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Guerra C, Johal K, Morris D, Moreno S, Alvarado O, Gray D, Tanzil M, Pearce D, Venketaraman V. Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth by activated natural killer cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 168:142-52. [PMID: 22385249 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized the underlying mechanisms by which glutathione (GSH)-enhanced natural killer (NK) cells inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) inside human monocytes. We observed that in healthy individuals, treatment of NK cells with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a GSH prodrug in conjunction with cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-2 + IL-12, resulted in enhanced expression of NK cytotoxic ligands (FasL and CD40L) with concomitant stasis in the intracellular growth of M. tb. Neutralization of FasL and CD40L in IL-2 + IL-12 + NAC-treated NK cells resulted in abrogation in the growth inhibition of M. tb inside monocytes. Importantly, we observed that the levels of GSH are decreased significantly in NK cells derived from individuals with HIV infection compared to healthy subjects, and this decrease correlated with a several-fold increase in the growth of M. tb inside monocytes. This study describes a novel innate defence mechanism adopted by NK cells to control M. tb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Guerra
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Graduate of College of Biomedical Sciences Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East SecondStreet, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
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Morris D, Guerra C, Donohue C, Oh H, Khurasany M, Venketaraman V. Unveiling the mechanisms for decreased glutathione in individuals with HIV infection. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2012:734125. [PMID: 22242038 PMCID: PMC3254057 DOI: 10.1155/2012/734125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We examined the causes for decreased glutathione (GSH) in individuals with HIV infection. We observed lower levels of intracellular GSH in macrophages from individuals with HIV compared to healthy subjects. Further, the GSH composition found in macrophages from HIV(+) subjects heavily favors oxidized glutathione (GSSG) which lacks antioxidant activity, over free GSH which is responsible for GSH's antioxidant activity. This decrease correlated with an increase in the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) in macrophages from HIV(+) individuals. In addition, we observed increased levels of free radicals, interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-17 (IL-17) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in plasma samples derived from HIV(+) individuals compared to healthy subjects. We observed decreased expression of the genes coding for enzymes responsible for de novo synthesis of GSH in macrophages derived from HIV(+) subjects using quantitative PCR (qPCR). Our results indicate that overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines in HIV(+) individuals lead to increased production of free radicals. This combined with the decreased expression of GSH synthesis enzymes leads to a depletion of free GSH and may lead in part to the loss of immune function observed in HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Morris
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Carlos Guerra
- Science Department, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Clare Donohue
- Pitzer College, 1050 N Mills Avenue, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Hyoung Oh
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Melissa Khurasany
- College of Dental Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
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Somashekar BS, Amin AG, Rithner CD, Troudt J, Basaraba R, Izzo A, Crick DC, Chatterjee D. Metabolic Profiling of Lung Granuloma in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infected Guinea Pigs: Ex vivo 1H Magic Angle Spinning NMR Studies. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:4186-95. [DOI: 10.1021/pr2003352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. S. Somashekar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1682, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
| | - Anita G. Amin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1682, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
| | - Christopher D. Rithner
- Central Instrument Facility, Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - JoLynn Troudt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1682, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
| | - Randall Basaraba
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1682, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
| | - Angelo Izzo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1682, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
| | - Dean C. Crick
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1682, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
| | - Delphi Chatterjee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1682, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species and thiol antioxidants, including glutathione (GSH), regulate innate immunity at various levels. This review outlines the redox-sensitive steps of the cellular mechanisms implicated in inflammation and host defense against infection, and describes how GSH is not only important as an antioxidant but also as a signaling molecule. There is an extensive literature of the role of GSH in immunity. Most reviews are biased by an oversimplified picture where “bad” free radicals cause all sorts of diseases and “good” antioxidants protect from them and prevent oxidative stress. While this may be the case in certain fields (eg, toxicology), the role of thiols (the topic of this review) in immunity certainly requires wearing scientist’s goggles and being prepared to accept a more complex picture. This review aims at describing the role of GSH in the lung in the context of immunity and inflammation. The first part summarizes the history and basic concepts of this picture. The second part focuses on GSH metabolism/levels in pathology, the third on the role of GSH in innate immunity and inflammation, and the fourth gives 4 examples describing the importance of GSH in the response to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Ghezzi
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Trafford Centre, Falmer, Brighton, UK.
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Guilford T, Morris D, Gray D, Venketaraman V. Atherosclerosis: pathogenesis and increased occurrence in individuals with HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. HIV AIDS-RESEARCH AND PALLIATIVE CARE 2010; 2:211-8. [PMID: 22096400 PMCID: PMC3218695 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s11977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of coronary heart disease and stroke. Since 1981, more than 980,000 cases of AIDS have been reported in the United States. According to the Centers for Disease Control, more than 1 million Americans may be infected with HIV. By killing or damaging CD4+ T cells of the body’s immune system, HIV progressively destroys the body’s ability to fight infections. People diagnosed with AIDS often suffer from life-threatening diseases caused by opportunistic infections such as tuberculosis. HIV-infected individuals have increased risks for atherosclerosis. This review summarizes the effects of oxidized low density lipoproteins in impairing macrophage functions in individuals with atherosclerosis (with and without HIV infection) thereby enhancing the susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide, the first-line antituberculosis (anti-TB) drugs, are associated with hepatotoxicity. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To study the hepatoprotective effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on liver injury induced by anti-TB drugs. METHODS A randomized clinical trial was conducted on 60 new TB patients who were aged 60 years or more. Patients were randomized into two groups. In group I (n=32), drug regimen included daily doses of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. Patients in group II (n=28) were treated with the same regimen and NAC. The patients were followed up for 2 weeks. Liver enzymes and bilirubins were measured at baseline, after 1 and 2 weeks of treatment, and whenever the patients presented with clinical symptoms of hepatotoxicity. RESULTS The mean+/-SD values of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were significantly higher in group I than in group II after 1 and 2 weeks of treatment. Hepatotoxicity occurred in 12 patients with (37.5%) group I and none in group II. The mean duration of treatment before the onset of hepatotoxicity was 4.67+/-4.58 days. CONCLUSION NAC protects against anti-TB drug-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Dasgupta A, Sureka K, Mitra D, Saha B, Sanyal S, Das AK, Chakrabarti P, Jackson M, Gicquel B, Kundu M, Basu J. An oligopeptide transporter of Mycobacterium tuberculosis regulates cytokine release and apoptosis of infected macrophages. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12225. [PMID: 20808924 PMCID: PMC2923189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome encodes two peptide transporters encoded by Rv3665c-Rv3662c and Rv1280c-Rv1283c. Both belong to the family of ABC transporters containing two nucleotide-binding subunits, two integral membrane proteins and one substrate-binding polypeptide. However, little is known about their functions in M. tuberculosis. Here we report functional characterization of the Rv1280c-Rv1283c-encoded transporter and its substrate-binding polypeptide OppAMTB. Methodology/Principal Findings OppAMTB was capable of binding the tripeptide glutathione and the nonapeptide bradykinin, indicative of a somewhat broad substrate specificity. Amino acid residues G109, N110, N230, D494 and F496, situated at the interface between domains I and III of OppA, were required for optimal peptide binding. Complementaton of an oppA knockout mutant of M. smegmatis with OppAMTB confirmed the role of this transporter in importing glutathione and the importance of the aforesaid amino acid residues in peptide transport. Interestingly, this transporter regulated the ability of M. tuberculosis to lower glutathione levels in infected compared to uninfected macrophages. This ability was partly offset by inactivation of oppD. Concomitantly, inactivation of oppD was associated with lowered levels of methyl glyoxal in infected macrophages and reduced apoptosis-inducing ability of the mutant. The ability to induce the production of the cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α was also compromised after inactivation of oppD. Conclusions Taken together, these studies uncover the novel observations that this peptide transporter modulates the innate immune response of macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunava Dasgupta
- Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Devrani Mitra
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Baisakhee Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Sourav Sanyal
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Amit K. Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | | | - Mary Jackson
- Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Gicquel
- Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Joyoti Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
- * E-mail:
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Alam K, Ghousunnissa S, Nair S, Valluri VL, Mukhopadhyay S. Glutathione-redox balance regulates c-rel-driven IL-12 production in macrophages: possible implications in antituberculosis immunotherapy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:2918-29. [PMID: 20164428 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The glutathione-redox balance, expressed as the ratio of intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione, plays an important role in regulating cellular immune responses. In the current study, we demonstrate that alteration of glutathione-redox balance in macrophages by GSH donors like cell-permeable glutathione ethyl ester reduced or N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) can differentially regulate production of IL-12 cytokine in macrophages. A low concentration of NAC increased IL-12 p40/p70 production, whereas at high concentration, IL-12 production was inhibited due to increased calmodulin expression that binds and sequesters c-rel in the cytoplasm. Although NAC treatment increased the IkappaBalpha phosphorylation, it failed to increase TNF-alpha levels due to enhanced expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1, which specifically prevented nuclear translocation of p65 NF-kappaB. We demonstrate that NAC at 3 mM concentration could increase bacillus Calmette-Guérin-induced IFN-gamma production by PBMCs from patients with active tuberculosis and shifts the anti-bacillus Calmette-Guérin immune response toward the protective Th1 type. Our results indicate that redox balance of glutathione plays a critical role in regulating IL-12 induction in native macrophages, and NAC can be used in tailoring macrophages to induce enhanced Th1 response that may be helpful to control tuberculosis and other pathophysiological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiser Alam
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
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