51
|
Petropolis DB, Faust DM, Deep Jhingan G, Guillen N. A new human 3D-liver model unravels the role of galectins in liver infection by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004381. [PMID: 25211477 PMCID: PMC4161482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations of human parasitic diseases depend on the availability of appropriate in vivo animal models and ex vivo experimental systems, and are particularly difficult for pathogens whose exclusive natural hosts are humans, such as Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan parasite responsible for amoebiasis. This common infectious human disease affects the intestine and liver. In the liver sinusoids E. histolytica crosses the endothelium and penetrates into the parenchyma, with the concomitant initiation of inflammatory foci and subsequent abscess formation. Studying factors responsible for human liver infection is hampered by the complexity of the hepatic environment and by the restrictions inherent to the use of human samples. Therefore, we built a human 3D-liver in vitro model composed of cultured liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatocytes in a 3D collagen-I matrix sandwich. We determined the presence of important hepatic markers and demonstrated that the cell layers function as a biological barrier. E. histolytica invasion was assessed using wild-type strains and amoebae with altered virulence or different adhesive properties. We showed for the first time the dependence of endothelium crossing upon amoebic Gal/GalNAc lectin. The 3D-liver model enabled the molecular analysis of human cell responses, suggesting for the first time a crucial role of human galectins in parasite adhesion to the endothelial cells, which was confirmed by siRNA knockdown of galectin-1. Levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, including galectin-1 and -3, were highly increased upon contact of E. histolytica with the 3D-liver model. The presence of galectin-1 and -3 in the extracellular medium stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokine release, suggesting a further role for human galectins in the onset of the hepatic inflammatory response. These new findings are relevant for a better understanding of human liver infection by E. histolytica. The study of liver infection is based on animal models, but the animal physiology does not always reflect the reality of the human host. This is particularly true for pathogens whose exclusive natural hosts are humans, such as Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan parasite responsible for amoebiasis. Here, we constructed an experimental human 3D-liver model able to reproduce the first steps of amoebic hepatic infection (barrier crossing, tissue migration and pro-inflammatory reaction). Using this 3D-liver model we were able to decipher the first stages of hepatic invasion by E. histolytica and to unravel the role played by galectin-1 and galectin-3 during amoebic hepatic adhesion and pro-inflammatory reaction. Moreover, the model enables analysis usually not possible with in vivo samples, such as the quantification of pro-inflammatory cytokines released inside the tissue microenvironment. Our 3D-liver model has the potential to bridge the gap between animal models and the reality of the human host for the study of amoebic infection and other infectious diseases of the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debora B Petropolis
- Institut Pasteur, Cell Biology and Infection Department, Cell Biology of Parasitism Unit, Paris, France; INSERM U786, Paris, France
| | - Daniela M Faust
- Institut Pasteur, Cell Biology and Infection Department, Cell Biology of Parasitism Unit, Paris, France; INSERM U786, Paris, France
| | - Gagan Deep Jhingan
- National Institute of Immunology, Signal Transduction Lab-1 Department, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Nancy Guillen
- Institut Pasteur, Cell Biology and Infection Department, Cell Biology of Parasitism Unit, Paris, France; INSERM U786, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Huat LB, Garcia AO, Ning TZ, Kin WW, Noordin R, Azham SSA, Jie LZ, Ching GC, Chong FP, Dam PC. Entamoeba histolytica acetyl-CoA synthetase: biomarker of acute amoebic liver abscess. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4:446-50. [PMID: 25182945 DOI: 10.12980/apjtb.4.2014c1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica) antigen(s) recognized by moribound amoebic liver abscess hamsters. METHODS Crude soluble antigen of E. histolytica was probed with sera of moribund hamsters in 1D- and 2D-Western blot analyses. The antigenic protein was then sent for tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The corresponding gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21-AI to produce the recombinant E. histolytica ADP-forming acetyl-CoA synthetase (EhACS) protein. A customised ELISA was developed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the recombinant protein. RESULTS A ∼75 kDa protein band with a pI value of 5.91-6.5 was found to be antigenic; and not detected by sera of hamsters in the control group. Tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed the protein to be the 77 kDa E. histolytica ADP-forming acetyl-CoA synthetase (EhACS). The customised ELISA results revealed 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity when tested against infected (n=31) and control group hamsters (n=5) serum samples, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This finding suggested the significant role of EhACS as a biomarker for moribund hamsters with acute amoebic liver abscess (ALA) infection. It is deemed pertinent that future studies explore the potential roles of EhACS in better understanding the pathogenesis of ALA; and in the development of vaccine and diagnostic tests to control ALA in human populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lim Boon Huat
- Biomedicine Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Alfonso Olivos Garcia
- Departmento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 04510 Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Tan Zi Ning
- Department of Medicine, Allianze University College of Medical Sciences, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Wong Weng Kin
- Biomedicine Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Rahmah Noordin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, 11800 Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Siti Shafiqah Anaqi Azham
- Biomedicine Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Lee Zhi Jie
- Biomedicine Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Guee Cher Ching
- Biomedicine Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Foo Phiaw Chong
- Biomedicine Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Pim Chau Dam
- Biomedicine Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Crisóstomo-Vázquez MDP, Marevelez-Acosta VA, Flores-Luna A, Jiménez-Cardoso E. The MAK16 gene of Entamoeba histolytica and its identification in isolates from patients. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2014; 52:429-33. [PMID: 25246723 PMCID: PMC4170040 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To identify sequences of Entamoeba histolytica associated with the development of amebic liver abscess (ALA) in hamsters, subtractive hybridization of cDNA from E. histolytica HM-1:IMSS under 2 growth conditions was performed: 1) cultured in axenic medium and 2) isolated from experimental ALA in hamsters. For this procedure, 6 sequences were obtained. Of these sequences, the mak16 gene was selected for amplification in 29 cultures of E. histolytica isolated from the feces of 10 patients with intestinal symptoms and 19 asymptomatic patients. Only 5 of the 10 isolates obtained from symptomatic patients developed ALA and amplified the mak16 gene, whereas the 19 isolates from asymptomatic patients did not amplify the mak16 gene nor did they develop ALA. Based on the results of Fisher's exact test (P<0.001), an association was inferred between the presence of the mak16 gene of E. histolytica and the ability to develop ALA in hamsters and with the patient's symptoms (P=0.02). The amplification of the mak16 gene suggests that it is an important gene in E. histolytica because it was present in the isolates from hamsters that developed liver damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Víctor Alberto Marevelez-Acosta
- Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Laboratory of Parasitology Research, Dr. Márquez #162 Col. Doctores, 06720, México, D.F
| | - Andrés Flores-Luna
- Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Laboratory of Parasitology Research, Dr. Márquez #162 Col. Doctores, 06720, México, D.F
| | - Enedina Jiménez-Cardoso
- Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Laboratory of Parasitology Research, Dr. Márquez #162 Col. Doctores, 06720, México, D.F
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Betanzos A, Schnoor M, Javier-Reyna R, García-Rivera G, Bañuelos C, Pais-Morales J, Orozco E. Analysis of the epithelial damage produced by Entamoeba histolytica infection. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24962382 DOI: 10.3791/51668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of human amoebiasis, a major cause of diarrhea and hepatic abscess in tropical countries. Infection is initiated by interaction of the pathogen with intestinal epithelial cells. This interaction leads to disruption of intercellular structures such as tight junctions (TJ). TJ ensure sealing of the epithelial layer to separate host tissue from gut lumen. Recent studies provide evidence that disruption of TJ by the parasitic protein EhCPADH112 is a prerequisite for E. histolytica invasion that is accompanied by epithelial barrier dysfunction. Thus, the analysis of molecular mechanisms involved in TJ disassembly during E. histolytica invasion is of paramount importance to improve our understanding of amoebiasis pathogenesis. This article presents an easy model that allows the assessment of initial host-pathogen interactions and the parasite invasion potential. Parameters to be analyzed include transepithelial electrical resistance, interaction of EhCPADH112 with epithelial surface receptors, changes in expression and localization of epithelial junctional markers and localization of parasite molecules within epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Betanzos
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute;
| | - Michael Schnoor
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute
| | - Rosario Javier-Reyna
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute
| | - Guillermina García-Rivera
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute
| | - Cecilia Bañuelos
- Agency for Knowledge Commercialization, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute
| | - Jonnatan Pais-Morales
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute
| | - Esther Orozco
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute;
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Yan HB, Lou ZZ, Li L, Brindley PJ, Zheng Y, Luo X, Hou J, Guo A, Jia WZ, Cai X. Genome-wide analysis of regulatory proteases sequences identified through bioinformatics data mining in Taenia solium. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:428. [PMID: 24899069 PMCID: PMC4070553 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cysticercosis remains a major neglected tropical disease of humanity in many regions, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, Central America and elsewhere. Owing to the emerging drug resistance and the inability of current drugs to prevent re-infection, identification of novel vaccines and chemotherapeutic agents against Taenia solium and related helminth pathogens is a public health priority. The T. solium genome and the predicted proteome were reported recently, providing a wealth of information from which new interventional targets might be identified. In order to characterize and classify the entire repertoire of protease-encoding genes of T. solium, which act fundamental biological roles in all life processes, we analyzed the predicted proteins of this cestode through a combination of bioinformatics tools. Functional annotation was performed to yield insights into the signaling processes relevant to the complex developmental cycle of this tapeworm and to highlight a suite of the proteases as potential intervention targets. Results Within the genome of this helminth parasite, we identified 200 open reading frames encoding proteases from five clans, which correspond to 1.68% of the 11,902 protein-encoding genes predicted to be present in its genome. These proteases include calpains, cytosolic, mitochondrial signal peptidases, ubiquitylation related proteins, and others. Many not only show significant similarity to proteases in the Conserved Domain Database but have conserved active sites and catalytic domains. KEGG Automatic Annotation Server (KAAS) analysis indicated that ~60% of these proteases share strong sequence identities with proteins of the KEGG database, which are involved in human disease, metabolic pathways, genetic information processes, cellular processes, environmental information processes and organismal systems. Also, we identified signal peptides and transmembrane helices through comparative analysis with classes of important regulatory proteases. Phylogenetic analysis using Bayes approach provided support for inferring functional divergence among regulatory cysteine and serine proteases. Conclusion Numerous putative proteases were identified for the first time in T. solium, and important regulatory proteases have been predicted. This comprehensive analysis not only complements the growing knowledge base of proteolytic enzymes, but also provides a platform from which to expand knowledge of cestode proteases and to explore their biochemistry and potential as intervention targets. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-428) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu Province, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
|
57
|
Hertz R, Ben Lulu S, Shahi P, Trebicz-Geffen M, Benhar M, Ankri S. Proteomic identification of S-nitrosylated proteins in the parasite Entamoeba histolytica by resin-assisted capture: insights into the regulation of the Gal/GalNAc lectin by nitric oxide. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91518. [PMID: 24626316 PMCID: PMC3953491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is a gastrointestinal protozoan parasite that causes amebiasis, a disease which has a worldwide distribution with substantial morbidity and mortality. Nitrosative stress, which is generated by innate immune cells, is one of the various environmental challenges that E. histolytica encounters during its life cycle. Although the effects of nitric oxide (NO) on the regulation of gene expression in this parasite have been previously investigated, our knowledge on S-nitrosylated proteins in E.histolytica is lacking. In order to fill this knowledge gap, we performed a large-scale detection of S-nitrosylated (SNO) proteins in E.histolytica trophozoites that were treated with the NO donor, S-nitrosocysteine by resin-assisted capture (RAC). We found that proteins involved in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, translation, protein transport, and adherence to target cells such as the heavy subunit of Gal/GalNac lectin are among the S-nitrosylated proteins that were enriched by SNO-RAC. We also found that the S-nitrosylated cysteine residues in the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) of Gal/GalNAc lectin impairs its function and contributes to the inhibition of E.histolytica adherence to host cells. Collectively, these results advance our understanding of the mechanism of reduced E.histolytica adherence to mammalian cells by NO and emphasize the importance of NO as a regulator of key physiological functions in E.histolytica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rivka Hertz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shani Ben Lulu
- Department of Biochemistry, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Preeti Shahi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Meirav Trebicz-Geffen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Moran Benhar
- Department of Biochemistry, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Serge Ankri
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Thibeaux R, Weber C, Hon CC, Dillies MA, Avé P, Coppée JY, Labruyère E, Guillén N. Identification of the virulence landscape essential for Entamoeba histolytica invasion of the human colon. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003824. [PMID: 24385905 PMCID: PMC3868522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is the pathogenic amoeba responsible for amoebiasis, an infectious disease targeting human tissues. Amoebiasis arises when virulent trophozoites start to destroy the muco-epithelial barrier by first crossing the mucus, then killing host cells, triggering inflammation and subsequently causing dysentery. The main goal of this study was to analyse pathophysiology and gene expression changes related to virulent (i.e. HM1:IMSS) and non-virulent (i.e. Rahman) strains when they are in contact with the human colon. Transcriptome comparisons between the two strains, both in culture conditions and upon contact with human colon explants, provide a global view of gene expression changes that might contribute to the observed phenotypic differences. The most remarkable feature of the virulent phenotype resides in the up-regulation of genes implicated in carbohydrate metabolism and processing of glycosylated residues. Consequently, inhibition of gene expression by RNA interference of a glycoside hydrolase (β-amylase absent from humans) abolishes mucus depletion and tissue invasion by HM1:IMSS. In summary, our data suggest a potential role of carbohydrate metabolism in colon invasion by virulent E. histolytica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Thibeaux
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, Paris, France
- INSERM U786, Paris, France
- Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France
| | - Christian Weber
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, Paris, France
- INSERM U786, Paris, France
| | - Chung-Chau Hon
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, Paris, France
- INSERM U786, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Dillies
- Institut Pasteur, Transcriptome et Epigénome, Département Génomes et Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Avé
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Histopathologie Humaine et Modèles Animaux, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Coppée
- Institut Pasteur, Transcriptome et Epigénome, Département Génomes et Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Elisabeth Labruyère
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, Paris, France
- INSERM U786, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (EL); (NG)
| | - Nancy Guillén
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, Paris, France
- INSERM U786, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (EL); (NG)
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Scanlan PD, Stensvold CR. Blastocystis: getting to grips with our guileful guest. Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:523-9. [PMID: 24080063 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Blastocystis, a common single-celled intestinal parasite of humans and animals, continues to puzzle clinical microbiologists, gastroenterologists, and general practitioners who are still unsure of the clinical significance of the organism. Here we consider some less well-addressed areas of Blastocystis research, which, facilitated by recent technological advances, could potentially turn out to be significant pathways to knowledge. First and foremost we discuss new trends in Blastocystis research, including the 'omics' perspectives, and then highlight some aspects of Blastocystis research in the context of host coevolution, its potential as a biomarker of intestinal functionality, and its relationship to other components of the human intestinal microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline D Scanlan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Ocádiz-Ruiz R, Fonseca W, Martínez MB, Ocádiz-Quintanar R, Orozco E, Rodríguez MA. Effect of the silencing of the Ehcp112 gene on the in vitro virulence of Entamoeba histolytica. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:248. [PMID: 23981435 PMCID: PMC3765809 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Entamoeba histolytica is an intestinal protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis in humans, affecting up to 50 million people worldwide each year and causing 40,000 to 100,000 deaths annually. EhCP112 is a cysteine proteinase of E. histolytica able to disrupt cell monolayers and digest extracellular matrix proteins, it is secreted by trophozoites and it can be active in a wide range of temperature and pH. These characteristics have encouraged the use of EhCP112 in the design and production of possible vaccines against amoebiasis, obtaining promising results. Nevertheless, we have no conclusive information about the role of EhCP112 in the E. histolytica pathogenesis. Methods A set of three specific siRNA sequences were used to silence the Ehcp112 gene via the soaking system. Silencing was evaluated by Western blot using an antibody against the EhCP112 recombinant protein. Finally, we analyzed the protease activity, the phagocytosis rate and the ability to destroy MDCK cells of the EhCP112-silenced trophozoites. Results The highest silencing effect on EhCP112 was detected at 16 h of treatment; time enough to perform the in vitro virulence assays, which showed that EhCP112 silencing produces a significant reduction in cytolysis and phagocytosis of target cells, indicating the participation of this proteinase in these events. Conclusions EhCP112 is involved in the in vitro virulence of E. histolytica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Ocádiz-Ruiz
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, A,P, 14-740, México, D,F,, México.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
How to invade, replicate, and escape from host organisms. A challenge in defining virulence factors for parasites. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:1374-6. [PMID: 23092845 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
During millions of years, parasites have been adapting to different environments and hosts. During this time, they have acquired different molecules and peculiar structures, some absent in other living organisms, in order to successfully invade hosts, resist immune attack, and proliferate in the hosts. Nowadays, several genome sequences and a multitude of new information have been generated for many human and animal parasites, opening new possibilities for understanding in detail how they interact with the host and cause disease. Investigations of these molecules and the associated structures, together with their functional roles, are now emerging, providing key advances in understanding pathology that could be used for developing robust strategies to selectively target the parasites without damaging the host.
Collapse
|