute number was significantly increased at 6 M and 9 M post-alemtuzumab (6 M vs 0 M: p = 0.0063, 9 M vs 0 M: p = 0.02). The frequency of CD19+PD-L1hi cells significantly increased until 12 M (6 M vs 0 M: p = 0.0004, 12 M vs 0 M: p = 0.0036). The frequency of CD19+PD-L1hi cells at 12 M was significantly higher than 9 M (p = 0.0311). We further pinpoint that CD19+CD24hiCD38hi cells were deficient at severe relapses following alemtuzumab infusion and restored during recovery. Conclusions Our results highlight the preferential reconstitution of Bregs as a possible mechanism of action of alemtuzumab and CD19+CD24hiCD38hi cells as a potential biomarker for disease activity.
Collapse
|
70
|
Yilmaz V, Maillard S, Truffault F, Bolgert F, Behin A, Regnard JF, Berrih-Aknin S, Le Panse R. Regulatory B cells in myasthenia gravis are differentially affected by therapies. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:1408-1414. [PMID: 30480034 PMCID: PMC6243377 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the number and functionality of regulatory B (Breg) cells in well‐defined myasthenia gravis patients. We first showed a decreased number of circulating CD19+CD24++CD38++ Breg cells and an altered functionality of Breg cells in untreated myasthenia gravis patients. Next, we demonstrated that the proportion of circulating Breg cells was restored in myasthenia gravis patients after thymectomy, probably as Breg cells could be sequestered in the myasthenia gravis thymus. In contrast, corticosteroid treatments did not restore and decreased even more the proportion of Breg cells in myasthenia gravis patients. These results clearly demonstrated that two distinct immunomodulatory therapies affect differentially Breg cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vuslat Yilmaz
- Department of Neuroscience Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medical Research (DETAE) Istanbul University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Solène Maillard
- Center of Research in Myology Sorbonne University INSERM AIM UMRS974 Paris France
| | - Frédérique Truffault
- Center of Research in Myology Sorbonne University INSERM AIM UMRS974 Paris France
| | - Francis Bolgert
- Department of Neurology APHP Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital Paris France
| | - Anthony Behin
- Neuromuscular Disease Center APHP AIM Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital Paris France
| | - Jean-François Regnard
- Department of Thoracic Surgery Cochin Hospital of Paris APHP René Descartes University Paris France
| | - Sonia Berrih-Aknin
- Center of Research in Myology Sorbonne University INSERM AIM UMRS974 Paris France
| | - Rozen Le Panse
- Center of Research in Myology Sorbonne University INSERM AIM UMRS974 Paris France
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Medrano M, Carrillo-Cruz E, Montero I, Perez-Simon JA. Vitamin D: Effect on Haematopoiesis and Immune System and Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092663. [PMID: 30205552 PMCID: PMC6164750 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a steroid-like hormone which acts by binding to vitamin D receptor (VDR). It plays a main role in the calcium homeostasis and metabolism. In addition, vitamin D display other important effects called “non-classical actions.” Among them, vitamin D regulates immune cells function and hematopoietic cells differentiation and proliferation. Based on these effects, it is currently being evaluated for the treatment of hematologic malignancies. In addition, vitamin D levels have been correlated with patients’ outcome after allogeneic stem cell transplantation, where it might regulate immune response and, accordingly, might influence the risk of graft-versus-host disease. Here, we present recent advances regarding its clinical applications both in the treatment of hematologic malignancies and in the transplant setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayte Medrano
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS/CSIC/CIBERONC), Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Estrella Carrillo-Cruz
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS/CSIC/CIBERONC), Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Isabel Montero
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS/CSIC/CIBERONC), Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Jose A Perez-Simon
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS/CSIC/CIBERONC), Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Xiao X, Lian M, Zhang W, Eric Gershwin M, Ma X. The Immunologic Paradoxes of IgG4-Related Disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2018; 54:344-351. [PMID: 29460058 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-018-8679-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD), which usually occurs in middle-aged and elderly men, is a newly recognized fibroinflammatory condition characterized by swelling and sclerosis of involved organs, increased IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltration in lesions, and elevated IgG4 concentration in serum. Despite growing interest in the research, the pathophysiological mechanism remains elusive. Most IgG4-RD patients respond well to steroid therapy initially, but recurrent and refractory cases are common, especially in advanced fibrotic stage. Recent studies have documented the heterogeneity of the B cell lineages, which suggests their multiple functions in IgG4-RD beyond IgG4 production, such as cytokine secretion, antigen presentation, autoantibody production, and modulation of T and B cell interactions. Thus, a critical balance exists between pathogenic and regulatory B subsets to prevent immunopathology. A prompt response to B cell depletion therapy reported in recent cases strongly suggests the imbalance within B cell lineages in IgG4-RD. A more precise understanding of the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD will open up new perspectives for therapeutic strategy. With a particular emphasis on the novel B cell-targeted therapeutic strategies, this review highlights the immunologic features of IgG4-RD and the possible roles of B cell lineages in the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China.,Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai JiaoTong University; Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China.,State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai JiaoTong University; Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Min Lian
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China.,Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai JiaoTong University; Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China.,State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai JiaoTong University; Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Weici Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6510, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6510, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Xiong Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China. .,Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai JiaoTong University; Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai JiaoTong University; Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China. .,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
B lymphocytes: Crucial contributors to brain development and neurological diseases. Neurosci Res 2018; 139:37-41. [PMID: 30009855 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is a major contributor to brain homeostasis and pathogenesis of neurological diseases. However, the role of B lymphocytes (cells) in the brain is poorly understood. In this review, we describe the functions of the different subtypes of B cells in brain development and neurological diseases. B cells are classified into several subtypes according their function and gene expression. B-1a cells, which participate in innate immunity by producing natural antibodies, are abundant in the developing brain, and mediate oligodendrocyte development. In conditions such as autoimmune encephalomyelitis, spinal cord injury, and stroke, B-2 cells exacerbate the pathology by producing pathogenic autoantibodies. On the other hand, regulatory B cells suppress inflammation by secreting interleukin-10 and play beneficial roles in pathological conditions. Here, we summarize the distribution and function of B cells during brain development and neurological diseases.
Collapse
|
74
|
Role of Vitamin D Beyond the Skeletal Function: A Review of the Molecular and Clinical Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061618. [PMID: 29849001 PMCID: PMC6032242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical function of Vitamin D, which involves mineral balance and skeletal maintenance, has been known for many years. With the discovery of vitamin D receptors in various tissues, several other biological functions of vitamin D are increasingly recognized and its role in many human diseases like cancer, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular, and autoimmune and dermatological diseases is being extensively explored. The non-classical function of vitamin D involves regulation of cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and innate and adaptive immunity. In this review, we discuss and summarize the latest findings on the non-classical functions of vitamin D at the cellular/molecular level and its role in complex human diseases.
Collapse
|
75
|
Mielle J, Audo R, Hahne M, Macia L, Combe B, Morel J, Daien C. IL-10 Producing B Cells Ability to Induce Regulatory T Cells Is Maintained in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:961. [PMID: 29774031 PMCID: PMC5943500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite growing evidence highlighting the relevance of increasing IL-10-producing B cells (B10+cells) in autoimmune diseases, their functions in patients are still unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functions of CpG-induced B10+ cells isolated from healthy controls (HC) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, on naïve T cell differentiation. We demonstrated that CpG-induced B10+ cells from HC drove naïve T cell differentiation toward regulatory T cells (Treg cells) and IL-10-producing T cells (Tr1) through IL-10 secretion and cellular contacts. B10+ cells from HC did not decrease T helper 1 (Th1) nor and tumor necrosis factor α producing T cell (TNFα+ T cell) differentiation. We showed that in RA, B10+ cells could also induce Treg cells and Tr1 from naïve T cells. Contrary to HC, B10+ cells from RA patients increased naïve T cell conversion into Th1. Interestingly, PD-L2, a programmed death-1 (PD-1) ligand that inhibits PD-L1 and promotes Th1 differentiation, was overexpressed on RA B10+ cells compared to HC B10+ cells. Together, our findings showed that CpG-induced B10+ cells may be used to increase Treg cells in patients with RA. However, CpG may not be the most adequate stimuli as CpG-induced B10+ cells also increased inflammatory T cells in those patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Mielle
- Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.,Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Department of Rheumatology, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Rachel Audo
- Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.,Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Department of Rheumatology, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael Hahne
- Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.,Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurence Macia
- Charles Perkins Centre, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bernard Combe
- Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.,Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Department of Rheumatology, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Morel
- Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.,Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Department of Rheumatology, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Daien
- Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.,Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Department of Rheumatology, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Hofmann K, Clauder AK, Manz RA. Targeting B Cells and Plasma Cells in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:835. [PMID: 29740441 PMCID: PMC5924791 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Success with B cell depletion using rituximab has proven the concept that B lineage cells represent a valid target for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, and has promoted the development of other B cell targeting agents. Present data confirm that B cell depletion is beneficial in various autoimmune disorders and also show that it can worsen the disease course in some patients. These findings suggest that B lineage cells not only produce pathogenic autoantibodies, but also significantly contribute to the regulation of inflammation. In this review, we will discuss the multiple pro- and anti-inflammatory roles of B lineage cells play in autoimmune diseases, in the context of recent findings using B lineage targeting therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hofmann
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Clauder
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Rudolf Armin Manz
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
CD19+ Tim-1+ B cells are decreased and negatively correlated with disease severity in Myasthenia Gravis patients. Immunol Res 2017; 64:1216-1224. [PMID: 27677768 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-016-8872-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain-1(Tim-1) was recently identified to be critical and essential for optimal regulatory B cells function in maintaining immune tolerance. We aimed to measure the expression levels of Tim-1 on B cells from patients with Myasthenia Gravis (MG) and to investigate whether the expression of Tim-1 is associated with pathogenesis of MG. A total of 34 patients with MG (18 generalized MG (GMG) and 16 ocular MG (OMG) and 24 healthy donors were recruited in this study. The quantitative myasthenia gravis score (QMGS) was used to evaluate the clinical severity. Real-time PCR and flow cytometry were used to measure the levels of Tim-1 expressed on peripheral B cells. Peripheral CD138+ plasma cells were assayed by flow cytometry. Serum Th17-related cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β and IL-17) and anti-AChR antibody (Ab) titers were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Our data demonstrated that the mRNA and protein expression levels of B cell Tim-1 in both the GMG and OMG groups were significantly lower than those in healthy controls, with lower expression in GMG than in OMG. Tim-1 expression on B cells from OMG/GMG was negatively correlated with clinical severity, plasma cells frequency, serum Th17-related cytokines and anti-AChR Ab levels. Our results indicated that aberrant expression of Tim-1 exists on B cells and may contribute to the Th17 polarization and antibody-secreting plasma cells differentiation in MG patients.
Collapse
|
78
|
Vanherwegen AS, Gysemans C, Mathieu C. Regulation of Immune Function by Vitamin D and Its Use in Diseases of Immunity. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2017; 46:1061-1094. [PMID: 29080635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Evidence exists for a role for vitamin D and its active metabolites in modulating immune functions. In animal models, vitamin D deficiency is associated with a higher risk for autoimmunity in genetically predisposed subjects and increases in susceptibility to infections. In addition, high-dose vitamin D can improve immune health, prevent autoimmunity, and improve defense against infections. In humans, evidence exists on associations between vitamin D deficiency and impaired immune function, leading to autoimmunity in genetically predisposed people and increased risk for infections; data on therapeutic immune effects of vitamin D supplementation when vitamin D levels are already sufficient are lacking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An-Sofie Vanherwegen
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), KU Leuven, O&N1 Herestraat 49 - bus 902, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Conny Gysemans
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), KU Leuven, O&N1 Herestraat 49 - bus 902, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), KU Leuven, O&N1 Herestraat 49 - bus 902, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Agius MA, Klodowska-Duda G, Maciejowski M, Potemkowski A, Li J, Patra K, Wesley J, Madani S, Barron G, Katz E, Flor A. Safety and tolerability of inebilizumab (MEDI-551), an anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody, in patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis: Results from a phase 1 randomised, placebo-controlled, escalating intravenous and subcutaneous dose study. Mult Scler 2017; 25:235-245. [PMID: 29143550 PMCID: PMC6360486 DOI: 10.1177/1352458517740641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background: B cells may be involved in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). Inebilizumab (formerly MEDI-551) binds to and depletes CD19+ B cells. Objectives: To assess safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and immunogenicity of inebilizumab in adults with relapsing MS. Methods: This phase 1 trial randomised 28 patients 3:1 (21, inebilizumab; 7, placebo) to inebilizumab (2 intravenous (IV) doses, days 1 and 15: 30, 100 or 600 mg; or single subcutaneous (SC) dose on day 1: 60 or 300 mg) or matching placebo, with follow-up until at least week 24 or return of CD19+ B-cell count to ⩾80 cells/µL. Results: Complete B-cell depletion was observed across all doses. Infusion/injection (grade 1/2) reactions occurred in 6/15 patients receiving inebilizumab IV, 2/5 placebo IV and 1/6 inebilizumab SC. Serious adverse events occurred in three patients receiving inebilizumab: pyrexia, mixed-drug intoxication (unrelated to inebilizumab; resulted in death) and urinary tract infection. Mean number of cumulative new gadolinium-enhancing lesions over 24 weeks was 0.1 with inebilizumab versus 1.3 with placebo; mean numbers of new/newly enlarging T2 lesions were 0.4 and 2.4, respectively. Conclusion: Inebilizumab had an acceptable safety profile in relapsing MS patients and showed a trend in reductions in new/newly enlarging and gadolinium-enhancing lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Agius
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA/VA Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, CA, USA; Multiple Sclerosis Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Andrzej Potemkowski
- Osrodek Badan Klinicznych Indywidualnej Specjalistycznej Praktyki Lekarskiej, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jing Li
- MedImmune, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Kaushik Patra
- MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, USA/Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Lexington, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Signaling via toll-like receptor 4 and CD40 in B cells plays a regulatory role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis through interleukin-10 production. J Autoimmun 2017; 88:103-113. [PMID: 29146546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B cells play an important role in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS), but can also exhibit regulatory functions through IL-10 production. Toll-like receptors (TLR) and CD40 signaling are likely to be involved in this process. OBJECTIVE To investigate the ability of MS B cells to produce IL-10 in response to TLR stimulation in the presence or absence of CD40 co-stimulation. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from 34 MS patients and 24 matched healthy participants (HS) were stimulated through either TLR4 or TLR9 alone, or together with CD40. Intracellular cytokine production was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS The frequency of IL-10-producing cells in total B cells after either TLR9 or CD40 stimulation was significantly lower in MS than HS, regardless of disease phase. The frequency of IL-10 producing B cells after TLR4 stimulation did not differ significantly between HS and MS, regardless of disease phase. TLR4 and CD40 co-stimulation synergistically increased the frequency of IL-10-producing but not pro-inflammatory cytokine-producing B cells at MS relapse. This effect was observed in both CD27- naïve and CD27+ memory B cells. The frequency of IL-10-producing B cells following CD40 stimulation was significantly higher in interferon-β responders than non-treated MS patients. Finally, we confirmed that the frequency of IL-10-producing B cells positively correlated with IL-10 production quantity by B cells using magnetic-isolated B cells. CONCLUSIONS Cross-talk between TLR4 and CD40 signaling plays a crucial role in regulating IL-10 production by B cells during MS relapses, which may promote recovery from relapse. CD40 signaling in B cells is involved in the response to interferon-β in MS. Collectively, TLR4 and CD40 signaling in B cells may provide a promising target for MS therapy.
Collapse
|
81
|
Amrouche K, Jamin C. Influence of drug molecules on regulatory B cells. Clin Immunol 2017; 184:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
82
|
Sarvaria A, Madrigal JA, Saudemont A. B cell regulation in cancer and anti-tumor immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:662-674. [PMID: 28626234 PMCID: PMC5549607 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance between immune effector cells and immunosuppressive cells and how this regulates the tumor microenvironment has been well described. A significant contribution of immune regulatory cells, including regulatory T cells, to tumor progression has been widely reported. An emerging body of evidence has recently recognized a role for B cells in modulating the immune response to tumors and lymphoid malignancies. Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are a newly designated subset of B cells that have been shown to play a pivotal role in regulating immune responses involved in inflammation, autoimmunity and, more recently, cancer. Bregs can suppress diverse cell subtypes, including T cells, through the secretion of anti-inflammatory mediators, such as IL-10, and can facilitate the conversion of T cells to regulatory T cells, thus attenuating anti-tumor immune responses. Similar B-cell subpopulations have been reported to be recruited to the tumor but to acquire their immunosuppressive properties within the tumor bed and thereby attenuate anti-tumor immune responses. However, despite a pivotal role for Bregs in promoting inflammation and carcinogenesis, the phenotypic diversity of the cell surface markers that are unique to Bregs remains unclear in mice and humans. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of Bregs and review our current knowledge of Bregs and their inhibition of anti-tumor immune responses in murine tumor models and cancer patients.
Collapse
|
83
|
Colotta F, Jansson B, Bonelli F. Modulation of inflammatory and immune responses by vitamin D. J Autoimmun 2017; 85:78-97. [PMID: 28733125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D (VitD) is a prohormone most noted for the regulation of calcium and phosphate levels in circulation, and thus of bone metabolism. Inflammatory and immune cells not only convert inactive VitD metabolites into calcitriol, the active form of VitD, but also express the nuclear receptor of VitD that modulates differentiation, activation and proliferation of these cells. In vitro, calcitriol upregulates different anti-inflammatory pathways and downregulates molecules that activate immune and inflammatory cells. Administration of VitD has beneficial effects in a number of experimental models of autoimmune disease. Epidemiologic studies have indicated that VitD insufficiency is frequently associated with immune disorders and infectious diseases, exacerbated by increasing evidence of suboptimal VitD status in populations worldwide. To date, however, most interventional studies in human inflammatory and immune diseases with VitD supplementation have proven to be inconclusive. One of the reasons could be that the main VitD metabolite measured in these studies was the 25-hydroxyVitD (25OHD) rather than its active form calcitriol. Although our knowledge of calcitriol as modulator of immune and inflammatory reactions has dramatically increased in the past decades, further in vivo and clinical studies are needed to confirm the potential benefits of VitD in the control of immune and inflammatory conditions.
Collapse
|
84
|
Staun-Ram E, Miller A. Effector and regulatory B cells in Multiple Sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2017; 184:11-25. [PMID: 28461106 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of B cells in the pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune neurodegenerative disease, is becoming eminent in recent years, but the specific contribution of the distinct B cell subsets remains to be elucidated. Several B cell subsets have shown regulatory, anti-inflammatory capacities in response to stimuli in vitro, as well as in the animal model of MS: Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, the functional role of the B regulatory cells (Bregs) in vivo and specifically in the human disease is yet to be clarified. In the present review, we have summarized the updated information on the roles of effector and regulatory B cells in MS and the immune-modulatory effects of MS therapeutic agents on their phenotype and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elsebeth Staun-Ram
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ariel Miller
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Neuroimmunology Unit & Multiple Sclerosis Center, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Granzyme B producing B-cells in renal transplant patients. Clin Immunol 2017; 184:48-53. [PMID: 28461110 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A separate subset of Granzyme B (GrB) producing B-cells regulating T-cell mediated immunity has been identified. In the present study, we investigated the role of GrB+ B-cells in renal transplant patients (RTX). METHODS 12 healthy controls (HC) and 26 RTX patients were enrolled. In addition, 19 healthy volunteers treated with cyclosporine A (CsA) were enrolled. GrB+ B-cells were determined via flow cytometry. RESULTS RTX Patients showed a diminished fraction of GrB+ B-cells as compared to HC. CsA treatment of healthy volunteers had no impact on the development of GrB+ B-cells. RTX patients with a history of allograft rejection showed an increased frequency of GrB+ B-cells. RTX patients with at least one episode of CMV viremia tended to have lower GrB+ B-cells as compared to patients without viremic episodes. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that treatment with CsA does not impair the development of GrB+ B-cells. GrB+ B-cells may have a dual role in renal transplantation as regulatory cells to maintain allospecific tolerance and as effector cells enhancing viral control.
Collapse
|
86
|
Han J, Sun L, Wang Z, Fan X, Wang L, Song YY, Zhu J, Jin T. Circulating regulatory B cell subsets in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurol Sci 2017; 38:1205-1212. [PMID: 28389940 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-017-2932-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the populations of three different subsets of regulatory B cells (Bregs) in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs) and explored the relationship between the changes in these subsets of Bregs and the severity of NMOSD. A total of 22 patients with relapsed NMOSDs before treatment were recruited in our study, along with 20 age and gender-matched healthy controls, from May 2015 to March 2016. The percentages and numbers for three different subsets of Bregs including the CD19+CD24hiCD38hi, CD19+CD24hiCD27+, and CD19+CD5+CD1dhi populations were evaluated in parallel by flow cytometry. Afterwards, correlations between the change of three different subsets of Bregs and disease severity were analyzed. We found significantly lower percentages of CD19+CD24hiCD38hi and CD19+CD5+CD1dhi Bregs in NMOSDs patients than in healthy individuals. In contrast, the CD19+CD24hiCD27+ Bregs population was significantly higher in NMOSDs patients than in healthy individuals. However, the three different Bregs subsets showed no significant correlation with expanded disability status scale (EDSS) or annualized relapse rate (ARR). Our findings suggest that the subsets of Bregs may play complex roles in the pathogenesis of NMOSDs and are not correlated with clinical disease severity. Further insights into the potential role of subsets of Bregs could increase our basic knowledge of NMOSDs pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Han
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zhongkun Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xueli Fan
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Lifang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yang-Yang Song
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Mauri C, Menon M. Human regulatory B cells in health and disease: therapeutic potential. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:772-779. [PMID: 28248202 DOI: 10.1172/jci85113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) modulate immune responses predominantly, although not exclusively, via the release of IL-10. The importance of human Bregs in the maintenance of immune homeostasis comes from a variety of immune-related pathologies, such as autoimmune diseases, cancers, and chronic infections that are often associated with abnormalities in Breg numbers or function. A continuous effort toward understanding Breg biology in healthy individuals will provide new opportunities to develop Breg immunotherapy that could prove beneficial in treating various immune-mediated pathologies. In this Review, we discuss findings regarding human Bregs, including their mechanisms of suppression and role in different disease settings. We also propose several therapeutic strategies targeting Bregs for better management of immune disorders.
Collapse
|
88
|
Ben Fredj N, Aissi M, Ben Selma W, Mahmoud I, Nefzi F, Frih-Ayed M, Boukadida J, Aouni M. Association of the IL-10 receptor A536G (S138G) loss-of-function variant with multiple sclerosis in Tunisian patients. APMIS 2017; 125:444-451. [PMID: 28225209 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10), a potent anti-inflammatory T-cell cytokine, has been shown to be a regulatory cytokine that is associated with disease remission in multiple sclerosis (MS) and exerts its activity through its cognate cell surface receptor complex, IL-10 receptor 1 (IL-10R1) and IL-10R2. The purpose of this study was to investigate the IL-10R1 S138G loss-of-function polymorphism (A536G: rs3135932) for possible influence on susceptibility and outcome of MS in Tunisian patients. A total of 103 Tunisian MS patients and 160 control subjects were studied. Genomic DNA samples were extracted from leukocytes and used to investigate S138G polymorphism in IL-10R1 gene by multiplex allele-specific polymerase chain reaction. Associations between G allele [odds ratio (OR) = 5.57; 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 3.26-9.54; p = 10-7 ], GG genotypes [OR = 10.41; 95% CI = 2.28-47.58; p = 0.0007] and AG genotype [OR = 4.14; 95% CI = 2.16-7.93; p = 0.000016] with the risk development of MS were found. In contrast, the AA genotype seemed to be associated with protection against MS [OR = 0.17; 95% CI = 0.09-0.30; p = 10-7 ]. No association was found between S138G SNP and clinical features or disease activity of MS patients. In conclusion, our results suggest that S138G loss-of-function polymorphism of the IL-10R1 may be important risk factor in increasing susceptibility to MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Ben Fredj
- Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biological Active substances, LR99-ES27, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Aissi
- Department of Neurology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Walid Ben Selma
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, UR02SP13, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Imen Mahmoud
- Department of Neurology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Faten Nefzi
- Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biological Active substances, LR99-ES27, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mahbouba Frih-Ayed
- Department of Neurology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Jalel Boukadida
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, UR02SP13, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Mahjoub Aouni
- Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biological Active substances, LR99-ES27, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Guzman-Genuino RM, Diener KR. Regulatory B Cells in Pregnancy: Lessons from Autoimmunity, Graft Tolerance, and Cancer. Front Immunol 2017; 8:172. [PMID: 28261223 PMCID: PMC5313489 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of pregnancy is contingent on the maternal immune system recognizing and accommodating a growing semi-allogeneic fetus. Specialized subsets of lymphocytes capable of negative regulation are fundamental in this process, and include the regulatory T cells (Tregs) and potentially, regulatory B cells (Bregs). Most of our current understanding of the immune regulatory role of Bregs comes from studies in the fields of autoimmunity, transplantation tolerance, and cancer biology. Bregs control autoimmune diseases and can elicit graft tolerance by inhibiting the differentiation of effector T cells and dendritic cells (DCs), and activating Tregs. Furthermore, in cancer, Bregs are hijacked by neoplastic cells to promote tumorigenesis. Pregnancy therefore represents a condition that reconciles these fields-mechanisms must be in place to ensure maternal immunological tolerance throughout gravidity to allow the semi-allogeneic fetus to grow within. Thus, the mechanisms underlying Breg activities in autoimmune diseases, transplantation tolerance, and cancer may take place during pregnancy as well. In this review, we discuss the potential role of Bregs as guardians of pregnancy and propose an endocrine-modulated feedback loop highlighting the Breg-Treg-tolerogenic DC interface essential for the induction of maternal immune tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Marian Guzman-Genuino
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Hanson Institute and Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia , Adelaide, SA , Australia
| | - Kerrilyn R Diener
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Hanson Institute and Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Giacomini E, Rizzo F, Etna MP, Cruciani M, Mechelli R, Buscarinu MC, Pica F, D’Agostini C, Salvetti M, Coccia EM, Severa M. Thymosin-α1 expands deficient IL-10-producing regulatory B cell subsets in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler 2017; 24:127-139. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458517695892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: B cells are key pathogenic effectors in multiple sclerosis (MS) and several therapies have been designed to restrain B cell abnormalities by directly targeting this lymphocyte population. Objectives: Moving from our data showing a Toll-like receptor (TLR)7-driven dysregulation of B cell response in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and having found a low serum level of Thymosin-α1 (Tα1) in patients, we investigated whether the addition of this molecule to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) would influence the expansion of regulatory B cell subsets, known to dampen autoimmune inflammation. Methods: Serum Tα1 level was measured by enzyme immunoassay. Cytokine expression was evaluated by Cytometric Bead Array (CBA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). B cell subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: Tα1 pre-treatment induces an anti-inflammatory status in TLR7-stimulated RRMS PBMC cultures, reducing the secretion of pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-1β while significantly increasing the regulatory IL-10 and IL-35. Indeed, Tα1 treatment enhanced expansion of CD19+CD24+CD38hi transitional-immature and CD24low/negCD38hi plasmablast-like regulatory B cell subsets, which likely inhibit both interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-17 production. Conclusion:: Our study reveals a deficient ability of B cells from MS patients to differentiate into regulatory subsets and unveils a novel anti-inflammatory and repurposing potential for Tα1 in MS targeting B cell response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Giacomini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Rizzo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marilena P Etna
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Melania Cruciani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosella Mechelli
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Buscarinu
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Pica
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Cartesio D’Agostini
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy/Clinical Microbiology Laboratories, Tor Vergata Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Salvetti
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eliana M Coccia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Severa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Dankers W, Colin EM, van Hamburg JP, Lubberts E. Vitamin D in Autoimmunity: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Front Immunol 2017; 7:697. [PMID: 28163705 PMCID: PMC5247472 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last three decades, it has become clear that the role of vitamin D goes beyond the regulation of calcium homeostasis and bone health. An important extraskeletal effect of vitamin D is the modulation of the immune system. In the context of autoimmune diseases, this is illustrated by correlations of vitamin D status and genetic polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor with the incidence and severity of the disease. These correlations warrant investigation into the potential use of vitamin D in the treatment of patients with autoimmune diseases. In recent years, several clinical trials have been performed to investigate the therapeutic value of vitamin D in multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, type I diabetes, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Additionally, a second angle of investigation has focused on unraveling the molecular pathways used by vitamin D in order to find new potential therapeutic targets. This review will not only provide an overview of the clinical trials that have been performed but also discuss the current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D and how these advances can be used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Dankers
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Edgar M Colin
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Rheumatology, ZGT, Almelo, Netherlands
| | - Jan Piet van Hamburg
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Erik Lubberts
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Molnarfi N, Bjarnadóttir K, Benkhoucha M, Juillard C, Lalive PH. Activation of human B cells negatively regulates TGF-β1 production. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:13. [PMID: 28103949 PMCID: PMC5244520 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0798-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence indicate that B cells can exhibit pro- or anti-inflammatory activities. Similar to interleukin (IL)-10-competent B cells, we recently showed that transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-producing regulatory B cells limit the induction of autoimmune neuroinflammation in mice, making them potentially important in maintaining peripheral immune tolerance in central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis. METHODS In this study, we compared B cell production of TGF-β1 and IL-10, the two most studied regulatory cytokines, and the pro-inflammatory B cell-derived IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor cytokines under basal conditions and following polyclonal stimulation with dual B cell receptor (BCR) cross-linking and Toll-like receptor (TLR)9 engagement. RESULTS We showed that resting TGF-β1-producing B cells fall within both the naïve (CD27-) and memory (CD27+) B cell compartments. We found no spontaneous B cell-derived IL-10, IL-6 or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production. Human B cell activation with anti-Ig antibodies plus CPG-B leads to only modest IL-10 production by memory CD19+CD27+ B cells while expression levels of IL-6 and TNF by both naive and memory B cells were strongly induced. Remarkably, stimulated B cells showed significantly reduced capacity to produce TGF-β1. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that B cell activation may facilitate the development of excessive immune responses and autoimmunity by restricting B cell-derived TGF-β1 production by resting B cells and favoring in turns the proinflammatory actions of activated cytokine-producing B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Molnarfi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kristbjörg Bjarnadóttir
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mahdia Benkhoucha
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Juillard
- Unit of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrice H Lalive
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Unit of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Department of Genetic and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Cheng Y, Sun L, Xie Z, Fan X, Cao Q, Han J, Zhu J, Jin T. Diversity of immune cell types in multiple sclerosis and its animal model: Pathological and therapeutic implications. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:1973-1983. [PMID: 28084640 PMCID: PMC5573979 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system with an autoimmune attack on the components of the myelin sheath and axons. The etiology of the disease remains largely unknown, but it is commonly acknowledged that the development of MS probably results from the interaction of environmental factors in conjunction with a genetic predisposition. Current therapeutic approaches can only ameliorate the clinical symptoms or reduce the frequency of relapse in MS. Most drugs used in this disease broadly suppress the functions of immune effector cells, which can result in serious side effects. Thus, new therapeutic methods resulting in greater efficacy and lower toxicity are needed. Toward this end, cell-based therapies are of increasing interest in the treatment of MS. Several immunoregulatory cell types, including regulatory T cells, regulatory B cells, M2 macrophages, tolerogenic dendritic cells, and stem cells, have been developed as novel therapeutic tools for the treatment of MS. In this Review, we summarize studies on the application of these cell populations for the treatment of MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and call for further research on applications and mechanisms by which these cells act in the treatment of MS. © 2017 The Authors Journal of Neuroscience Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Cheng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhongxiang Xie
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xueli Fan
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qingqing Cao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinming Han
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Biragyn A, Aliseychik M, Rogaev E. Potential importance of B cells in aging and aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases. Semin Immunopathol 2017; 39:283-294. [PMID: 28083646 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0615-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of B cells as merely antibody producers is slowly changing. Alone or in concert with antibody, they control outcomes of seemingly different diseases such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. While their role in activation of effector immune cells is beneficial in cancer but bad in autoimmune diseases, their immunosuppressive and regulatory subsets (Bregs) inhibit autoimmune and anticancer responses. These pathogenic and suppressive functions are not static and appear to be regulated by the nature and strength of inflammation. Although aging increases inflammation and changes the composition and function of B cells, surprisingly, little is known whether the change affects aging-associated neurodegenerative disease, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, by analyzing B cells in cancer and autoimmune and neuroinflammatory diseases, we elucidate their potential importance in AD and other aging-associated neuroinflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arya Biragyn
- Immunoregulation section, National Institute on Aging, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Maria Aliseychik
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Evgeny Rogaev
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russia.,Center for Brain Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Chen D, Gallagher S, Monson NL, Herbst R, Wang Y. Inebilizumab, a B Cell-Depleting Anti-CD19 Antibody for the Treatment of Autoimmune Neurological Diseases: Insights from Preclinical Studies. J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5120107. [PMID: 27886126 PMCID: PMC5184780 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5120107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exaggerated or inappropriate responses by B cells are an important feature in many types of autoimmune neurological diseases. The recent success of B-cell depletion in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) has stimulated the development of novel B-cell-targeting therapies with the potential for improved efficacy. CD19 has emerged as a promising target for the depletion of B cells as well as CD19-positive plasmablasts and plasma cells. Inebilizumab (MEDI-551), an anti-CD19 antibody with enhanced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against B cells, is currently being evaluated in MS and neuromyelitis optica. This review discusses the role of B cells in autoimmune neurological disorders, summarizes the development of inebilizumab, and analyzes the recent results for inebilizumab treatment in an autoimmune encephalitis mouse model. The novel insights obtained from these preclinical studies can potentially guide future investigation of inebilizumab in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ding Chen
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Sandra Gallagher
- Department of Project Management, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Nancy L Monson
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Ronald Herbst
- Department of Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Jones AP, Kermode AG, Lucas RM, Carroll WM, Nolan D, Hart PH. Circulating immune cells in multiple sclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 187:193-203. [PMID: 27689339 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating T and B lymphocytes contribute to the pathogenesis of the neuroinflammatory autoimmune disease, multiple sclerosis (MS). Further progress in the development of MS treatments is dependent upon a greater understanding of the immunological disturbances that underlie the disease. Analyses of circulating immune cells by flow cytometry have revealed MS-associated alterations in the composition and function of T and B cell subsets, including temporal changes associated with disease activity. Disturbances in circulating immune populations reflect those observed in the central nervous system and include skewing towards proinflammatory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and B cells, greater proportions of follicular T helper cells and functional defects in the corresponding T and B regulatory subsets. Utilizing the analytical power of modern flow cytometers, researchers are now well positioned to monitor immunological changes associated with disease activity or intervention, describe immunological signatures with predictive value and identify targets for therapeutic drug development. This review discusses the contribution of various T and B lymphocyte subsets to MS pathogenesis, provides current and relevant phenotypical descriptions to assist in experimental design and highlights areas of future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A P Jones
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA
| | - A G Kermode
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, The University of Western Australia, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA.,Institute for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Murdoch University, Perth, WA
| | - R M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT
| | - W M Carroll
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, The University of Western Australia, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA.,Institute for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Murdoch University, Perth, WA
| | - D Nolan
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Murdoch University, Perth, WA.,Immunology Department, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - P H Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Immune regulatory effects of high dose vitamin D 3 supplementation in a randomized controlled trial in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis patients receiving IFNβ; the SOLARIUM study. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 300:47-56. [PMID: 27806875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by a disturbed immune homeostasis and low serum vitamin D levels are associated with an increased disease activity. While vitamin D has been hypothesized to promote the maintenance of immune homeostasis, vitamin D supplementation could be of benefit to patients with MS. The SOLAR study investigated the effects of high dose vitamin D3 supplementation on clinical outcomes in a randomized controlled trial. Here we present the immune regulatory effects, investigated in the SOLARIUM sub-study. Thirty Dutch relapsing remitting (RR) MS patients treated with IFNβ-1a received high dose vitamin D3 supplementation and 23 patients received placebo during a period of 48weeks. Lymphocytes were phenotypically characterized by flow cytometry and in vitro cytokine secretion was assessed in the presence or absence of 1,25(OH)2D3 using Luminex technology. Changes in immune regulatory parameters were determined within subjects as well as between treatment groups. The proportion of cells in the immune regulatory cell compartment (nTreg, iTreg and Breg) was not altered upon high dose vitamin D3 supplementation. Proportions of T helper subsets were not affected by vitamin D3, except for the proportion of IL4+ Th cells, which decreased in the placebo but not in the vitamin D3 group. T cell cytokine secretion increased, most pronounced for IL5 and latency activated protein of TGFβ, in the placebo group but not in the vitamin D3 group. Lymphocytes remained equally reactive to in vitro 1,25(OH)2D3. In conclusion, high dose vitamin D3 supplementation did not result in a relative increase in lymphocytes with a regulatory phenotype. However, this study supports the hypothesis that vitamin D contributes to the maintenance of immune homeostasis by preventing further disturbance of the T cell compartment early in the disease course of MS.
Collapse
|
98
|
Abstract
B cells have been generally considered to be positive regulators of immune responses because of their ability to produce antigen-specific antibodies and to activate T cells through antigen presentation. Impairment of B cell development and function may cause autoimmune diseases. Recently, specific B cell subsets that can negatively regulate immune responses have been described in mouse models of a wide variety of autoimmune diseases. The concept of those B cells, termed regulatory B cells, is now recognized as important in the murine immune system. Among several regulatory B cell subsets, IL-10-producing regulatory B cells are the most widely investigated. On the basis of discoveries from studies of such mice, human regulatory B cells that produce IL-10 in most cases are becoming an active area of research. There have been emerging data suggesting the importance of human regulatory B cells in various diseases. Revealing the immune regulation mechanisms of human regulatory B cells in human autoimmune diseases could lead to the development of novel B cell targeted therapies. This review highlights the current knowledge on regulatory B cells, mainly IL-10-producing regulatory B cells, in clinical research using human samples.
Collapse
|
99
|
Bhise V, Dhib-Jalbut S. Further understanding of the immunopathology of multiple sclerosis: impact on future treatments. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 12:1069-89. [PMID: 27191526 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2016.1191351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The understanding of the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) has expanded with more research into T-cell subtypes, cytokine contributors, B-cell participation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and more. Treatment options have rapidly expanded with three relatively recent oral therapy alternatives entering the arena. AREAS COVERED In the following review, we discuss current mechanisms of immune dysregulation in MS, how they relate to current treatments, and the impact these findings will have on the future of therapy. Expert commentary: The efficacy of these medications and understanding their mechanisms of actions validates the immunopathogenic mechanisms thought to underlie MS. Further research has exposed new targets, while new promising therapies have shed light on new aspects into the pathophysiology of MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Bhise
- a Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences - Departments of Pediatrics , Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , New Brunswick , NJ , USA
| | - Suhayl Dhib-Jalbut
- b Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences - Departments of Neurology , Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , New Brunswick , NJ , USA
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Kok LF, Marsh-Wakefield F, Marshall JE, Gillis C, Halliday GM, Byrne SN. B cells are required for sunlight protection of mice from a CNS-targeted autoimmune attack. J Autoimmun 2016; 73:10-23. [PMID: 27289166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ultraviolet (UV) radiation contained in sunlight is a powerful immune suppressant. While exposure to UV is associated with protection from the development of autoimmune diseases, particularly multiple sclerosis, the precise mechanism by which UV achieves this protection is not currently well understood. Regulatory B cells play an important role in preventing autoimmunity and activation of B cells is a major way in which UV suppresses adaptive immune responses. Whether UV-protection from autoimmunity is mediated by the activation of regulatory B cells has never been considered before. When C57BL/6 mice were exposed to low, physiologically relevant doses of UV, a unique population of B cells was activated in the skin draining lymph nodes. As determined by flow cytometry, CD1d(low)CD5(-)MHC-II(hi)B220(hi) UV-activated B cells expressed significantly higher levels of CD19, CD21/35, CD25, CD210 and CD268 as well as the co-stimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, CD274 and CD275. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice immunized with MOG/CFA was reduced by exposure to UV. UV significantly inhibited demyelination and infiltration of inflammatory cells into the spinal cord. Consequently, UV-exposed groups showed elevated IL-10 levels in secondary lymphoid organs, delayed EAE onset, reduced peak EAE score and significantly suppressed overall disease incidence and burden. Importantly, protection from EAE could be adoptively transferred using B cells isolated from UV-exposed, but not unirradiated hosts. Indeed, UV-protection from EAE was dependent on UV activation of lymph node B cells because UV could not protect mice from EAE who were pharmacologically depleted of B cells using antibodies. Thus, UV maintenance of a pool of unique regulatory B cells in peripheral lymph nodes appears to be essential to prevent an autoimmune attack on the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lai Fong Kok
- Cellular Photoimmunology Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School at the Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Felix Marsh-Wakefield
- Cellular Photoimmunology Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School at the Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Jacqueline E Marshall
- Cellular Photoimmunology Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School at the Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Caitlin Gillis
- Discipline of Dermatology at the Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Australia
| | - Gary M Halliday
- Cellular Photoimmunology Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School at the Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology at the Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Australia
| | - Scott N Byrne
- Cellular Photoimmunology Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School at the Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology at the Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|