51
|
Kaushik SN, Kim B, Walma AMC, Choi SC, Wu H, Mao JJ, Jun HW, Cheon K. Biomimetic microenvironments for regenerative endodontics. Biomater Res 2016; 20:14. [PMID: 27257508 PMCID: PMC4890532 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-016-0061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative endodontics has been proposed to replace damaged and underdeveloped tooth structures with normal pulp-dentin tissue by providing a natural extracellular matrix (ECM) mimicking environment; stem cells, signaling molecules, and scaffolds. In addition, clinical success of the regenerative endodontic treatments can be evidenced by absence of signs and symptoms; no bony pathology, a disinfected pulp, and the maturation of root dentin in length and thickness. In spite of the various approaches of regenerative endodontics, there are several major challenges that remain to be improved: a) the endodontic root canal is a strong harbor of the endodontic bacterial biofilm and the fundamental etiologic factors of recurrent endodontic diseases, (b) tooth discolorations are caused by antibiotics and filling materials, (c) cervical root fractures are caused by endodontic medicaments, (d) pulp tissue is not vascularized nor innervated, and (e) the dentin matrix is not developed with adequate root thickness and length. Generally, current clinical protocols and recent studies have shown a limited success of the pulp-dentin tissue regeneration. Throughout the various approaches, the construction of biomimetic microenvironments of pulp-dentin tissue is a key concept of the tissue engineering based regenerative endodontics. The biomimetic microenvironments are composed of a synthetic nano-scaled polymeric fiber structure that mimics native pulp ECM and functions as a scaffold of the pulp-dentin tissue complex. They will provide a framework of the pulp ECM, can deliver selective bioactive molecules, and may recruit pluripotent stem cells from the vicinity of the pulp apex. The polymeric nanofibers are produced by methods of self-assembly, electrospinning, and phase separation. In order to be applied to biomedical use, the polymeric nanofibers require biocompatibility, stability, and biodegradability. Therefore, this review focuses on the development and application of the biomimetic microenvironments of pulp-dentin tissue among the current regenerative endodontics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sagar N Kaushik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Bogeun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Alexander M Cruz Walma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Sung Chul Choi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, SDB 311, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007 USA
| | - Jeremy J Mao
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration at Columbia University, New York City, NY USA
| | - Ho-Wook Jun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Kyounga Cheon
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, SDB 311, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007 USA
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Lima AF, Marques MR, Soares DG, Hebling J, Marchi GM, de Souza Costa CA. Antioxidant therapy enhances pulpal healing in bleached teeth. Restor Dent Endod 2016; 41:44-54. [PMID: 26877990 PMCID: PMC4751206 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2016.41.1.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the histopathological effects of an antioxidant therapy on the pulp tissue of rat teeth exposed to a bleaching gel with 35% hydrogen peroxide. Materials and Methods Forty rats were subjected to oral ingestion by gavage of distilled water (DW) or ascorbic acid (AA) 90 min before the bleaching therapy. For the bleaching treatment, the agent was applied twice for 5 min each to buccal surfaces of the first right mandibular molars. Then, the animals were sacrificed at 6 hr, 24 hr, 3 day, or 7 day post-bleaching, and the teeth were processed for microscopic evaluation of the pulp tissue. Results At 6 hr, the pulp tissue showed moderate inflammatory reactions in all teeth of both groups. In the DW and AA groups, 100% and 80% of teeth exhibited pulp tissue with significant necrosis and intense tissue disorganization, respectively. At 24 hr, the AA-treated group demonstrated a greater regenerative capability than the DW group, with less intense inflammatory reaction and new odontoblast layer formation in 60% of the teeth. For up to the 7 day period, the areas of pulpal necrosis were replaced by viable connective tissue, and the dentin was underlined by differentiated odontoblast-like cells in most teeth of both groups. Conclusions A slight reduction in initial pulpal damage during post-bleaching was promoted by AA therapy. However, the pulp tissue of AA-treated animals featured faster regenerative potential over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Fonseca Lima
- Dental Research Division, School of Dentistry, Paulista University, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Rocha Marques
- Department of Morphology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Diana Gabriela Soares
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Araraquara School of Dentistry, University Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Josimeri Hebling
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Giselle Maria Marchi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto de Souza Costa
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Araraquara School of Dentistry, University Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Taha NA, Ahmad MB, Ghanim A. Assessment of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate pulpotomy in mature permanent teeth with carious exposures. Int Endod J 2016; 50:117-125. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. A. Taha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; Jordan University of Science and Technology; Irbid Jordan
| | - M. B. Ahmad
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; Jordan University of Science and Technology; Irbid Jordan
| | - A. Ghanim
- Melbourne Dental School; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
|
55
|
SOARES DG, ROSSETO HL, BASSO FG, SCHEFFEL DS, HEBLING J, COSTA CADS. Chitosan-collagen biomembrane embedded with calcium-aluminate enhances dentinogenic potential of pulp cells. Braz Oral Res 2016; 30:e54. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2016.vol30.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
56
|
Liu M, Wang Q, Tang R, Cao R, Wang X. Nel-like Molecule 1 Contributes to the Odontoblastic Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Cells. J Endod 2016; 42:95-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
57
|
Zaccara IM, Ginani F, Mota-Filho HG, Henriques ÁCG, Barboza CAG. Effect of low-level laser irradiation on proliferation and viability of human dental pulp stem cells. Lasers Med Sci 2015; 30:2259-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-015-1803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
58
|
Soares DG, Basso FG, Scheffel DS, Hebling J, de Souza Costa CA. Responses of human dental pulp cells after application of a low-concentration bleaching gel to enamel. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:1428-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
59
|
Baudry A, Launay JM, Goldberg M, Schneider B, Kellermann O. [Activated platelets help to repair teeth through recruitment of pulpal stem cells]. Med Sci (Paris) 2015; 31:607-9. [PMID: 26152162 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20153106011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Baudry
- Université Paris Descartes, Inserm UMR-S 1124, Sorbonne Paris Cité, centre universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Jean-Marie Launay
- AP-HP, service de biochimie, Inserm UMR-S 942, Paris, France - Pharma Research Department, Hoffmann La Roche, Bâle, Suisse
| | - Michel Goldberg
- Université Paris Descartes, Inserm UMR-S 1124, Sorbonne Paris Cité, centre universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Benoit Schneider
- Université Paris Descartes, Inserm UMR-S 1124, Sorbonne Paris Cité, centre universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Odile Kellermann
- Université Paris Descartes, Inserm UMR-S 1124, Sorbonne Paris Cité, centre universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Hilkens P, Meschi N, Lambrechts P, Bronckaers A, Lambrichts I. Dental Stem Cells in Pulp Regeneration: Near Future or Long Road Ahead? Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1610-22. [PMID: 25869156 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although regenerative endodontic procedures have yielded an impressive body of favorable outcomes, the treatment of necrotic immature permanent teeth in particular remains to be a challenge. Recent advances in dental stem cell (DSC) research have gained increasing insight in their regenerative potential and prospective use in the formation of viable dental tissues. Numerous studies have already reported successful dental pulp regeneration following application of dental pulp stem cells, stem cells from the apical papilla, or dental follicle precursor cells in different in vivo models. Next to responsive cells, dental tissue engineering also requires the support of an appropriate scaffold material, ranging from naturally occurring polymers to treated dentin matrix components. However, the routine use and banking of DSCs still holds some major challenges, such as culture-associated differences, patient-related variability, and the effects of culture medium additives. Only in-depth evaluation of these problems and the implementation of standardized models and protocols will effectively lead to better alternatives for patients who no longer benefit from current treatment protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hilkens
- 1 Laboratory of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University , Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Nastaran Meschi
- 2 Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven and Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Lambrechts
- 2 Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven and Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annelies Bronckaers
- 1 Laboratory of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University , Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ivo Lambrichts
- 1 Laboratory of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University , Diepenbeek, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Tian X, Wang Q, Wang X. Four and a Half LIM Domain Protein 2 Enhances Differentiation and Mineralization of Human Dental Pulp Cells. J Endod 2015; 41:513-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
62
|
Gandolfi MG, Spagnuolo G, Siboni F, Procino A, Rivieccio V, Pelliccioni GA, Prati C, Rengo S. Calcium silicate/calcium phosphate biphasic cements for vital pulp therapy: chemical-physical properties and human pulp cells response. Clin Oral Investig 2015; 19:2075-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
63
|
Soares DG, Marcomini N, Basso FG, Pansani TN, Hebling J, de Souza Costa CA. Indirect cytocompatibility of a low-concentration hydrogen peroxide bleaching gel to odontoblast-like cells. Int Endod J 2015; 49:26-36. [PMID: 25557717 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the initial cytotoxicity and the late phenotype marker expression of odontoblast-like cells (MDPC-23) subjected to less aggressive in-office bleaching therapies. METHODOLOGY A 17.5% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) gel was applied for 45, 15 or 5 min to enamel/dentine discs adapted to trans-wells positioned over cultured MDPC-23 cells. No treatment was performed on the negative control. Immediately after bleaching, the cell viability, gene expression of inflammatory mediators and quantification of H2O2 diffusion were evaluated. The ALP activity, DSPP and DMP-1 gene expression and mineralized nodule deposition (MND) were assessed at 7, 14 or 21 days post-bleaching and analysed statistically with Mann-Whitney U-tests (α = 5%). RESULTS H2O2 diffusion, proportional to treatment time, was observed in all bleached groups. Reductions of approximately 31%, 21% and 13% in cell viability were observed for the 45-, 15- and 5-min groups, respectively. This reduction was significant (P < 0.05) for the 45- and 15-min groups, which also presented significant (P < 0.05) over-expression of inflammatory mediators. The 45-min group was associated with significant (P < 0.05) reductions in DMP-1/DSPP expression at all periods, relative to control. The ALP activity and MND were reduced only in initial periods. The 15-min group had less intense reduction of all markers, with no difference to control at 21 days. CONCLUSIONS The 17.5% H2O2 applied to tooth specimens for 5 min caused no alteration in the odontoblast-like cells. When this gel was applied for 45 or 15 min, a slight cytotoxicity, associated with alterations in phenotypic markers, was observed. However, cells were able to recover their functions up to 21 days post-bleaching.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D G Soares
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Araraquara School of Dentistry, University of Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - N Marcomini
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Araraquara School of Dentistry, University of Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - F G Basso
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry, University of Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - T N Pansani
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara School of Dentistry, University of Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - J Hebling
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry, University of Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - C A de Souza Costa
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Araraquara School of Dentistry, University of Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Tan L, Wang J, Yin S, Zhu W, Zhou G, Cao Y, Cen L. Regeneration of dentin–pulp-like tissue using an injectable tissue engineering technique. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06481c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An injectable tissue engineering technique to regenerate dentin–pulp complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linhua Tan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
- Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry
- School of Stomatology
- Ninth People’s Hospital
- Medical College
- Shanghai Jiaotong University
| | - Shuo Yin
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Wenting Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry
- School of Stomatology
- Ninth People’s Hospital
- Medical College
- Shanghai Jiaotong University
| | - Guangdong Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
- Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yilin Cao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
- Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Lian Cen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
- Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Yassen GH, Eckert GJ, Platt JA. Effect of intracanal medicaments used in endodontic regeneration procedures on microhardness and chemical structure of dentin. Restor Dent Endod 2014; 40:104-12. [PMID: 25984471 PMCID: PMC4432252 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2015.40.2.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study was performed to investigate the effects of different intracanal medicaments on chemical structure and microhardness of dentin. Materials and Methods Fifty human dentin discs were obtained from intact third molars and randomly assigned into two control groups and three treatment groups. The first control group received no treatment. The second control group (no medicament group) was irrigated with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), stored in humid environment for four weeks and then irrigated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The three treatment groups were irrigated with NaOCl, treated for four weeks with either 1 g/mL triple antibiotic paste (TAP), 1 mg/mL methylcellulose-based triple antibiotic paste (DTAP), or calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] and finally irrigated with EDTA. After treatment, one half of each dentin disc was subjected to Vickers microhardness (n = 10 per group) and the other half was used to evaluate the chemical structure (phosphate/amide I ratio) of treated dentin utilizing attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (n = 5 per group). One-way ANOVA followed by Fisher's least significant difference were used for statistical analyses. Results Dentin discs treated with different intracanal medicaments and those treated with NaOCl + EDTA showed significant reduction in microhardness (p < 0.0001) and phosphate/amide I ratio (p < 0.05) compared to no treatment control dentin. Furthermore, dentin discs treated with TAP had significantly lower microhardness (p < 0.0001) and phosphate/amide I ratio (p < 0.0001) compared to all other groups. Conclusions The use of DTAP or Ca(OH)2 medicaments during endodontic regeneration may cause significantly less microhardness reduction and superficial demineralization of dentin compared to the use of TAP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghaeth Hamdon Yassen
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Dental Biomaterials, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - George Joseph Eckert
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jeffrey Allen Platt
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Dental Biomaterials, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Effect of tricalcium aluminate on the physicochemical properties, bioactivity, and biocompatibility of partially stabilized cements. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106754. [PMID: 25247808 PMCID: PMC4172564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Purpose Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) was widely used as a root-end filling material and for vital pulp therapy. A significant disadvantage to MTA is the prolonged setting time has limited the application in endodontic treatments. This study examined the physicochemical properties and biological performance of novel partially stabilized cements (PSCs) prepared to address some of the drawbacks of MTA, without causing any change in biological properties. PSC has a great potential as the vital pulp therapy material in dentistry. Methods This study examined three experimental groups consisting of samples that were fabricated using sol-gel processes in C3S/C3A molar ratios of 9/1, 7/3, and 5/5 (denoted as PSC-91, PSC-73, and PSC-55, respectively). The comparison group consisted of MTA samples. The setting times, pH variation, compressive strength, morphology, and phase composition of hydration products and ex vivo bioactivity were evaluated. Moreover, biocompatibility was assessed by using lactate dehydrogenase to determine the cytotoxicity and a cell proliferation (WST-1) assay kit to determine cell viability. Mineralization was evaluated using Alizarin Red S staining. Results Crystalline phases, which were determined using X-ray diffraction analysis, confirmed that the C3A contents of the material powder differed. The initial setting times of PSC-73 and PSC-55 ranged between 15 and 25 min; these values are significantly (p<0.05, ANOVA and post-hoc test) lower than those obtained for MTA (165 min) and PSC-91 (80.5 min). All of the PSCs exhibited ex vivo bioactivity when immersed in simulated body fluid. The biocompatibility results for all of the tested cements were as favorable as those of the negative control, except for PSC-55, which exhibited mild cytotoxicity. Conclusion PSC-91 is a favorable material for vital pulp therapy because it exhibits optimal compressive strength, a short setting time, and high biocompatibility and bioactivity.
Collapse
|