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Value of Serial Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Imaging-guided Biopsies in Men with Low-risk Prostate Cancer on Active Surveillance After 1 Yr Follow-up. Eur Urol Focus 2018; 5:407-415. [PMID: 29331622 DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Active surveillance (AS) aims to reduce overtreatment of low-risk prostate cancer (PC). Incorporating multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI) and MR-guided biopsy (MRGB) in an AS protocol might contribute to more accurate identification of AS candidates. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the value of 3T mp-MRI and MRGB in PC patients on AS at inclusion and after 12-mo follow-up. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Patients with cT1c-cT2 PC, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) ≤10ng/ml, PSA density <0.2ng/ml/ml, and Gleason scores (GSs) of ≤6 and ≤2 positive biopsy cores were included and followed in an AS protocol including mp-MRI and MRGB. The mp-MRI and MRGB were performed at <3 and 12 mo after diagnosis. Reclassification was defined as GS >6, >2 positive cores at repeat transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy (TRUSGB), presence of PC in >3 separate cancer foci upon both MRGB and TRUSGB, or cT3 tumor on mp-MRI. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Reclassification rates, treatment after discontinuation, and outcome on radical prostatectomy after discontinuing AS were reported. Uni- and multivariate analyses were performed to identify predictors of reclassification after 1 yr. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS From 2009 to 2013, a total of 111 of 158 patients were consecutively and prospectively included. Around initial diagnosis, 36 patients were excluded from the study protocol; mp-MRI+MRGB reclassified 25/111 (23%) patients, and 11 patients were excluded at own request. Reasons for reclassification were as follows: GS upgrade (15/25, 60%); cT3 disease (3/25, 12%); suspicion of bone metastases (1/25, 4%); and multifocal disease upon MRGB (6/25, 24%). Repeat examinations after 1 yr showed reclassification in 33/75 patients (44%). Reasons were the following: GS upgrade upon TRUSGB (9/33, 27%); volume progression upon TRUSGB (9/33, 27%); cT3 disease upon mp-MRI (1/33, 3%); GS upgrade upon MRGB (1/33, 3%); volume progression upon MRGB (1/33, 3%); multifocal disease upon MRGB (2/33, 6%); and upgrade or upstage upon both TRUSGB and MRGB (10/33, 30%). On logistic regression analysis, the presence of cancer at initial mp-MRI and MRGB examinations was the only predictor of reclassification after 1 yr (odds ratio 5.9, 95% confidence interval 2.0-17.6). CONCLUSIONS Although mp-MRI and MRGB are of additional value in the evaluation of PC patients on AS, the value of mp-MRI after 1 yr was limited. As a considerable percentage of GS ≥7 PC after 1 yr was detected only by TRUSGB, TRUSGB cannot be omitted yet. PATIENT SUMMARY More aggressive tumors are detected if low-risk prostate cancer patients are additionally monitored by magnetic resonance imaging. However, some high-grade tumors are detected only by transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy.
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Galgano SJ, Glaser ZA, Porter KK, Rais-Bahrami S. Role of Prostate MRI in the Setting of Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1096:49-67. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99286-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Eineluoto JT, Järvinen P, Kenttämies A, Kilpeläinen TP, Vasarainen H, Sandeman K, Erickson A, Mirtti T, Rannikko A. Repeat multiparametric MRI in prostate cancer patients on active surveillance. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189272. [PMID: 29281647 PMCID: PMC5744936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study was conducted to describe the changes in repeat multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) occurring in prostate cancer (PCa) patients during active surveillance (AS), and to study possible associations between mpMRI-related parameters in predicting prostate biopsy (Bx) Gleason score (GS) upgrading >3+3 and protocol-based treatment change (TC). Materials and methods The study cohort consisted of 76 AS patients with GS 3+3 PCa and at least two consecutive mpMRIs of the prostate performed between 2006–2015. Patients were followed according to the Prostate Cancer Research International Active Surveillance (PRIAS) protocol and an additional mpMRI. The primary end points were GS upgrading (GU) (>3+3) in protocol-based Bxs and protocol-based TC. Results Out of 76 patients, 53 (69%) had progression (PIRADS upgrade, size increase or new lesion[s]), while 18 (24%) had radiologically stable disease, and 5 (7%) had regression (PIRADS or size decrease, disappearance of lesion[s]) in repeat mpMRIs during AS. PIRADS scores of 4–5 in the initial mpMRI were associated with GU (p = 0.008) and protocol-based TC (p = 0.009). Tumour progression on repeat mpMRIs was associated with TC (p = 0.045) but not with GU (p = 1.00). PIRADS scores of 4–5 predict GU (sensitivity 0.80 [95% confidence interval (CI); 0.51–0.95, specificity 0.62 [95% CI; 0.52–0.77]) with PPV and NPV values of 0.34 (95% CI; 0.21–0.55) and 0.93 (95% CI; 0.80–0.98), respectively. Conclusion mpMRI is a useful tool not only to select but also to monitor PCa patients on AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho T. Eineluoto
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Petrus Järvinen
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Kenttämies
- Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomas P. Kilpeläinen
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Vasarainen
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kevin Sandeman
- Department of Pathology (HUSLAB), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrew Erickson
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology (HUSLAB), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomas Mirtti
- Department of Pathology (HUSLAB), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Medicum, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Rannikko
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Polanec SH, Lazar M, Wengert GJ, Bickel H, Spick C, Susani M, Shariat S, Clauser P, Baltzer PAT. 3D T2-weighted imaging to shorten multiparametric prostate MRI protocols. Eur Radiol 2017; 28:1634-1641. [PMID: 29134351 PMCID: PMC5834556 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-017-5120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To determine whether 3D acquisitions provide equivalent image quality, lesion delineation quality and PI-RADS v2 performance compared to 2D acquisitions in T2-weighted imaging of the prostate at 3 T. Methods This IRB-approved, prospective study included 150 consecutive patients (mean age 63.7 years, 35–84 years; mean PSA 7.2 ng/ml, 0.4–31.1 ng/ml). Two uroradiologists (R1, R2) independently rated image quality and lesion delineation quality using a five-point ordinal scale and assigned a PI-RADS score for 2D and 3D T2-weighted image data sets. Data were compared using visual grading characteristics (VGC) and receiver operating characteristics (ROC)/area under the curve (AUC) analysis. Results Image quality was similarly good to excellent for 2D T2w (mean score R1, 4.3 ± 0.81; R2, 4.7 ± 0.83) and 3D T2w (mean score R1, 4.3 ± 0.82; R2, 4.7 ± 0.69), p = 0.269. Lesion delineation was rated good to excellent for 2D (mean score R1, 4.16 ± 0.81; R2, 4.19 ± 0.92) and 3D T2w (R1, 4.19 ± 0.94; R2, 4.27 ± 0.94) without significant differences (p = 0.785). ROC analysis showed an equivalent performance for 2D (AUC 0.580–0.623) and 3D (AUC 0.576–0.629) T2w (p > 0.05, respectively). Conclusions Three-dimensional acquisitions demonstrated equivalent image and lesion delineation quality, and PI-RADS v2 performance, compared to 2D in T2-weighted imaging of the prostate. Three-dimensional T2-weighted imaging could be used to considerably shorten prostate MRI protocols in clinical practice. Key points • 3D shows equivalent image quality and lesion delineation compared to 2D T2w. • 3D T2w and 2D T2w image acquisition demonstrated comparable diagnostic performance. • Using a single 3D T2w acquisition may shorten the protocol by 40%. • Combined with short DCE, multiparametric protocols of 10 min are feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan H Polanec
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090, Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Lazar
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090, Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg J Wengert
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090, Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hubert Bickel
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090, Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudio Spick
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090, Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Susani
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shahrokh Shariat
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna (AKH), Waehringer-Guertel 18-20, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paola Clauser
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090, Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pascal A T Baltzer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090, Wien, Vienna, Austria.
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Medical Radiation Research for Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Current Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Prostate Cancer. CURRENT RADIOLOGY REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40134-017-0255-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Glaser ZA, Gordetsky JB, Porter KK, Varambally S, Rais-Bahrami S. Prostate Cancer Imaging and Biomarkers Guiding Safe Selection of Active Surveillance. Front Oncol 2017; 7:256. [PMID: 29164056 PMCID: PMC5670116 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Active surveillance (AS) is a widely adopted strategy to monitor men with low-risk, localized prostate cancer (PCa). Current AS inclusion criteria may misclassify as many as one in four patients. The advent of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and novel PCa biomarkers may offer improved risk stratification. We performed a review of recently published literature to characterize emerging evidence in support of these novel modalities. Methods An English literature search was conducted on PubMed for available original investigations on localized PCa, AS, imaging, and biomarkers published within the past 3 years. Our Boolean criteria included the following terms: PCa, AS, imaging, biomarker, genetic, genomic, prospective, retrospective, and comparative. The bibliographies and diagnostic modalities of the identified studies were used to expand our search. Results Our review identified 222 original studies. Our expanded search yielded 244 studies. Among these, 70 met our inclusion criteria. Evidence suggests mpMRI offers improved detection of clinically significant PCa, and MRI-fusion technology enhances the sensitivity of surveillance biopsies. Multiple studies demonstrate the promise of commercially available screening assays for prediction of AS failure, and several novel biomarkers show promise in this setting. Conclusion In the era of AS for men with low-risk PCa, improved strategies for proper stratification are needed. mpMRI has dramatically enhanced the detection of clinically significant PCa. The advent of novel biomarkers for prediction of aggressive disease and AS failure has shown some initial promise, but further validation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Glaser
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jennifer B Gordetsky
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kristin K Porter
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | | | - Soroush Rais-Bahrami
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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The role of whole-lesion apparent diffusion coefficient analysis for predicting outcomes of prostate cancer patients on active surveillance. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2017; 42:2340-2345. [PMID: 28396920 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-017-1135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the role of whole-lesion apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) analysis for predicting outcomes in prostate cancer patients on active surveillance. METHODS This study included 72 prostate cancer patients who underwent MRI-ultrasound fusion-targeted biopsy at the initiation of active surveillance, had a visible MRI lesion in the region of tumor on biopsy, and underwent 3T baseline and follow-up MRI examinations separated by at least one year. Thirty of the patients also underwent an additional MRI-ultrasound fusion-targeted biopsy after the follow-up MRI. Whole-lesion ADC metrics and lesion volumes were computed from 3D whole-lesion volumes-of-interest placed on lesions on the baseline and follow-up ADC maps. The percent change in lesion volume on the ADC map between the serial examinations was computed. Statistical analysis included unpaired t tests, ROC analysis, and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS Baseline mean ADC, ADC0-10th-percentile, ADC10-25th-percentile, and ADC25-50th-percentile were all significantly lower in lesions exhibiting ≥50% growth on the ADC map compared with remaining lesions (all P ≤ 0.007), with strongest difference between lesions with and without ≥50% growth observed for ADC0-10th-percentile (585 ± 308 vs. 911 ± 336; P = 0.001). ADC0-10th-percentile achieved highest performance for predicting ≥50% growth (AUC = 0.754). Mean percent change in tumor volume on the ADC map was 62.3% ± 26.9% in patients with GS ≥ 3 + 4 on follow-up biopsy compared with 3.6% ± 64.6% in remaining patients (P = 0.050). CONCLUSION Our preliminary results suggest a role for 3D whole-lesion ADC analysis in prostate cancer active surveillance.
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Risk Stratification Among Men With Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2 Category 3 Transition Zone Lesions: Is Biopsy Always Necessary? AJR Am J Roentgenol 2017; 209:1272-1277. [PMID: 28858541 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.17.18008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to determine the clinical and MRI characteristics of clinically significant prostate cancer (PCA) (Gleason score ≥ 3 + 4) in men with Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2 (PI-RADSv2) category 3 transition zone (TZ) lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS From 2014 to 2016, 865 men underwent prostate MRI and MRI/ultrasound (US) fusion biopsy (FB). A subset of 90 FB-naïve men with 96 PI-RADSv2 category 3 TZ lesions was identified. Patients were imaged at 3 T using a body coil. Images were assigned a PI-RADSv2 category by an experienced radiologist. Using clinical data and imaging features, we performed univariate and multivariate analyses to identify predictors of clinically significant PCA. RESULTS The mean patient age was 66 years, and the mean prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) was 0.13 ng/mL2. PCA was detected in 34 of 96 (35%) lesions, 14 of which (15%) harbored clinically significant PCA. In univariate analysis, DWI score, prostate volume, and PSAD were significant predictors (p < 0.05) of clinically significant PCA with a suggested significance for apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and prostate-specific antigen value (p < 0.10). On multivariate analysis, PSAD and lesion ADC were the most important covariates. The combination of both PSAD of 0.15 ng/mL2 or greater and an ADC value of less than 1000 mm2/s yielded an AUC of 0.91 for clinically significant PCA (p < 0.001). If FB had been restricted to these criteria, only 10 of 90 men would have undergone biopsy, resulting in diagnosis of clinically significant PCA in 60% with eight men (9%) misdiagnosed (false-negative). CONCLUSION The yield of FB in men with PI-RADSv2 category 3 TZ lesions for clinically significant PCA is 15% but significantly improves to 60% (AUC > 0.9) among men with PSAD of 0.15 ng/mL2 or greater and lesion ADC value of less than 1000 mm2/s.
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Value of Tracking Biopsy in Men Undergoing Active Surveillance of Prostate Cancer. J Urol 2017; 199:98-105. [PMID: 28728993 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2017.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We compared the upgrading rate obtained by resampling precise spots of prostate cancer (tracking biopsy) vs conventional systematic resampling during followup of men on active surveillance. MATERIALS AND METHODS From 2009 to 2017 in 352 men prostate cancer was Gleason 3 + 3 in 268 and Gleason 3 + 4 in 84 at initial magnetic resonance imaging-ultrasound fusion biopsy. These men subsequently underwent a second fusion biopsy. At the first biopsy session all men underwent 12-core systematic biopsies and, when magnetic resonance imaging visible lesions were present, targeted biopsies. All cancerous sites were recorded electronically. During active surveillance at a second fusion biopsy session 6 to 18 months later tracking and systematic nontracking samples were obtained. The primary outcome measure was an increase in Gleason score (upgrading) at followup sampling, which was stratified by biopsy method. RESULTS Overall 91 of the 352 men (25.9%) experienced upgrading at the second biopsy during a median 11-month interval. The upgrade rate in the Gleason 3 + 3 and 3 + 4 groups was 26.9% and 22.6%, respectively. The mean number of cores taken at second biopsy was 12.2 ± 3.3 in men with upgrading and 12.4 ± 4.1 in those who remained stable (p not significant). Men with grade 0 to 4 magnetic resonance imaging targets were all upgraded at approximately the same rate of 20% to 30% (p not significant). However, 58.8% of the men with grade 5 magnetic resonance imaging targets were upgraded. Of the 91 upgrades 48 (53%) were detected only by tracking. CONCLUSIONS The tracking function of magnetic resonance imaging-ultrasound fusion biopsy warrants further study. When specific sites are resampled in men undergoing active surveillance of prostate cancer, upgrading is detected more often than by nontracking biopsy.
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Stavrinides V, Parker C, Moore C. When no treatment is the best treatment: Active surveillance strategies for low risk prostate cancers. Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 58:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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van der Poel HG, van den Bergh RCN. Difference of opinion - Active surveillance in intermediate risk prostate cancer: is it safe? Opinion: Yes. Int Braz J Urol 2017; 42:413-7. [PMID: 27286101 PMCID: PMC4920555 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2016.03.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Johnson DC, Reiter RE. Multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging as a management decision tool. Transl Androl Urol 2017; 6:472-482. [PMID: 28725589 PMCID: PMC5503956 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2017.05.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to image the prostate accurately and better characterize cancerous lesions makes multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) an invaluable tool to improve management of localized prostate cancer (PCa). Improved risk stratification is warranted given the evidence of significant overtreatment of indolent PCa. mpMRI can more accurately rule out clinically significant PCa in men deciding between surveillance and definitive treatment to reduce overtreatment. mpMRI improves detection of clinically significant PCa, which helps minimize sampling error, a major limitation of the traditional diagnostic paradigm. Aside from helping determine candidacy for initial surveillance vs. treatment, mpMRI is a useful tool for following men on active surveillance (AS) with the potential to reduce the need for serial biopsies. When definitive treatment is warranted, mpMRI can be used to determine the local extent of disease. This provides information that is useful in the treatment decision, counseling about outcomes, and surgical planning. While mpMRI is a significant step forward in PCa management, it is necessary to understand its limitations. mpMRI and MRI-guided fusion biopsy techniques still do not detect all clinically significant tumors. The utility of current mpMRI techniques is limited by the multifocal nature of PCa with poor detection of non-index lesions, inaccurate estimation of tumor size and geometry, and the need for interpretation by specialized radiologists. The role of mpMRI will continue to expand as improvements in technology and experience help overcome these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Johnson
- Department of Urology, Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Institute of Urologic Oncology, Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert E Reiter
- Department of Urology, Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Institute of Urologic Oncology, Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Abstract
MR/US fusion biopsy has emerged as a significant refinement of traditional prostate cancer diagnostic techniques. Utilizing not only quantitative imaging suspicion information from mpMRI but also the spatial accuracy and three-dimensional localization allows such strategies to specifically sample areas of concern with the gland. As such, diagnostic certainty is markedly improved. In this manuscript, we aim to highlight the multidisciplinary approach (amongst urologists, radiologists, pathologists, imaging technologists, nursing staff, and patients) which is required to launch and maintain a successful prostate imaging program.
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Yoo S, Hong JH, Byun SS, Lee JY, Chung BH, Kim CS. Is suspicious upstaging on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging useful in improving the reliability of Prostate Cancer Research International Active Surveillance (PRIAS) criteria? Use of the K-CaP registry. Urol Oncol 2017; 35:459.e7-459.e13. [PMID: 28476529 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical effects of suspicious upstaging on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) for improving the quality of Prostate Cancer Research International Active Surveillance (PRIAS) criteria. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 363 patients with low-risk prostate cancer (PCa) were selected from the K-CaP registry (the multicenter Korean PCa Database). Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the results of mpMRI (with or without suspicious upstaging). The variables for predicting significant PCa, defined as locally advanced PCa, Gleason score≥7, or tumor volume>0.5cc or all of these, and adverse PCa, defined as locally advanced PCa, Gleason score≥7 (4+3), or tumor volume>2.5cc or all of these, were assessed. RESULTS The mpMRI led to "suspicious" upstaging in 56 patients (15.4%). Significant PCa (98.2% vs. 74.6%, P<0.001) and adverse PCa (85.7% vs. 32.6%, P<0.001) were more common in patients with suspicious upstaging. The sensitivity/specificity of mpMRI for significant PCa and adverse PCa were 25.4%/98.2% and 32.4%/96.3%, respectively. On multivariate analyses, suspicious upstaging on mpMRI (odds ratio: 15.82, P = 0.007) was a predictor for significant PCa in addition to PRIAS criteria and age at diagnosis. In addition, suspicious upstaging on mpMRI (odds ratio: 11.11, P<0.001) was a significant predictor for adverse PCa in addition to PRIAS criteria, age at diagnosis, and body mass index. CONCLUSION Along with the PRIAS criteria, suspicious upstaging on mpMRI is a potent diagnostic tool for distinguishing patients suitable for active surveillance among patients with low-risk PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangjun Yoo
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul Korea; Department of Urology, Seoul National University, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Hyuk Hong
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul Korea
| | - Seok-Soo Byun
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Youl Lee
- Department of Urology, St. Mary Hospital, Catholic University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Ha Chung
- Department of Urology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choung-Soo Kim
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul Korea.
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Rais-Bahrami S, Dillard MR, Zhu GG, Gordetsky JB. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia-like ductal prostatic adenocarcinoma: A case suitable for active surveillance? Urol Ann 2017; 9:86-88. [PMID: 28216939 PMCID: PMC5308048 DOI: 10.4103/0974-7796.198829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to typical prostatic ductal adenocarcinoma, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN)-like ductal adenocarcinoma is a rare variant of prostate cancer with low-grade clinical behavior. We report a case of a 66-year-old African-American male with an elevated serum prostate-specific antigen who underwent multiparametric prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MRI/ultrasound fusion-guided biopsies. Pathology demonstrated low-volume Gleason score 3 + 3 = 6 (Grade Group 1), acinar adenocarcinoma involving one core and PIN-like ductal adenocarcinoma on a separate core. Herein, we discuss the potential role of active surveillance for patients with this rare variant of prostate cancer found in the era of advanced imaging with multiparametric MRI for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Rais-Bahrami
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Melissa R Dillard
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Grace G Zhu
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jennifer B Gordetsky
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Lai WS, Gordetsky JB, Thomas JV, Nix JW, Rais-Bahrami S. Factors predicting prostate cancer upgrading on magnetic resonance imaging-targeted biopsy in an active surveillance population. Cancer 2017; 123:1941-1948. [PMID: 28140460 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to create a nomogram model integrating clinical and multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MP-MRI)-based variables to predict prostate cancer upgrading in a population of active surveillance (AS) patients. METHODS Prostate cancer patients on AS who underwent MP-MRI with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/ultrasound (US) fusion-guided biopsy were identified. Clinical and imaging variables, including the prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD), number of lesions, total lesion volume, total lesion density, Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System magnetic resonance imaging suspicion score (MRI-SS), and duration between prereferral systematic and MRI/US fusion-guided biopsy sessions, were assessed. Logistic regression modeling was used to assess upgrading on MRI/US fusion-guided biopsy. A predictive model for upgrading was calculated with the significant factors identified. RESULTS Seventy-six patients were analyzed with a mean age of 62.5 years and a median prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level of 5.1 ng/mL. The average duration between prereferral and MRI/US biopsies was 21 months. Twenty patients (26.32%) were upgraded. The PSAD, duration between prereferral and MRI/US biopsies, MRI-SS, and MRI total lesion density were significantly associated with upgrading. A logistic regression model using these factors to predict upgrading on confirmatory MRI/US fusion biopsy had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.84, whereas the AUC was 0.69 with PSA alone. On the basis of this model, a nomogram was generated, and using a probability cutoff of 22% as an indication of upgrading, it produced sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive, and negative predictive values of 80%, 81.25%, 57.1%, and 92.86%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The integration of MRI findings with clinical parameters can add value to a model predicting upgrading from a Gleason score of 3 + 3 = 6 in men on AS. This can potentially be used as a noninvasive approach to confirm AS patients with low-risk disease for whom biopsy may be deferred. Cancer 2017;123:1941-1948. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Shun Lai
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jennifer B Gordetsky
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - John V Thomas
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jeffrey W Nix
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Soroush Rais-Bahrami
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Tosoian JJ, Loeb S, Epstein JI, Turkbey B, Choyke PL, Schaeffer EM. Active Surveillance of Prostate Cancer: Use, Outcomes, Imaging, and Diagnostic Tools. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY EDUCATIONAL BOOK. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY. ANNUAL MEETING 2017. [PMID: 27249729 DOI: 10.14694/edbk_159244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Active surveillance (AS) has emerged as a standard management option for men with very low-risk and low-risk prostate cancer, and contemporary data indicate that use of AS is increasing in the United States and abroad. In the favorable-risk population, reports from multiple prospective cohorts indicate a less than 1% likelihood of metastatic disease and prostate cancer-specific mortality over intermediate-term follow-up (median 5-6 years). Higher-risk men participating in AS appear to be at increased risk of adverse outcomes, but these populations have not been adequately studied to this point. Although monitoring on AS largely relies on serial prostate biopsy, a procedure associated with considerable morbidity, there is a need for improved diagnostic tools for patient selection and monitoring. Revisions from the 2014 International Society of Urologic Pathology consensus conference have yielded a more intuitive reporting system and detailed reporting of low-intermediate grade tumors, which should facilitate the practice of AS. Meanwhile, emerging modalities such as multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and tissue-based molecular testing have shown prognostic value in some populations. At this time, however, these instruments have not been sufficiently studied to consider their routine, standardized use in the AS setting. Future studies should seek to identify those platforms most informative in the AS population and propose a strategy by which promising diagnostic tools can be safely and efficiently incorporated into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Tosoian
- From the Brady Urological Institute, Departments of Urology and Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Urology and Population Health, New York University, New York, NY; Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Stacy Loeb
- From the Brady Urological Institute, Departments of Urology and Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Urology and Population Health, New York University, New York, NY; Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Jonathan I Epstein
- From the Brady Urological Institute, Departments of Urology and Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Urology and Population Health, New York University, New York, NY; Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Baris Turkbey
- From the Brady Urological Institute, Departments of Urology and Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Urology and Population Health, New York University, New York, NY; Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Peter L Choyke
- From the Brady Urological Institute, Departments of Urology and Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Urology and Population Health, New York University, New York, NY; Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Edward M Schaeffer
- From the Brady Urological Institute, Departments of Urology and Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Urology and Population Health, New York University, New York, NY; Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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Reply by Authors. J Urol 2017; 197:83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.07.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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70
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Taneja SS. Re: Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Ultrasound Fusion Biopsy during Prostate Cancer Active Surveillance. J Urol 2016; 197:400-401. [PMID: 28093146 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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71
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Van Hemelrijck M, Garmo H, Lindhagen L, Bratt O, Stattin P, Adolfsson J. Quantifying the Transition from Active Surveillance to Watchful Waiting Among Men with Very Low-risk Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol 2016; 72:534-541. [PMID: 27816297 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Active surveillance (AS) is commonly used for men with low-risk prostate cancer (PCa). When life expectancy becomes too short for curative treatment to be beneficial, a change from AS to watchful waiting (WW) follows. Little is known about this change since it is rarely documented in medical records. OBJECTIVE To model transition from AS to WW and how this is affected by age and comorbidity among men with very low-risk PCa. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS National population-based healthcare registers were used for analysis. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Using data on PCa characteristics, age, and comorbidity, a state transition model was created to estimate the probability of changes between predefined treatments to estimate transition from AS to WW. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Our estimates indicate that 48% of men with very low-risk PCa starting AS eventually changed to WW over a life course. This proportion increased with age at time of AS initiation. Within 10 yr from start of AS, 10% of men aged 55 yr and 50% of men aged 70 yr with no comorbidity at initiation changed to WW. Our prevalence simulation suggests that the number of men on WW who were previously on AS will eventually stabilise after 30 yr. A limitation is the limited information from clinical follow-up visits (eg, repeat biopsies). CONCLUSIONS We estimated that changes from AS to WW become common among men with very low-risk PCa who are elderly. This potential change to WW should be discussed with men starting on AS. Moreover, our estimates may help in planning health care resources allocated to men on AS, as the transition to WW is associated with lower demands on outpatient resources. PATIENT SUMMARY Changes from active surveillance to watchful waiting will become more common among men with very low-risk prostate cancer. These observations suggest that patients need to be informed about this potential change before they start on active surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Van Hemelrijck
- Cancer Epidemiology Group, Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, UK; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Hans Garmo
- Cancer Epidemiology Group, Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, UK; Regional Cancer Centre Uppsala, Akademiska Sjukhuset, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Ola Bratt
- Department of Translational Medicine Urology, Division of Urological Cancer, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; CamPARI Clinic, Department of Urology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pär Stattin
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jan Adolfsson
- CLINTEC Department, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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72
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Holtz JN, Tay KJ, Polascik TJ, Gupta RT. Integration of multiparametric MRI into active surveillance of prostate cancer. Future Oncol 2016; 12:2513-2529. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common noncutaneous cancer in men though many men will not die of this disease and may not require definitive treatment. Active surveillance (AS) is an increasingly utilized potential solution to the issue of overtreatment of prostate cancer. Traditionally, prostate cancer patients have been stratified into risk groups based on clinical stage on digital rectal examination, prostate-specific antigen and biopsy Gleason score, though each of these variables has significant limitations. This review will discuss the potential role for prostate multiparametric MRI and targeted biopsy techniques incorporating MRI in the selection of candidates for AS, monitoring patients on AS and as triggers for definitive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie N Holtz
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, DUMC Box 3808, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kae Jack Tay
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Division of Urologic Surgery & Duke Prostate Center, DUMC Box 2804, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Thomas J Polascik
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Division of Urologic Surgery & Duke Prostate Center, DUMC Box 2804, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, DUMC Box 3494, 20 Duke Medicine Circle, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rajan T Gupta
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, DUMC Box 3808, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, DUMC Box 3494, 20 Duke Medicine Circle, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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73
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Tempany C. Opportunities for multiparametric MRI with PI-RADS v2 to make a difference. Future Oncol 2016; 12:2397-2399. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Clare Tempany
- Department of Radiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- FA Jolesz Chair of Radiology Research Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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74
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Leapman MS, Carroll PR. What is the best way not to treat prostate cancer? Urol Oncol 2016; 35:42-50. [PMID: 27746147 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Selective treatment approaches for prostate cancer (PCa) are warranted given the highly varied nature of the disease and the consequences associated with definitive therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We present a stepwise overview of strategies optimized to not treat PCa, ranging from improved screening practices that seek to maximize the yield at initial diagnosis, as well as refinements to clinical risk prediction and the performance of active surveillance. RESULTS Improved adherence to screening guidelines offering simplistic, rational practice recommendations are poised to improve the performance of early detection strategies. In addition, measures to improve the quality of PCa screening would include greater integration of novel markers with higher specificity for clinically significant disease, in an effort to stem the tide of over-diagnosis and consequential overtreatment of low-grade tumors. For men diagnosed with PCa, the use of validated, multi-variable risk stratification stands to offer greater certainty in initial management choices: consideration of active surveillance for those with low-risk status, and definitive therapy for men with intermediate and high-risk features. We review the efficacy and nature of active surveillance protocols, and offer a context for refinements that may be anticipated with future study. CONCLUSIONS The question of how best to not treat prostate cancer is often more complex than policies of universal treatment, yet is integral to minimize morbidity of over-treatment in patients with low-risk tumors. An array of refined risk stratification instruments, biomarkers, and genomic assays seek to improve the confidence both prior to, and following diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Leapman
- Department of Urology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
| | - Peter R Carroll
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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75
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Mendhiratta N, Taneja SS, Rosenkrantz AB. The role of MRI in prostate cancer diagnosis and management. Future Oncol 2016; 12:2431-2443. [PMID: 27641839 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiparametric MRI of the prostate demonstrates strong potential to address many limitations of traditional prostate cancer diagnosis and management strategies. Recent evidence supports roles for prostate MRI in prebiopsy risk stratification, guidance of targeted biopsy and preoperative disease staging. Prostate MRI may also assist the planning and follow-up of investigational partial gland ablative therapies. This article reviews the impact of prostate MRI on such diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms in contemporary prostate cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Mendhiratta
- Department of Urology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samir S Taneja
- Department of Urology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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76
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Transrectal Ultrasound Guided Fusion Biopsy to Detect Progression in Patients with Existing Lesions on Active Surveillance for Low and Intermediate Risk Prostate Cancer. J Urol 2016; 197:640-646. [PMID: 27613356 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.08.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Active surveillance is an established option for men with low risk prostate cancer. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging with magnetic resonance imaging-transrectal ultrasound fusion guided biopsy may better identify patients for active surveillance compared to systematic 12-core biopsy due to improved risk stratification. To our knowledge the performance of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in following men on active surveillance with visible lesions is unknown. We evaluated multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance imaging-transrectal ultrasound fusion guided biopsy to monitor men on active surveillance. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective review included men from 2007 to 2015 with prostate cancer on active surveillance in whom magnetic resonance imaging visible lesions were monitored by multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and fusion guided biopsy. Progression was defined by ISUP (International Society of Urological Pathology) grade group 1 to 2 and ISUP grade group 2 to 3. Significance was considered at p ≤0.05. RESULTS A total of 166 patients on active surveillance with 2 or more fusion guided biopsies were included in analysis. Mean followup was 25.5 months. Of the patients 29.5% had pathological progression. Targeted biopsy alone identified 44.9% of patients who progressed compared to 30.6% identified by systematic 12-core biopsy alone (p = 0.03). Fusion guided biopsy detected 26% more cases of pathological progression on surveillance biopsy compared to systematic 12-core biopsy. Progression on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging was the sole predictor of pathological progression at surveillance biopsy (p = 0.013). Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging progression in the entire cohort had 81% negative predictive value, 35% positive predictive value, 77.6% sensitivity and 40.5% specificity in detecting pathological progression. CONCLUSIONS Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging progression predicts the risk of pathological progression. Patients with stable multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging findings have a low rate of progression. Incorporating fusion guided biopsy in active surveillance nearly doubled our detection of pathological progression compared to systematic 12-core biopsy.
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77
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Kovac E, Lieser G, Elshafei A, Jones JS, Klein EA, Stephenson AJ. Outcomes of Active Surveillance after Initial Surveillance Prostate Biopsy. J Urol 2016; 197:84-89. [PMID: 27449260 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We analyzed the rates of disease reclassification at initial and subsequent surveillance prostate biopsy as well as the treatment outcomes of deferred therapy among men on active surveillance for prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS From a prospective database we identified 300 men on active surveillance who had undergone initial surveillance prostate biopsy, with or without confirmatory biopsy, within 1 year of diagnosis. Of these men 261 (87%) were classified as having NCCN very low or low risk disease at diagnosis. Disease reclassification on active surveillance was defined as the presence of 50% or more positive cores and/or surveillance prostate biopsy Gleason score upgrading. Patients with type I disease reclassification included those with any surveillance prostate biopsy Gleason score upgrading, while patients with type II reclassification had to have primary Gleason pattern 4-5 disease on surveillance prostate biopsy. Outcomes after initial surveillance prostate biopsy were evaluated using actuarial analyses. RESULTS At the time of initial surveillance prostate biopsy 49 (16%) and 19 (6%) patients had type I and type II disease reclassification, respectively. Those who underwent confirmatory biopsy had significantly reduced rates of type I (9% vs 23%, p=0.001) and type II (3% vs 9%, p=0.01) reclassification at initial surveillance prostate biopsy. For the 251 patients without disease reclassification at initial surveillance prostate biopsy the 2-year rates of subsequent type I and II reclassification were 17% (95% CI 0-24) and 3% (95% CI 0.1-7), respectively. For the 93 patients who received deferred therapy the 5-year biochemical progression-free probability was 89% (95% CI 79-98), including 95%, 82% and 70% among those without, and those with type I and type II disease reclassification, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Patients on active surveillance with stable disease at the time of initial surveillance prostate biopsy may be appropriate candidates for less intensive surveillance prostate biopsy schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Kovac
- Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
| | - Gregory Lieser
- Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ahmed Elshafei
- Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Urology Department, Medical School, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - J Stephen Jones
- Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Eric A Klein
- Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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78
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Prado K, Reiter RE. Is Targeted Biopsy Applicable to Patients on Active Surveillance? Eur Urol 2016; 71:181-182. [PMID: 27292867 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kris Prado
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert E Reiter
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Institute of Urologic Oncology, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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79
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Smith JA. This Month in Adult Urology. J Urol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.02.2960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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80
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Felker ER, Margolis DJ, Nassiri N, Marks LS. Prostate cancer risk stratification with magnetic resonance imaging. Urol Oncol 2016; 34:311-9. [PMID: 27040381 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) has shown promise for prostate cancer (PCa) risk stratification. mpMRI, often followed by targeted biopsy, can be used to confirm low-grade disease before enrollment in active surveillance. In patients with intermediate or high-risk PCa, mpMRI can be used to inform surgical management. mpMRI has sensitivity of 44% to 87% for detection of clinically significant PCa and negative predictive value of 63% to 98% for exclusion of significant disease. In addition to tumor identification, mpMRI has also been shown to contribute significant incremental value to currently used clinical nomograms for predicting extraprostatic extension. In combination with conventional clinical criteria, accuracy of mpMRI for prediction of extraprostatic extension ranges from 92% to 94%, significantly higher than that achieved with clinical criteria alone. Supplemental sequences, such as diffusion-weighted imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging, allow quantitative evaluation of cancer-suspicious regions. Apparent diffusion coefficient appears to be an independent predictor of PCa aggressiveness. Addition of apparent diffusion coefficient to Epstein criteria may improve sensitivity for detection of significant PCa by as much as 16%. Limitations of mpMRI include variability in reporting, underestimation of PCa volume and failure to detect clinically significant disease in a small but significant number of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ely R Felker
- Department of Radiology, Ronald Reagan-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Daniel J Margolis
- Department of Radiology, Ronald Reagan-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Nima Nassiri
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Leonard S Marks
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA.
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81
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Tosoian JJ, Loeb S, Epstein JI, Turkbey B, Choyke P, Schaeffer EM. Active Surveillance of Prostate Cancer: Use, Outcomes, Imaging, and Diagnostic Tools. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2016; 35:e235-45. [PMID: 27249729 PMCID: PMC4917301 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_159244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Active surveillance (AS) has emerged as a standard management option for men with very low-risk and low-risk prostate cancer, and contemporary data indicate that use of AS is increasing in the United States and abroad. In the favorable-risk population, reports from multiple prospective cohorts indicate a less than 1% likelihood of metastatic disease and prostate cancer-specific mortality over intermediate-term follow-up (median 5-6 years). Higher-risk men participating in AS appear to be at increased risk of adverse outcomes, but these populations have not been adequately studied to this point. Although monitoring on AS largely relies on serial prostate biopsy, a procedure associated with considerable morbidity, there is a need for improved diagnostic tools for patient selection and monitoring. Revisions from the 2014 International Society of Urologic Pathology consensus conference have yielded a more intuitive reporting system and detailed reporting of low-intermediate grade tumors, which should facilitate the practice of AS. Meanwhile, emerging modalities such as multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and tissue-based molecular testing have shown prognostic value in some populations. At this time, however, these instruments have not been sufficiently studied to consider their routine, standardized use in the AS setting. Future studies should seek to identify those platforms most informative in the AS population and propose a strategy by which promising diagnostic tools can be safely and efficiently incorporated into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Tosoian
- Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, Phone: 410-955-2139, , Fax: 410-955-0833
| | - Stacy Loeb
- Department of Urology and Population Health, New York University, New York, NY 10016, , Phone: 646-825-6358
| | - Jonathan I Epstein
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA, , Phone: 410-955-5043
| | - Baris Turkbey
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA, , Phone: 301-443-2315
| | - Peter Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA, , Phone: 301-402-8409
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