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Kinetochore Components Required for Centromeric Chromatin Assembly Are Impacted by Msc1 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Genetics 2017; 207:559-569. [PMID: 28827290 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic chromosome segregation requires a protein complex known as the kinetochore that mediates attachment between mitotic spindle microtubules and centromere-specific nucleosomes composed of the widely conserved histone variant CENP-A. Mutations in kinetochore proteins of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe lead to chromosome missegregation such that daughter cells emerge from mitosis with unequal DNA content. We find that multiple copies of Msc1-a fission yeast homolog of the KDM5 family of proteins-suppresses the temperature-sensitive growth defect of several kinetochore mutants, including mis16 and mis18, as well as mis6, mis15, and mis17, components of the Constitutive Centromere Associated Network (CCAN). On the other hand, deletion of msc1 exacerbates both the growth defect and chromosome missegregation phenotype of each of these mutants. The C-terminal PHD domains of Msc1, previously shown to associate with a histone deacetylase activity, are necessary for Msc1 function when kinetochore mutants are compromised. We also demonstrate that, in the absence of Msc1, the frequency of localization to the kinetochore of Mis16 and Mis15 is altered from wild-type cells. As we show here for msc1, others have shown that elevating cnp1 levels acts similarly to promote survival of the CCAN mutants. The rescue of mis15 and mis17 by cnp1 is, however, independent of msc1 Thus, Msc1 appears to contribute to the chromatin environment at the centromere: the absence of Msc1 sensitizes cells to perturbations in kinetochore function, while elevating Msc1 overcomes loss of function of critical components of the kinetochore and centromere.
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52
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Lysine-Specific Histone Demethylases Contribute to Cellular Differentiation and Carcinogenesis. EPIGENOMES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes1010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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53
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Abstract
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Post-translational
modifications of histones by protein methyltransferases
(PMTs) and histone demethylases (KDMs) play an important role in the
regulation of gene expression and transcription and are implicated
in cancer and many other diseases. Many of these enzymes also target
various nonhistone proteins impacting numerous crucial biological
pathways. Given their key biological functions and implications in
human diseases, there has been a growing interest in assessing these
enzymes as potential therapeutic targets. Consequently, discovering
and developing inhibitors of these enzymes has become a very active
and fast-growing research area over the past decade. In this review,
we cover the discovery, characterization, and biological application
of inhibitors of PMTs and KDMs with emphasis on key advancements in
the field. We also discuss challenges, opportunities, and future directions
in this emerging, exciting research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ümit Kaniskan
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Michael L Martini
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Jian Jin
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
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54
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Brier ASB, Loft A, Madsen J, Rosengren T, Nielsen R, Schmidt SF, Liu Z, Yan Q, Gronemeyer H, Mandrup S. The KDM5 family is required for activation of pro-proliferative cell cycle genes during adipocyte differentiation. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:1743-1759. [PMID: 27899593 PMCID: PMC5389521 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw1156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The KDM5 family of histone demethylases removes the H3K4 tri-methylation (H3K4me3) mark frequently found at promoter regions of actively transcribed genes and is therefore generally considered to contribute to corepression. In this study, we show that knockdown (KD) of all expressed members of the KDM5 family in white and brown preadipocytes leads to deregulated gene expression and blocks differentiation to mature adipocytes. KDM5 KD leads to a considerable increase in H3K4me3 at promoter regions; however, these changes in H3K4me3 have a limited effect on gene expression per se. By contrast, genome-wide analyses demonstrate that KDM5A is strongly enriched at KDM5-activated promoters, which generally have high levels of H3K4me3 and are associated with highly expressed genes. We show that KDM5-activated genes include a large set of cell cycle regulators and that the KDM5s are necessary for mitotic clonal expansion in 3T3-L1 cells, indicating that KDM5 KD may interfere with differentiation in part by impairing proliferation. Notably, the demethylase activity of KDM5A is required for activation of at least a subset of pro-proliferative cell cycle genes. In conclusion, the KDM5 family acts as dual modulators of gene expression in preadipocytes and is required for early stage differentiation and activation of pro-proliferative cell cycle genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Sofie B. Brier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Anne Loft
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jesper G. S. Madsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Thomas Rosengren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Ronni Nielsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Søren F. Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Zongzhi Liu
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hinrich Gronemeyer
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Susanne Mandrup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
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The Chromatin-Associated Phf12 Protein Maintains Nucleolar Integrity and Prevents Premature Cellular Senescence. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00522-16. [PMID: 27956701 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00522-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pf1, also known as Phf12 (plant homeodomain [PHD] zinc finger protein 12), is a member of the PHD zinc finger family of proteins. Pf1 associates with a chromatin-interacting protein complex comprised of MRG15, Sin3B, and histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) that functions as a transcriptional modulator. The biological function of Pf1 remains largely elusive. We undertook the generation of Pf1 knockout mice to elucidate its physiological role. We demonstrate that Pf1 is required for mid- to late gestation viability. Pf1 inactivation impairs the proliferative potential of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and is associated with a significant decrease in bromodeoxyuridine incorporation; an increase in senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) activity, a marker of cellular senescence; and elevated levels of phosphorylated H2AX (γ-H2A.X), a marker associated with DNA double-strand breaks. Analysis of transcripts differentially expressed in wild-type and Pf1-deficient cells revealed the impact of Pf1 in multiple regulatory arms of the ribosome biogenesis pathways. Strikingly, assessment of the morphology of the nucleoli exposed an abnormal nucleolar structure in Pf1-deficient cells. Finally, proteomic analysis of the Pf1-interacting complexes highlighted proteins involved in ribosome biogenesis. Taken together, our data reveal an unsuspected function for the Pf1-associated chromatin complex in the ribosomal biogenesis and senescence pathways.
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56
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Roles of pRB in the Regulation of Nucleosome and Chromatin Structures. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:5959721. [PMID: 28101510 PMCID: PMC5215604 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5959721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma protein (pRB) interacts with E2F and other protein factors to play a pivotal role in regulating the expression of target genes that induce cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and differentiation. pRB controls the local promoter activity and has the ability to change the structure of nucleosomes and/or chromosomes via histone modification, epigenetic changes, chromatin remodeling, and chromosome organization. Functional inactivation of pRB perturbs these cellular events and causes dysregulated cell growth and chromosome instability, which are hallmarks of cancer cells. The role of pRB in regulation of nucleosome/chromatin structures has been shown to link to tumor suppression. This review focuses on the ability of pRB to control nucleosome/chromatin structures via physical interactions with histone modifiers and chromatin factors and describes cancer therapies based on targeting these protein factors.
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57
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Mitochondrial control through nutritionally regulated global histone H3 lysine-4 demethylation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37942. [PMID: 27897198 PMCID: PMC5126570 DOI: 10.1038/srep37942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone demethylation by Jumonji-family proteins is coupled with the decarboxylation of α-ketoglutarate (αKG) to yield succinate, prompting hypotheses that their activities are responsive to levels of these metabolites in the cell. Consistent with this paradigm we show here that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Jumonji demethylase Jhd2 opposes the accumulation of H3K4me3 in fermenting cells only when they are nutritionally manipulated to contain an elevated αKG/succinate ratio. We also find that Jhd2 opposes H3K4me3 in respiratory cells that do not exhibit such an elevated αKG/succinate ratio. While jhd2∆ caused only limited gene expression defects in fermenting cells, transcript profiling and physiological measurements show that JHD2 restricts mitochondrial respiratory capacity in cells grown in non-fermentable carbon in an H3K4me-dependent manner. In association with these phenotypes, we find that JHD2 limits yeast proliferative capacity under physiologically challenging conditions as measured by both replicative lifespan and colony growth on non-fermentable carbon. JHD2’s impact on nutrient response may reflect an ancestral role of its gene family in mediating mitochondrial regulation.
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58
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Goto M, Toda N, Shimaji K, Suong DNA, Vo N, Kimura H, Yoshida H, Inoue YH, Yamaguchi M. Polycomb-dependent nucleolus localization of Jumonji/Jarid2 during Drosophila spermatogenesis. SPERMATOGENESIS 2016; 6:e1232023. [PMID: 28144496 DOI: 10.1080/21565562.2016.1232023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila Jumonji/Jarid2 (dJmj) has been identified as a component of Polycomb repressive complex 2. However, it is suggested that dJmj has both PRC-dependent and -independent roles. Subcellular localization of dJmj during spermatogenesis is unknown. We therefore performed immunocytochemical analyses with specific antibodies to dJmj and tri-methylation at lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3). Interestingly, dJmj exclusively localizes at nucleolus in the late growth stage. Examination of the dJmj localization in various Polycomb group (PcG) mutant lines at the late growth stage allowed identification of some PcG genes, including Polycomb (Pc), to be responsible for dJmj recruitment to nucleolus. In addition, we found that size of nucleolus was decreased in some of these mutant lines. In a mutant of testis-specific TAF homolog (tTAF) that is responsible for nucleolus localization of Pc, dJmj signals were detected not only at nucleolus but also on the condensed chromatin in the late growth stage. Duolink In situ Proximity ligation assay clarified that Pc interacts with dJmj at nucleolus in the late growth stage. Furthermore, the level of H3K27me3 decreased in nuclei at this stage. Taken together, we conclude that tTAF is responsible for recruitments of dJmj to nucleolus in the late growth stage that appears to be mediated by Pc. Compartmentalization of dJmj in nucleolus together with some of PcG may be necessary to de-repress the expression of genes required to cellular growth and proliferation in the following meiotic divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moyu Goto
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Kyoto, Japan
| | - Narumi Toda
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kouhei Shimaji
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Nicole Vo
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Institute of Innovative Research (IIR), Tokyo Institute of Technology , Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hideki Yoshida
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro H Inoue
- Insect Advanced Research Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan; Insect Advanced Research Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
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59
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Zhang J, Loyd MR, Randall MS, Morris JJ, Shah JG, Ney PA. Repression by RB1 characterizes genes involved in the penultimate stage of erythroid development. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:3441-53. [PMID: 26397180 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1090067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma-1 (RB1), and the RB1-related proteins p107 and p130, are key regulators of the cell cycle. Although RB1 is required for normal erythroid development in vitro, it is largely dispensable for erythropoiesis in vivo. The modest phenotype caused by RB1 deficiency in mice raises questions about redundancy within the RB1 family, and the role of RB1 in erythroid differentiation. Here we show that RB1 is the major pocket protein that regulates terminal erythroid differentiation. Erythroid cells lacking all pocket proteins exhibit the same cell cycle defects as those deficient for RB1 alone. RB1 has broad repressive effects on gene transcription in erythroid cells. As a group, RB1-repressed genes are generally well expressed but downregulated at the final stage of erythroid development. Repression correlates with E2F binding, implicating E2Fs in the recruitment of RB1 to repressed genes. Merging differential and time-dependent changes in expression, we define a group of approximately 800 RB1-repressed genes. Bioinformatics analysis shows that this list is enriched for terms related to the cell cycle, but also for terms related to terminal differentiation. Some of these have not been previously linked to RB1. These results expand the range of processes potentially regulated by RB1, and suggest that a principal role of RB1 in development is coordinating the events required for terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhang
- a Department of Biochemistry ; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital ; Memphis , TN USA.,b Current address: Cancer Biology & Genetics; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center ; New York , NY USA
| | - Melanie R Loyd
- a Department of Biochemistry ; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital ; Memphis , TN USA.,c Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital ; Memphis , TN USA
| | - Mindy S Randall
- a Department of Biochemistry ; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital ; Memphis , TN USA
| | - John J Morris
- c Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital ; Memphis , TN USA
| | - Jayesh G Shah
- d Cell & Molecular Biology; Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute; New York Blood Center ; New York , NY USA
| | - Paul A Ney
- a Department of Biochemistry ; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital ; Memphis , TN USA.,d Cell & Molecular Biology; Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute; New York Blood Center ; New York , NY USA.,e Current address: 1735 York Ave., New York , NY USA
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60
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Zhaunova L, Ohkura H, Breuer M. Kdm5/Lid Regulates Chromosome Architecture in Meiotic Prophase I Independently of Its Histone Demethylase Activity. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006241. [PMID: 27494704 PMCID: PMC4975413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
During prophase of the first meiotic division (prophase I), chromatin dynamically reorganises to recombine and prepare for chromosome segregation. Histone modifying enzymes are major regulators of chromatin structure, but our knowledge of their roles in prophase I is still limited. Here we report on crucial roles of Kdm5/Lid, one of two histone demethylases in Drosophila that remove one of the trimethyl groups at Lys4 of Histone 3 (H3K4me3). In the absence of Kdm5/Lid, the synaptonemal complex was only partially formed and failed to be maintained along chromosome arms, while localisation of its components at centromeres was unaffected. Kdm5/Lid was also required for karyosome formation and homologous centromere pairing in prophase I. Although loss of Kdm5/Lid dramatically increased the level of H3K4me3 in oocytes, catalytically inactive Kdm5/Lid can rescue the above cytological defects. Therefore Kdm5/Lid controls chromatin architecture in meiotic prophase I oocytes independently of its demethylase activity. Accurate transmission of chromosomes carrying genetic materials from generation to generation is essential for life. Cell divisions that generate gametes, such as eggs and sperm, are critical, as chromosomes inherited from both parents recombine and are accurately sorted into gametes. Errors in these cell divisions often result in infertility, miscarriages or birth defects such as Down syndrome in humans. During these divisions, chromosomes undergo dramatic reorganisation but the molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Chromosome organisation is known to be regulated by various epigenetic marks, which are chemical marks on chromatin crucial for regulating gene expression. We found that an enzyme (Kdm5/Lid) that erases a mark linked to active gene expression regulates multiple aspects of meiotic chromatin organisation in oocytes, including stability of the recombination machinery. Unexpectedly, this function does not require its enzymatic activity. Our findings provide novel insights into how chromosomes are reorganised during reproduction and prompt re-evaluation of the role of this eraser enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila Zhaunova
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hiroyuki Ohkura
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Manuel Breuer
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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61
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Horton JR, Liu X, Gale M, Wu L, Shanks JR, Zhang X, Webber PJ, Bell JSK, Kales SC, Mott BT, Rai G, Jansen DJ, Henderson MJ, Urban DJ, Hall MD, Simeonov A, Maloney DJ, Johns MA, Fu H, Jadhav A, Vertino PM, Yan Q, Cheng X. Structural Basis for KDM5A Histone Lysine Demethylase Inhibition by Diverse Compounds. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:769-781. [PMID: 27427228 PMCID: PMC4958579 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The KDM5/JARID1 family of Fe(II)- and α-ketoglutarate-dependent demethylases removes methyl groups from methylated lysine 4 of histone H3. Accumulating evidence supports a role for KDM5 family members as oncogenic drivers. We compare the in vitro inhibitory properties and binding affinity of ten diverse compounds with all four family members, and present the crystal structures of the KDM5A-linked Jumonji domain in complex with eight of these inhibitors in the presence of Mn(II). All eight inhibitors structurally examined occupy the binding site of α-ketoglutarate, but differ in their specific binding interactions, including the number of ligands involved in metal coordination. We also observed inhibitor-induced conformational changes in KDM5A, particularly those residues involved in the binding of α-ketoglutarate, the anticipated peptide substrate, and intramolecular interactions. We discuss how particular chemical moieties contribute to inhibitor potency and suggest strategies that might be utilized in the successful design of selective and potent epigenetic inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Horton
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Molly Gale
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lizhen Wu
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - John R Shanks
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Philip J Webber
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Joshua S K Bell
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Stephen C Kales
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Bryan T Mott
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Ganesha Rai
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Daniel J Jansen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Mark J Henderson
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Daniel J Urban
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Matthew D Hall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - David J Maloney
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Margaret A Johns
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; The Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ajit Jadhav
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Paula M Vertino
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; The Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; The Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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62
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Abstract
Human retinoblastoma gene RB1 is the first tumor suppressor gene (TSG) isolated by positional cloning in 1986. RB is extensively studied for its ability to regulate cell cycle by binding to E2F1 and inhibiting the transcriptional activity of the latter. In human embryonic stem cells (ESCs), only a minute trace of RB is found in complex with E2F1. Increased activity of RB triggers differentiation, cell cycle arrest, and cell death. On the other hand, inactivation of the entire RB family (RB1, RBL1, and RBL2) in human ESC induces G2/M arrest and cell death. These observations indicate that both loss and overactivity of RB could be lethal for the stemness of cells. A question arises why inactive RB is required for the survival and stemness of cells? To shed some light on this question, we analyzed the RB-binding proteins. In this review we have focused on 27 RB-binding partners that may have potential roles in different aspects of stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mushtaq
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - E V Kashuba
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, NASU, Kyiv, Ukraine.
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63
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Zhou D, Kannappan V, Chen X, Li J, Leng X, Zhang J, Xuan S. RBP2 induces stem-like cancer cells by promoting EMT and is a prognostic marker for renal cell carcinoma. Exp Mol Med 2016; 48:e238. [PMID: 27282106 PMCID: PMC4929691 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2016.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), one of the most common kidney cancers, has a poor prognosis. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a hallmark of carcinoma invasion and metastasis. Several studies have examined the molecular regulation of EMT, but the relationship between histone demethylases and EMT is little understood. In this study, we investigated the role of retinoblastoma-binding protein-2 (RBP2), a histone demethylase that is highly expressed in RCC and is positively correlated with poor RCC prognosis in the regulation of EMT. We found that ectopic overexpression of RBP2 can induce cancer stem cell-like (CSC) phenotypes through EMT in RCC cells by converting them to a more mesenchymal phenotype. This results in increased resistance to apoptosis, which leads to enhanced tumor growth in xenograft models. Together, our data show that RBP2 is an epigenetic regulator that has an important role in the initiation of CSC phenotypes through EMT, leading to tumor progression. RBP2 is also a novel biomolecule for RCC diagnosis, and prognosis and may be a therapeutic target.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinogenesis/metabolism
- Carcinogenesis/pathology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney/pathology
- Kidney Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Kidney Neoplasms/metabolism
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Prognosis
- Retinol-Binding Proteins, Cellular/analysis
- Retinol-Binding Proteins, Cellular/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahai Zhou
- College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Department of Urology, 401 Hospital of PLA, Qingdao, China
| | - Vinodh Kannappan
- Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science & Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | | | - Jingqin Li
- Department of Urology, 401 Hospital of PLA, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuefeng Leng
- Department of Urology, 401 Hospital of PLA, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinping Zhang
- Department of Urology, 401 Hospital of PLA, Qingdao, China
| | - Shiying Xuan
- College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
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PI3K/AKT Signaling Regulates H3K4 Methylation in Breast Cancer. Cell Rep 2016; 15:2692-704. [PMID: 27292631 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational histone H3 modifications regulate transcriptional competence. The mechanisms by which the epigenome is regulated in response to oncogenic signaling remain unclear. Here we show that H3K4me3 is increased in breast tumors driven by an activated PIK3CA allele and that inhibition of PI3K/AKT signaling reduces promoter-associated H3K4me3 in human breast cancer cells. We show that the H3K4 demethylase KDM5A is an AKT target and that phosphorylation of KDM5A regulates its nuclear localization and promoter occupancy. Supporting a role for KDM5A in mediating PI3K/AKT transcriptional effects, the decreased expression in response to AKT inhibition of a subset of cell-cycle genes associated with poor clinical outcome is blunted by KDM5A silencing. Our data identify a mechanism by which PI3K/AKT signaling modulates the cancer epigenome through controlling H3K4 methylation and suggest that KDM5A subcellular localization and genome occupancy may be pharmacodynamic markers of the activity of PI3K/AKT inhibitors currently in clinical development.
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Penterling C, Drexler GA, Böhland C, Stamp R, Wilke C, Braselmann H, Caldwell RB, Reindl J, Girst S, Greubel C, Siebenwirth C, Mansour WY, Borgmann K, Dollinger G, Unger K, Friedl AA. Depletion of Histone Demethylase Jarid1A Resulting in Histone Hyperacetylation and Radiation Sensitivity Does Not Affect DNA Double-Strand Break Repair. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156599. [PMID: 27253695 PMCID: PMC4890786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone demethylases have recently gained interest as potential targets in cancer treatment and several histone demethylases have been implicated in the DNA damage response. We investigated the effects of siRNA-mediated depletion of histone demethylase Jarid1A (KDM5A, RBP2), which demethylates transcription activating tri- and dimethylated lysine 4 at histone H3 (H3K4me3/me2), on growth characteristics and cellular response to radiation in several cancer cell lines. In unirradiated cells Jarid1A depletion lead to histone hyperacetylation while not affecting cell growth. In irradiated cells, depletion of Jarid1A significantly increased cellular radiosensitivity. Unexpectedly, the hyperacetylation phenotype did not lead to disturbed accumulation of DNA damage response and repair factors 53BP1, BRCA1, or Rad51 at damage sites, nor did it influence resolution of radiation-induced foci or rejoining of reporter constructs. We conclude that the radiation sensitivity observed following depletion of Jarid1A is not caused by a deficiency in repair of DNA double-strand breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Penterling
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Guido A. Drexler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Böhland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ramona Stamp
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Wilke
- Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Herbert Braselmann
- Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Randolph B. Caldwell
- Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Judith Reindl
- Institut für Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Girst
- Institut für Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Greubel
- Institut für Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany
| | | | - Wael Y. Mansour
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Tumor Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Kerstin Borgmann
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Günther Dollinger
- Institut für Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Kristian Unger
- Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group ‘Personalized Radiotherapy of Head and Neck Cancer’, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anna A. Friedl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group ‘Personalized Radiotherapy of Head and Neck Cancer’, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Kohno S, Kitajima S, Sasaki N, Takahashi C. Retinoblastoma tumor suppressor functions shared by stem cell and cancer cell strategies. World J Stem Cells 2016; 8:170-84. [PMID: 27114748 PMCID: PMC4835675 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v8.i4.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcinogenic transformation of somatic cells resembles nuclear reprogramming toward the generation of pluripotent stem cells. These events share eternal escape from cellular senescence, continuous self-renewal in limited but certain population of cells, and refractoriness to terminal differentiation while maintaining the potential to differentiate into cells of one or multiple lineages. As represented by several oncogenes those appeared to be first keys to pluripotency, carcinogenesis and nuclear reprogramming seem to share a number of core mechanisms. The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor product retinoblastoma (RB) seems to be critically involved in both events in highly complicated manners. However, disentangling such complicated interactions has enabled us to better understand how stem cell strategies are shared by cancer cells. This review covers recent findings on RB functions related to stem cells and stem cell-like behaviors of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Kohno
- Susumu Kohno, Chiaki Takahashi, Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kitajima
- Susumu Kohno, Chiaki Takahashi, Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Nobunari Sasaki
- Susumu Kohno, Chiaki Takahashi, Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Chiaki Takahashi
- Susumu Kohno, Chiaki Takahashi, Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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Osteosarcoma: prognosis plateau warrants retinoblastoma pathway targeted therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2016; 1:16001. [PMID: 29263893 PMCID: PMC5657420 DOI: 10.1038/sigtrans.2016.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone cancer in children and adolescents, affecting ~560 young patients in the United States annually. The term OS describes a diverse array of subtypes with varying prognoses, but the majority of tumors are high grade and aggressive. Perhaps because the true etiology of these aggressive tumors remains unknown, advances in OS treatment have reached a discouraging plateau, with only incremental improvements over the past 40 years. Thus, research surrounding the pathogenesis of OS is essential, as it promises to unveil novel therapeutic targets that can attack tumor cells with greater specificity and lower toxicity. Among the candidate molecular targets in OS, the retinoblastoma (RB) pathway demonstrates the highest frequency of inactivation and thus represents a particularly promising avenue for molecular targeted therapy. This review examines the present thinking and practices in OS treatment and specifically highlights the relevance of the RB pathway in osteosarcomagenesis. Through further investigation into RB pathway-related novel therapeutic targets, we believe that a near-term breakthrough in improved OS prognosis is possible.
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Horton JR, Engstrom A, Zoeller EL, Liu X, Shanks JR, Zhang X, Johns MA, Vertino PM, Fu H, Cheng X. Characterization of a Linked Jumonji Domain of the KDM5/JARID1 Family of Histone H3 Lysine 4 Demethylases. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:2631-46. [PMID: 26645689 PMCID: PMC4742734 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.698449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The KDM5/JARID1 family of Fe(II)- and α-ketoglutarate-dependent demethylases remove methyl groups from tri- and dimethylated lysine 4 of histone H3. Accumulating evidence from primary tumors and model systems supports a role for KDM5A (JARID1A/RBP2) and KDM5B (JARID1B/PLU1) as oncogenic drivers. The KDM5 family is unique among the Jumonji domain-containing histone demethylases in that there is an atypical insertion of a DNA-binding ARID domain and a histone-binding PHD domain into the Jumonji domain, which separates the catalytic domain into two fragments (JmjN and JmjC). Here we demonstrate that internal deletion of the ARID and PHD1 domains has a negligible effect on in vitro enzymatic kinetics of the KDM5 family of enzymes. We present a crystal structure of the linked JmjN-JmjC domain from KDM5A, which reveals that the linked domain fully reconstitutes the cofactor (metal ion and α-ketoglutarate) binding characteristics of other structurally characterized Jumonji domain demethylases. Docking studies with GSK-J1, a selective inhibitor of the KDM6/KDM5 subfamilies, identify critical residues for binding of the inhibitor to the reconstituted KDM5 Jumonji domain. Further, we found that GSK-J1 inhibited the demethylase activity of KDM5C with 8.5-fold increased potency compared with that of KDM5B at 1 mm α-ketoglutarate. In contrast, JIB-04 (a pan-inhibitor of the Jumonji demethylase superfamily) had the opposite effect and was ~8-fold more potent against KDM5B than against KDM5C. Interestingly, the relative selectivity of JIB-04 toward KDM5B over KDM5C in vitro translates to a ~10-50-fold greater growth-inhibitory activity against breast cancer cell lines. These data define the minimal requirements for enzymatic activity of the KDM5 family to be the linked JmjN-JmjC domain coupled with the immediate C-terminal helical zinc-binding domain and provide structural characterization of the linked JmjN-JmjC domain for the KDM5 family, which should prove useful in the design of KDM5 demethylase inhibitors with improved potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Engstrom
- the Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology
| | | | - Xu Liu
- From the Departments of Biochemistry
| | | | | | | | - Paula M Vertino
- Radiation Oncology, the Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Haian Fu
- the Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 Radiation Oncology, the Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, and Hematology and Medical Oncology, and
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- From the Departments of Biochemistry, the Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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69
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Gajan A, Barnes VL, Liu M, Saha N, Pile LA. The histone demethylase dKDM5/LID interacts with the SIN3 histone deacetylase complex and shares functional similarities with SIN3. Epigenetics Chromatin 2016; 9:4. [PMID: 26848313 PMCID: PMC4740996 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-016-0053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Regulation of gene expression by histone-modifying enzymes is essential to control cell fate decisions and developmental processes. Two histone-modifying enzymes, RPD3, a deacetylase, and dKDM5/LID, a demethylase, are present in a single complex, coordinated through the SIN3 scaffold protein. While the SIN3 complex has been demonstrated to have functional histone deacetylase activity, the role of the demethylase dKDM5/LID as part of the complex has not been investigated. Results Here, we analyzed the developmental and transcriptional activities of dKDM5/LID in relation to SIN3. Knockdown of either Sin3A or lid resulted in decreased cell proliferation in S2 cells and wing imaginal discs. Conditional knockdown of either Sin3A or lid resulted in flies that displayed wing developmental defects. Interestingly, overexpression of dKDM5/LID rescued the wing developmental defect due to reduced levels of SIN3 in female flies, indicating a major role for dKDM5/LID in cooperation with SIN3 during development. Together, these observed phenotypes strongly suggest that dKDM5/LID as part of the SIN3 complex can impact previously uncharacterized transcriptional networks. Transcriptome analysis revealed that SIN3 and dKDM5/LID regulate many common genes. While several genes implicated in cell cycle and wing developmental pathways were affected upon altering the level of these chromatin factors, a significant affect was also observed on genes required to mount an effective stress response. Further, under conditions of induced oxidative stress, reduction of SIN3 and/or dKDM5/LID altered the expression of a greater number of genes involved in cell cycle-related processes relative to normal conditions. This highlights an important role for SIN3 and dKDM5/LID proteins to maintain proper progression through the cell cycle in environments of cellular stress. Further, we find that target genes are bound by both SIN3 and dKDM5/LID, however, histone acetylation, not methylation, plays a predominant role in gene regulation by the SIN3 complex. Conclusions We have provided genetic evidence to demonstrate functional cooperation between the histone demethylase dKDM5/LID and SIN3. Biochemical and transcriptome data further support functional links between these proteins. Together, the data provide a solid framework for analyzing the gene regulatory pathways through which SIN3 and dKDM5/LID control diverse biological processes in the organism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13072-016-0053-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambikai Gajan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Valerie L Barnes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Mengying Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Nirmalya Saha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Lori A Pile
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA
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70
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Deng P, Chen QM, Hong C, Wang CY. Histone methyltransferases and demethylases: regulators in balancing osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Oral Sci 2015; 7:197-204. [PMID: 26674421 PMCID: PMC5153596 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2015.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are characterized by their self-renewing capacity and differentiation potential into multiple tissues. Thus, management of the differentiation capacities of MSCs is important for MSC-based regenerative medicine, such as craniofacial bone regeneration, and in new treatments for metabolic bone diseases, such as osteoporosis. In recent years, histone modification has been a growing topic in the field of MSC lineage specification, in which the Su(var)3–9, enhancer-of-zeste, trithorax (SET) domain-containing family and the Jumonji C (JmjC) domain-containing family represent the major histone lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) and histone lysine demethylases (KDMs), respectively. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms by which SET domain-containing KMTs and JmjC domain-containing KDMs balance the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Deng
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Christine Hong
- Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Cun-Yu Wang
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
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71
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Escape from Mitotic Arrest: An Unexpected Connection Between Microtubule Dynamics and Epigenetic Regulation of Centromeric Chromatin in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Genetics 2015; 201:1467-78. [PMID: 26510788 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.181792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation is necessary to ensure genomic integrity. Segregation depends on the proper functioning of the centromere, kinetochore, and mitotic spindle microtubules and is monitored by the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, defects in Dis1, a microtubule-associated protein that influences microtubule dynamics, lead to mitotic arrest as a result of an active SAC and consequent failure to grow at low temperature. In a mutant dis1 background (dis1-288), loss of function of Msc1, a fission yeast homolog of the KDM5 family of proteins, suppresses the growth defect and promotes normal mitosis. Genetic analysis implicates a histone deacetylase (HDAC)-linked pathway in suppression because HDAC mutants clr6-1, clr3∆, and sir2∆, though not hos2∆, also promote normal mitosis in the dis1-288 mutant. Suppression of the dis phenotype through loss of msc1 function requires the spindle checkpoint protein Mad2 and is limited by the presence of the heterochromatin-associated HP1 protein homolog Swi6. We speculate that alterations in histone acetylation promote a centromeric chromatin environment that compensates for compromised dis1 function by allowing for successful kinetochore-microtubule interactions that can satisfy the SAC. In cells arrested in mitosis by mutation of dis1, loss of function of epigenetic determinants such as Msc1 or specific HDACs can promote cell survival. Because the KDM5 family of proteins has been implicated in human cancers, an appreciation of the potential role of this family of proteins in chromosome segregation is warranted.
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72
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Kong LL, Man DM, Wang T, Zhang GA, Cui W. siRNA targeting RBP2 inhibits expression, proliferation, tumorigenicity and invasion in thyroid carcinoma cells. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:3393-3398. [PMID: 26788140 PMCID: PMC4665154 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to estimate the effects of small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting retinoblastoma binding protein 2 (RBP2) on the proliferation, expression, invasion, migration and tumorigenicity abilities of papillary thyroid carcinoma K1 cells, siRNA targeting RBP2 (RBP2-siRNA) and negative control siRNA were transfected into K1 cells. The mRNA levels of RBP2 in the transfected cells were estimated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and the protein levels of RBP2 in these cells were evaluated by western blot analysis and immunocytochemical (ICC) analyses. The growth, tumorigenicity, migration and invasion abilities of the transfected cells were measured by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), soft agar colony formation and transwell chamber assay, respectively. The ICC results demonstrated that the protein expression levels of RBP2 were lower in the RBP2-siRNA-transfected cells than in the blank and control cells (analysis of variance, F=26.754, P<0.01). RBP2-siRNA downregulated RBP2 at the mRNA (t=8.869) and protein level (F=60.835) (P=0.000 vs. control cells). In addition, the transfection of RBP2-siRNA into K1 cells also suppressed cell proliferation at 24, 48 and 72 h post-transfection (t=7.650, P<0.01; t=2.606, P=0.016; and t=2.377, P=0.027, respectively). Compared with the control group, the number of invasive and migrated cells were significantly reduced in the RBP2-siRNA-transfected group (t=4.774 and t=6.366, respectively; P<0.01). Furthermore, the tumorigenic potential of the cells transfected with RBP2-siRNA was markedly reduced, as indicated by the soft agar formation assay (t=2.749, P=0.014 vs. control cells). In conclusion, the transfection of RBP2-siRNA into papillary thyroid carcinoma K1 cells suppressed the expression of RBP2 in these cells, and reduced their proliferation, invasion, migration and tumorigenic potential. Therefore, targeting RBP2 may be an efficient approach to control thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Kong
- Department of Pathology, Basic Science School, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Mei Man
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Electrocardiogram, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272111, P.R. China
| | - Guo-An Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Basic Science School, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
| | - Wen Cui
- Department of Pathology, Basic Science School, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
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73
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Váraljai R, Islam ABMMK, Beshiri ML, Rehman J, Lopez-Bigas N, Benevolenskaya EV. Increased mitochondrial function downstream from KDM5A histone demethylase rescues differentiation in pRB-deficient cells. Genes Dev 2015; 29:1817-34. [PMID: 26314709 PMCID: PMC4573855 DOI: 10.1101/gad.264036.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein pRb restricts cell growth through inhibition of cell cycle progression. Increasing evidence suggests that pRb also promotes differentiation, but the mechanisms are poorly understood, and the key question remains as to how differentiation in tumor cells can be enhanced in order to diminish their aggressive potential. Previously, we identified the histone demethylase KDM5A (lysine [K]-specific demethylase 5A), which demethylates histone H3 on Lys4 (H3K4), as a pRB-interacting protein counteracting pRB's role in promoting differentiation. Here we show that loss of Kdm5a restores differentiation through increasing mitochondrial respiration. This metabolic effect is both necessary and sufficient to induce the expression of a network of cell type-specific signaling and structural genes. Importantly, the regulatory functions of pRB in the cell cycle and differentiation are distinct because although restoring differentiation requires intact mitochondrial function, it does not necessitate cell cycle exit. Cells lacking Rb1 exhibit defective mitochondria and decreased oxygen consumption. Kdm5a is a direct repressor of metabolic regulatory genes, thus explaining the compensatory role of Kdm5a deletion in restoring mitochondrial function and differentiation. Significantly, activation of mitochondrial function by the mitochondrial biogenesis regulator Pgc-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ-coactivator 1α; also called PPARGC1A) a coactivator of the Kdm5a target genes, is sufficient to override the differentiation block. Overexpression of Pgc-1α, like KDM5A deletion, inhibits cell growth in RB-negative human cancer cell lines. The rescue of differentiation by loss of KDM5A or by activation of mitochondrial biogenesis reveals the switch to oxidative phosphorylation as an essential step in restoring differentiation and a less aggressive cancer phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renáta Váraljai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Abul B M M K Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA; Research Unit on Biomedical Informatics, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Michael L Beshiri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Jalees Rehman
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Nuria Lopez-Bigas
- Research Unit on Biomedical Informatics, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Elizaveta V Benevolenskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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Abstract
Hydroxylation is an emerging modification generally catalyzed by a family of ∼70 enzymes that are dependent on oxygen, Fe(II), ascorbate, and the Kreb's cycle intermediate 2-oxoglutarate (2OG). These "2OG oxygenases" sit at the intersection of nutrient availability and metabolism where they have the potential to regulate gene expression and growth in response to changes in co-factor abundance. Characterized 2OG oxygenases regulate fundamental cellular processes by catalyzing the hydroxylation or demethylation (via hydroxylation) of DNA, RNA, or protein. As such they have been implicated in various syndromes and diseases, but particularly cancer. In this review we discuss the emerging role of 2OG oxygenases in gene expression control, examine the regulation of these unique enzymes by nutrient availability and metabolic intermediates, and describe these properties in relation to the expanding role of these enzymes in cancer.
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75
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Rasmussen PB, Staller P. The KDM5 family of histone demethylases as targets in oncology drug discovery. Epigenomics 2015; 6:277-86. [PMID: 25111482 DOI: 10.2217/epi.14.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence for a causal role of the KDM5 family of histone demethylases in human cancer. In particular, KDM5A (JARID1A/RBP2) and KDM5B (JARID1B/PLU1) contribute to cancer cell proliferation, reduce the expression of tumor suppressor genes, promote the development of drug tolerance and maintain tumor-initiating cells. KDM5 enzymes remove tri- and di-methylations of lysine 4 of histone H3 - modifications that occur at the start site of transcription in actively transcribed genes. However, the importance of the histone demethylase activity of KDM5 proteins for cancer cells has not been resolved so far. The currently available approaches suppress or remove the targeted proteins and thereby affect their putative functions as structural components and recruitment factors for other chromatin-associated proteins. Therefore, the development of specific enzymatic inhibitors for KDM5 will promote our understanding of the biological role of their catalytic activity and yield potential novel anticancer therapeutics.
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Torres IO, Kuchenbecker KM, Nnadi CI, Fletterick RJ, Kelly MJS, Fujimori DG. Histone demethylase KDM5A is regulated by its reader domain through a positive-feedback mechanism. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6204. [PMID: 25686748 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoblastoma binding protein KDM5A removes methyl marks from lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4). Misregulation of KDM5A contributes to the pathogenesis of lung and gastric cancers. In addition to its catalytic jumonji C domain, KDM5A contains three PHD reader domains, commonly recognized as chromatin recruitment modules. It is unknown whether any of these domains in KDM5A have functions beyond recruitment and whether they regulate the catalytic activity of the demethylase. Here using biochemical and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based structural studies, we show that the PHD1 preferentially recognizes unmethylated H3K4 histone tail, product of KDM5A-mediated demethylation of tri-methylated H3K4 (H3K4me3). Binding of unmodified H3 peptide to the PHD1 stimulates catalytic domain-mediated removal of methyl marks from H3K4me3 peptide and nucleosome substrates. This positive-feedback mechanism--enabled by the functional coupling between a reader and a catalytic domain in KDM5A--suggests a model for the spread of demethylation on chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idelisse Ortiz Torres
- 1] Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, California 94158, USA [2] Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Kristopher M Kuchenbecker
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, California 94158, USA [2] Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Chimno I Nnadi
- 1] Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, California 94158, USA [2] Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, California 94158, USA [3] UCSF Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Robert J Fletterick
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Mark J S Kelly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Danica Galonić Fujimori
- 1] Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, California 94158, USA [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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77
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Abstract
The family of E2F transcription factors is the key downstream target of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (pRB), which is frequently inactivated in human cancer. E2F is best known for its role in cell-cycle regulation and triggering apoptosis. However, E2F binds to thousands of genes and, thus, could directly influence a number of biologic processes. Given the plethora of potential E2F targets, the major challenge in the field is to identify specific processes in which E2F plays a functional role and the contexts in which a particular subset of E2F targets dictates a biologic outcome. Recent studies implicated E2F in regulation of expression of mitochondria-associated genes. The loss of such regulation results in severe mitochondrial defects. The consequences become evident during irradiation-induced apoptosis, where E2F-deficient cells are insensitive to cell death despite induction of canonical apoptotic genes. Thus, this novel function of E2F may have a major impact on cell viability, and it is independent of induction of apoptotic genes. Here, we discuss the implications of these findings in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta V Benevolenskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Maxim V Frolov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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78
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McGrath J, Trojer P. Targeting histone lysine methylation in cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 150:1-22. [PMID: 25578037 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Within the vast landscape of histone modifications lysine methylation has gained increasing attention because of its profound regulatory potential. The methylation of lysine residues on histone proteins modulates chromatin structure and thereby contributes to the regulation of DNA-based nuclear processes such as transcription, replication and repair. Protein families with opposing catalytic activities, lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) and demethylases (KDMs), dynamically control levels of histone lysine methylation and individual enzymes within these families have become candidate oncology targets in recent years. A number of high quality small molecule inhibitors of these enzymes have been identified. Several of these compounds elicit selective cancer cell killing in vitro and robust efficacy in vivo, suggesting that targeting 'histone lysine methylation pathways' may be a relevant, emerging cancer therapeutic strategy. Here, we discuss individual histone lysine methylation pathway targets, the properties of currently available small molecule inhibitors and their application in the context of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John McGrath
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 1st Street Suite 200, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Patrick Trojer
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 1st Street Suite 200, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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79
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Flowers S, Patel PJ, Gleicher S, Amer K, Himelman E, Goel S, Moran E. p107-Dependent recruitment of SWI/SNF to the alkaline phosphatase promoter during osteoblast differentiation. Bone 2014; 69:47-54. [PMID: 25182511 PMCID: PMC5222550 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma protein family is intimately involved in the regulation of tissue specific gene expression during mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. The role of the following proteins, pRB, p107 and p130, is particularly significant in differentiation to the osteoblast lineage, as human germ-line mutations of RB1 greatly increase susceptibility to osteosarcoma. During differentiation, pRB directly targets certain osteogenic genes for activation, including the alkaline phosphatase-encoding gene Alpl. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays indicate that Alpl is targeted by p107 in differentiating osteoblasts selectively during activation with the same dynamics as pRB, which suggests that p107 helps promote Alpl activation. Mouse models indicate overlapping roles for pRB and p107 in bone and cartilage formation, but very little is known about direct tissue-specific gene targets of p107, or the consequences of targeting by p107. Here, the roles of p107 and pRB were compared using shRNA-mediated knockdown genetics in an osteoblast progenitor model, MC3T3-E1 cells. The results show that p107 has a distinct role along with pRB in induction of Alpl. Deficiency of p107 does not impede recruitment of transcription factors recognized as pRB co-activation partners at the promoter; however, p107 is required for the efficient recruitment of an activating SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex, an essential event in Alpl induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Flowers
- Department of Orthopaedics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Parth J Patel
- Department of Orthopaedics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Stephanie Gleicher
- Department of Orthopaedics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Kamal Amer
- Department of Orthopaedics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Eric Himelman
- Department of Orthopaedics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Shruti Goel
- Department of Orthopaedics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Elizabeth Moran
- Department of Orthopaedics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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80
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Popov B, Petrov N. pRb-E2F signaling in life of mesenchymal stem cells: Cell cycle, cell fate, and cell differentiation. Genes Dis 2014; 1:174-187. [PMID: 30258863 PMCID: PMC6150080 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that can differentiate into various mesodermal lines forming fat, muscle, bone, and other lineages of connective tissue. MSCs possess plasticity and under special metabolic conditions may transform into cells of unusual phenotypes originating from ecto- and endoderm. After transplantation, MSCs release the humoral factors promoting regeneration of the damaged tissue. During last five years, the numbers of registered clinical trials of MSCs have increased about 10 folds. This gives evidence that MSCs present a new promising resource for cell therapy of the most dangerous diseases. The efficacy of the MSCs therapy is limited by low possibilities to regulate their conversion into cells of damaged tissues that is implemented by the pRb-E2F signaling. The widely accepted viewpoint addresses pRb as ubiquitous regulator of cell cycle and tumor suppressor. However, current publications suggest that basic function of the pRb-E2F signaling in development is to regulate cell fate and differentiation. Through facultative and constitutive chromatin modifications, pRb-E2F signaling promotes transient and stable cells quiescence, cell fate choice to differentiate, to senesce, or to die. Loss of pRb is associated with cancer cell fate. pRb regulates cell fate by retaining quiescence of one cell population in favor of commitment of another or by suppression of genes of different cell phenotype. pRb is the founder member of the "pocket protein" family possessing functional redundancy. Critical increase in the efficacy of the MSCs based cell therapy will depend on precise understanding of various aspects of the pRb-E2F signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Popov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St.Petersburg, 4, Tikhoretsky Av., 194064, Russia
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81
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Liu X, Greer C, Secombe J. KDM5 interacts with Foxo to modulate cellular levels of oxidative stress. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004676. [PMID: 25329053 PMCID: PMC4199495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased cellular levels of oxidative stress are implicated in a large number of human diseases. Here we describe the transcription co-factor KDM5 (also known as Lid) as a new critical regulator of cellular redox state. Moreover, this occurs through a novel KDM5 activity whereby it alters the ability of the transcription factor Foxo to bind to DNA. Our microarray analyses of kdm5 mutants revealed a striking enrichment for genes required to regulate cellular levels of oxidative stress. Consistent with this, loss of kdm5 results in increased sensitivity to treatment with oxidizers, elevated levels of oxidized proteins, and increased mutation load. KDM5 activates oxidative stress resistance genes by interacting with Foxo to facilitate its recruitment to KDM5-Foxo co-regulated genes. Significantly, this occurs independently of KDM5's well-characterized demethylase activity. Instead, KDM5 interacts with the lysine deacetylase HDAC4 to promote Foxo deacetylation, which affects Foxo DNA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyin Liu
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Christina Greer
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Julie Secombe
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
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82
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Abstract
Epigenetic control of gene expression programs is essential for normal organismal development and cellular function. Abrogation of epigenetic regulation is seen in many human diseases, including cancer and neuropsychiatric disorders, where it can affect disease etiology and progression. Abnormal epigenetic profiles can serve as biomarkers of disease states and predictors of disease outcomes. Therefore, epigenetics is a key area of clinical investigation in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. In this review, we give an overarching view of epigenetic mechanisms of human disease. Genetic mutations in genes that encode chromatin regulators can cause monogenic disease or are incriminated in polygenic, multifactorial diseases. Environmental stresses can also impact directly on chromatin regulation, and these changes can increase the risk of, or directly cause, disease. Finally, emerging evidence suggests that exposure to environmental stresses in older generations may predispose subsequent generations to disease in a manner that involves the transgenerational inheritance of epigenetic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Brookes
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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83
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Nishibuchi G, Shibata Y, Hayakawa T, Hayakawa N, Ohtani Y, Sinmyozu K, Tagami H, Nakayama JI. Physical and functional interactions between the histone H3K4 demethylase KDM5A and the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:28956-70. [PMID: 25190814 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.573725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone H3K4 methylation has been linked to transcriptional activation. KDM5A (also known as RBP2 or JARID1A), a member of the KDM5 protein family, is an H3K4 demethylase, previously implicated in the regulation of transcription and differentiation. Here, we show that KDM5A is physically and functionally associated with two histone deacetylase complexes. Immunoaffinity purification of KDM5A confirmed a previously described association with the SIN3B-containing histone deacetylase complex and revealed an association with the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex. Sucrose density gradient and sequential immunoprecipitation analyses further confirmed the stable association of KDM5A with these two histone deacetylase complexes. KDM5A depletion led to changes in the expression of hundreds of genes, two-thirds of which were also controlled by CHD4, the NuRD catalytic subunit. Gene ontology analysis confirmed that the genes commonly regulated by both KDM5A and CHD4 were categorized as developmentally regulated genes. ChIP analyses suggested that CHD4 modulates H3K4 methylation levels at the promoter and coding regions of target genes. We further demonstrated that the Caenorhabditis elegans homologues of KDM5 and CHD4 function in the same pathway during vulva development. These results suggest that KDM5A and the NuRD complex cooperatively function to control developmentally regulated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gohei Nishibuchi
- From the Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8501
| | - Yukimasa Shibata
- the Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei-Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, and
| | | | | | | | - Kaori Sinmyozu
- Proteomics Support Unit, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tagami
- From the Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8501
| | - Jun-ichi Nakayama
- From the Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8501, the Laboratory for Chromatin Dynamics and
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84
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Retinoblastoma binding protein 2 (RBP2) promotes HIF-1α-VEGF-induced angiogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer via the Akt pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106032. [PMID: 25162518 PMCID: PMC4146555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pathological angiogenesis plays an essential role in tumor aggressiveness and leads to unfavorable prognosis. The aim of this study is to detect the potential role of Retinoblastoma binding protein 2 (RBP2) in the tumor angiogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of RBP2, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and CD34. Two pairs of siRNA sequences and pcDNA3-HA-RBP2 were used to down-regulate and up-regulate RBP2 expression in H1975 and SK-MES-1 cells. An endothelial cell tube formation assay, VEGF enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, real-time PCR and western blotting were performed to detect the potential mechanisms mediated by RBP2 in tumor angiogenesis. Results Of the 102 stage I NSCLC specimens analyzed, high RBP2 protein expression is closely associated with tumor size (P = 0.030), high HIF-1α expression (P = 0.028), high VEGF expression (P = 0.048), increased tumor angiogenesis (P = 0.033) and poor prognosis (P = 0.037); high MVD was associated with high HIF-1α expression (P = 0.034), high VEGF expression (P = 0.001) and poor prognosis (P = 0.040). Multivariate analysis indicated that RBP2 had an independent influence on the survival of patients with stage I NSCLC (P = 0.044). By modulating the expression of RBP2, our findings suggested that RBP2 protein depletion decreased HUVECs tube formation by down-regulating VEGF in a conditioned medium. RBP2 stimulated the up-regulation of VEGF, which was dependent on HIF-1α, and activated the HIF-1α via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway. Moreover, VEGF increased the activation of Akt regulated by RBP2. Conclusions The RBP2 protein may stimulate HIF-1α expression via the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway under normoxia and then stimulate VEGF expression. These findings indicate that RBP2 may play a critical role in tumor angiogenesis and serve as an attractive therapeutic target against tumor aggressiveness for early-stage NSCLC patients.
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85
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Ramakrishnan SK, Varshney A, Sharma A, Das BC, Yadava PK. Expression of targeted ribozyme against telomerase RNA causes altered expression of several other genes in tumor cells. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:5539-50. [PMID: 24664581 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1729-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are tandem repeat sequences present at chromosome end that are synthesized by RNA-protein enzyme called telomerase. The RNA component (TR) serves as template for telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) for generating telomere repeats. TERT is overexpressed in actively dividing cells including cancerous cells, absent in differentiated somatic cells whereas human telomerase RNA (hTR) is present in normal as well as in cancer cells. Telomerase overexpression in cancer cells ensures telomere length maintenance that actually provides proliferative advantage to cells. Stable expression of ribozyme against hTR in HeLa cells results in reduction of hTR levels, telomerase activity, and telomere length which is accompanied by altered cell morphology and expression of several specific cellular genes. The altered genes deduced from differentially display PCR and 2D gel electrophoresis upon hTR knockdown have function in ribosome biogenesis, chromatin modulation, cell cycle control, and p63-dependant pathways. Our observations shows hTR participates in diverse cellular functions other than telomere maintenance, validates as a possible drug targets in p53- and pRB-negative status, and indicated possible cross-talks between telomerase and other cellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar Ramakrishnan
- Applied Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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86
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Cao J, Liu Z, Cheung WKC, Zhao M, Chen SY, Chan SW, Booth CJ, Nguyen DX, Yan Q. Histone demethylase RBP2 is critical for breast cancer progression and metastasis. Cell Rep 2014; 6:868-77. [PMID: 24582965 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a major clinical challenge for cancer treatment. Emerging evidence suggests that aberrant epigenetic modifications contribute significantly to tumor formation and progression. However, the drivers and roles of such epigenetic changes in tumor metastasis are still poorly understood. Using bioinformatic analysis of human breast cancer gene-expression data sets, we identified histone demethylase RBP2 as a putative mediator of metastatic progression. By using both human breast cancer cells and genetically engineered mice, we demonstrated that RBP2 is critical for breast cancer metastasis to the lung in multiple in vivo models. Mechanistically, RBP2 promotes metastasis as a pleiotropic positive regulator of many metastasis genes, including TNC. In addition, RBP2 loss suppresses tumor formation in MMTV-neu transgenic mice. These results suggest that therapeutic targeting of RBP2 is a potential strategy for inhibition of tumor progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cao
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Zongzhi Liu
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - William K C Cheung
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Minghui Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sophia Y Chen
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Siew Wee Chan
- Cancer and Developmental Cell Biology Division, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Carmen J Booth
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Don X Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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87
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Lin C, Song W, Bi X, Zhao J, Huang Z, Li Z, Zhou J, Cai J, Zhao H. Recent advances in the ARID family: focusing on roles in human cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2014; 7:315-24. [PMID: 24570593 PMCID: PMC3933769 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s57023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The human AT-rich interaction domain (ARID) family contains seven subfamilies and 15 members characterized by having an ARID. Members of the ARID family have the ability to regulate transcription and are involved in cell differentiation and proliferation. Accumulating evidence suggests that ARID family members are involved in cancer-related signaling pathways, highly mutated or differentially expressed in tumor tissues, and act as predictive factors for cancer prognosis or therapeutic outcome. Here we review the molecular biology and clinical studies concerned with the role played by the ARID family in cancer. This may contribute to our understanding of the initiation and progression of cancer from a novel point of view, as well as providing potential targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lin
- Department of Abdominal Surgical Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Song
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Bi
- Department of Abdominal Surgical Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- Department of Abdominal Surgical Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Department of Abdominal Surgical Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Department of Abdominal Surgical Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Zhou
- Department of Abdominal Surgical Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqiang Cai
- Department of Abdominal Surgical Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Abdominal Surgical Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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88
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Johansson C, Tumber A, Che K, Cain P, Nowak R, Gileadi C, Oppermann U. The roles of Jumonji-type oxygenases in human disease. Epigenomics 2014; 6:89-120. [PMID: 24579949 PMCID: PMC4233403 DOI: 10.2217/epi.13.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases constitute a phylogenetically conserved class of enzymes that catalyze hydroxylation reactions in humans by acting on various types of substrates, including metabolic intermediates, amino acid residues in different proteins and various types of nucleic acids. The discovery of jumonji (Jmj), the founding member of a class of Jmj-type chromatin modifying enzymes and transcriptional regulators, has culminated in the discovery of several branches of histone lysine demethylases, with essential functions in regulating the epigenetic landscape of the chromatin environment. This work has now been considerably expanded into other aspects of epigenetic biology and includes the discovery of enzymatic steps required for methyl-cytosine demethylation as well as modification of RNA and ribosomal proteins. This overview aims to summarize the current knowledge on the human Jmj-type enzymes and their involvement in human pathological processes, including development, cancer, inflammation and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catrine Johansson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Anthony Tumber
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - KaHing Che
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Botnar Research Center, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Peter Cain
- Botnar Research Center, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Radoslaw Nowak
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Botnar Research Center, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
- Systems Approaches to Biomedical Sciences, Industrial Doctorate Center (SABS IDC) Oxford, UK
| | - Carina Gileadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Udo Oppermann
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Botnar Research Center, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
- Systems Approaches to Biomedical Sciences, Industrial Doctorate Center (SABS IDC) Oxford, UK
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89
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Costa C, Paramio JM, Santos M. Skin Tumors Rb(eing) Uncovered. Front Oncol 2013; 3:307. [PMID: 24381932 PMCID: PMC3865458 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rb1 gene was the first bona fide tumor suppressor identified and cloned more than 25 years ago. Since then, a plethora of studies have revealed the functions of pRb and the existence of a sophisticated and strictly regulated pathway that modulates such functional roles. An emerging paradox affecting Rb1 in cancer connects the relatively low number of mutations affecting Rb1 gene in specific human tumors, compared with the widely functional inactivation of pRb in most, if not in all, human cancers. The existence of a retinoblastoma family of proteins pRb, p107, and p130 and their potential unique and overlapping functions as master regulators of cell cycle progression and transcriptional modulation by similar processes, may provide potential clues to explain such conundrum. Here, we will review the development of different genetically engineered mouse models, in particular those affecting stratified epithelia, and how they have offered new avenues to understand the roles of the Rb family members and their targets in the context of tumor development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Costa
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Basic Research, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Teconológicas (ed70A) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Jesús M Paramio
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Basic Research, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Teconológicas (ed70A) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Mirentxu Santos
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Basic Research, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Teconológicas (ed70A) , Madrid , Spain
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90
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Abstract
Similar to genetic alterations, epigenetic aberrations contribute significantly to tumor initiation and progression. In many cases, these changes are caused by activation or inactivation of the regulators that maintain epigenetic states. Here we review our current knowledge on the KDM5/JARID1 family of histone demethylases. This family of enzymes contains a JmjC domain and is capable of removing tri- and di- methyl marks from lysine 4 on histone H3. Among these proteins, RBP2 mediates drug resistance while JARID1B is required for melanoma maintenance. Preclinical studies suggest inhibition of these enzymes can suppress tumorigenesis and provide strong rationale for development of their inhibitors for use in cancer therapy.
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91
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Wang Q, Wang LX, Zeng JP, Liu XJ, Liang XM, Zhou YB. Histone demethylase retinoblastoma binding protein 2 regulates the expression of α-smooth muscle actin and vimentin in cirrhotic livers. Braz J Med Biol Res 2013; 46:739-45. [PMID: 24068189 PMCID: PMC3854431 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20132843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is one of the most common diseases of Chinese patients. Herein,
we report the high expression of a newly identified histone 3 lysine 4
demethylase, retinoblastoma binding protein 2 (RBP2), and its role in liver
cirrhosis in humans. The siRNA knockdown of RBP2 expression in hepatic stellate
cells (HSCs) reduced levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and vimentin and
decreased the proliferation of HSCs; and overexpression of RBP2 increased α-SMA
and vimentin levels. Treatment with transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)
upregulated the expression of RBP2, α-SMA, and vimentin, and the siRNA knockdown
of RBP2 expression attenuated TGF-β-mediated upregulation of α-SMA and vimentin
expression and HSC proliferation. Furthermore, RBP2 was highly expressed in
cirrhotic rat livers. Therefore, RBP2 may participate in the pathogenesis of
liver cirrhosis by regulating the expression of α-SMA and vimentin. RBP2 may be
a useful marker for the diagnosis and treatment of liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Wang
- Shandong University, Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Jinan, China
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92
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Liang X, Zeng J, Wang L, Fang M, Wang Q, Zhao M, Xu X, Liu Z, Li W, Liu S, Yu H, Jia J, Chen C. Histone demethylase retinoblastoma binding protein 2 is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma and negatively regulated by hsa-miR-212. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69784. [PMID: 23922798 PMCID: PMC3726779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The H3K4 demethylase retinoblastoma binding protein 2 (RBP2) is involved in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer, but its role and regulation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unknown. We determined the function of RBP2 and its regulation in HCC in vitro and in human tissues. Methods We analyzed gene expression in 20 specimens each of human HCC and normal liver tissue by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Proliferation was analyzed by foci formation and senescence by β-galactosidase staining. Promoter activity was detected by luciferase reporter assay. Results The expression of RBP2 was stronger in cancerous than non-cancerous tissues, but that of its binding microRNA, Homo sapiens miR-212 (hsa-miR-212), showed an opposite pattern. SiRNA knockdown of RBP2 significantly upregulated cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs), with suppression of HCC cell proliferation and induction of senescence. Overexpression of hsa-miR-212 suppressed RBP2 expression, with inhibited cell proliferation and induced cellular senescence, which coincided with upregulated CDKIs; with low hsa-miR-212 expression, CDKIs were downregulated in HCC tissue. Inhibition of hsa-miR-212 expression upregulated RBP2 expression. Luciferase reporter assay detected the direct binding of hsa-miR-212 to the RBP2 3′ UTR. Conclusions RBP2 is overexpressed in HCC and negatively regulated by hsa-miR-212. The hsa-miR-212–RBP2–CDKI pathway may be important in the pathogenesis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuming Liang
- Department of Microbiology/Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Jiping Zeng
- Department of Microbiology/Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, P. R. China
- Department of Biochemistry, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Ming Fang
- Department of Microbiology/Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Microbiology/Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Microbiology/Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Xia Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Zhifang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Department of Microbiology/Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Shili Liu
- Department of Microbiology/Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Han Yu
- Department of Microbiology/Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Jihui Jia
- Department of Microbiology/Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Chen
- Department of Microbiology/Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, P. R. China
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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93
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Coradini D, Oriana S. The role of maintenance proteins in the preservation of epithelial cell identity during mammary gland remodeling and breast cancer initiation. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2013; 33:51-67. [PMID: 23845141 PMCID: PMC3935006 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.013.10040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During normal postnatal mammary gland development and adult remodeling related to the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and lactation, ovarian hormones and peptide growth factors contribute to the delineation of a definite epithelial cell identity. This identity is maintained during cell replication in a heritable but DNA-independent manner. The preservation of cell identity is fundamental, especially when cells must undergo changes in response to intrinsic and extrinsic signals. The maintenance proteins, which are required for cell identity preservation, act epigenetically by regulating gene expression through DNA methylation, histone modification, and chromatin remodeling. Among the maintenance proteins, the Trithorax (TrxG) and Polycomb (PcG) group proteins are the best characterized. In this review, we summarize the structures and activities of the TrxG and PcG complexes and describe their pivotal roles in nuclear estrogen receptor activity. In addition, we provide evidence that perturbations in these epigenetic regulators are involved in disrupting epithelial cell identity, mammary gland remodeling, and breast cancer initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila Coradini
- Department of Clinical and Community Health Sciences, Medical Statistics, Biometry and Bioinformatics, University of Milan 20133, Italy.
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94
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Teng YC, Lee CF, Li YS, Chen YR, Hsiao PW, Chan MY, Lin FM, Huang HD, Chen YT, Jeng YM, Hsu CH, Yan Q, Tsai MD, Juan LJ. Histone demethylase RBP2 promotes lung tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis. Cancer Res 2013; 73:4711-21. [PMID: 23722541 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma binding protein RBP2 (KDM5A) is a histone demethylase that promotes gastric cancer cell growth and is enriched in drug-resistant lung cancer cells. In tumor-prone mice lacking the tumor suppressor gene RB or MEN1, genetic ablation of RBP2 can suppress tumor initiation, but the pathogenic breadth and mechanistic aspects of this effect relative to human tumors have not been defined. Here, we approached this question in the context of lung cancer. RBP2 was overexpressed in human lung cancer tissues where its depletion impaired cell proliferation, motility, migration, invasion, and metastasis. RBP2 oncogenicity relied on its demethylase and DNA-binding activities. RBP2 upregulated expression of cyclins D1 and E1 while suppressing the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 (CDKN1B), each contributing to RBP2-mediated cell proliferation. Expression microarray analyses revealed that RBP2 promoted expression of integrin-β1 (ITGB1), which is implicated in lung cancer metastasis. Mechanistic investigations established that RBP2 bound directly to the p27, cyclin D1, and ITGB1 promoters and that exogenous expression of cyclin D1, cyclin E1, or ITGB1 was sufficient to rescue proliferation or migration/invasion, respectively. Taken together, our results establish an oncogenic role for RBP2 in lung tumorigenesis and progression and uncover novel RBP2 targets mediating this role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ching Teng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Rd., Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
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95
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Fiorentino FP, Marchesi I, Giordano A. On the role of retinoblastoma family proteins in the establishment and maintenance of the epigenetic landscape. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:276-84. [PMID: 22718354 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RB family members are negative regulators of the cell cycle, involved in numerous biological processes such as cellular senescence, development and differentiation. Disruption of RB family pathways are linked to loss of cell cycle control, cellular immortalization and cancer. RB family, and in particular the most studied member RB/p105, has been considered a tumor suppressor gene by more than three decades, and numerous efforts have been done to understand his molecular activity. However, the epigenetic mechanisms behind Rb-mediated tumor suppression have been uncovered only in recent years. In this review, the role of RB family members in cancer epigenetics will be discussed. We start with an introduction to epigenomes, chromatin modifications and cancer epigenetics. In order to provide a clear picture of the involvement of RB family in the epigenetic field, we describe the RB family role in the epigenetic landscape dynamics based on the heterochromatin variety involved, facultative or constitutive. We want to stress that, despite dissimilar modulations, RB family is involved in both mammalian varieties of heterochromatin establishment and maintenance and that disruption of RB family pathways drives to alterations of both heterochromatin structures, thus to the global epigenetic landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paolo Fiorentino
- Department of Biology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA.
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96
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Abstract
The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein pRB is conventionally regarded as an inhibitor of the E2F family of transcription factors. Conversely, pRB is also recognized as an activator of tissue-specific gene expression along various lineages including osteoblastogenesis. During osteoblast differentiation, pRB directly targets Alpl and Bglap, which encode the major markers of osteogenesis alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin. Surprisingly, p130 and repressor E2Fs were recently found to cooccupy and repress Alpl and Bglap in proliferating osteoblast precursors before differentiation. This raises the further question of whether these genes convert to E2F activation targets when differentiation begins, which would constitute a remarkable situation wherein pRB and E2F would be cotargeting genes for activation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis in an osteoblast differentiation model shows that Alpl and Bglap are indeed targeted by an activator E2F, i.e., is E2F1. Promoter occupation of Alpl and Bglap by E2F1 occurs specifically during activation, and depletion of E2F1 severely impairs their induction. Mechanistically, promoter occupation by E2F1 and pRB is mutually dependent, and without this cooperative effect, activation steps previously shown to be dependent on pRB, including recruitment of RNA polymerase II, are impaired. Myocyte- and adipocyte-specific genes are also cotargeted by E2F1 and pRB during differentiation along their respective lineages. The finding that pRB and E2F1 cooperate to activate expression of tissue-specific genes is a paradigm distinct from the classical concept of pRB as an inhibitor of E2F1, but is consistent with the observed roles of these proteins in physiological models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Flowers
- Department of Orthopaedics, New Jersey Medical School-University Hospital Cancer Center, UMDNJ, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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97
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Boschiero C, Jorge EC, Ninov K, Nones K, do Rosário MF, Coutinho LL, Ledur MC, Burt DW, Moura ASAMT. Association of IGF1 and KDM5A polymorphisms with performance, fatness and carcass traits in chickens. J Appl Genet 2012; 54:103-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s13353-012-0129-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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98
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Paolicchi E, Crea F, Farrar WL, Green JE, Danesi R. Histone lysine demethylases in breast cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 86:97-103. [PMID: 23266085 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone lysine demethylases (KDMs) have been recently discovered in mammals and have been nicknamed "erasers" for their ability to remove methyl groups from histone substrates. In cancer cells, KDMs can activate or repress gene transcription, behaving as oncogenes or tumor suppressors depending upon the cellular context. In order to investigate the potential role of KDMs in Breast Cancer (BC), we queried the Oncomine database and determined that the expression of KDMs correlates with BC prognosis. High expression of KDM3B and KDM5A is associated with a better prognosis (no recurrence after mastectomy p=0.005 and response to docetaxel p=0.005); conversely, KDM6A is overexpressed in BC patients with an unfavorable prognosis (mortality at 1 year, p=8.65E-7). Our findings suggest that KDMs could be potential targets for BC therapy. Further, altering the interactions between KDMs and Polycomb Group genes (PcG) may provide novel avenues for therapy that specifically targets these genes in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Paolicchi
- Transgenic Oncogenesis and Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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99
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Timing of transcriptional quiescence during gametogenesis is controlled by global histone H3K4 demethylation. Dev Cell 2012; 23:1059-71. [PMID: 23123093 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gametes are among the most highly specialized cells produced during development. Although gametogenesis culminates in transcriptional quiescence in plants and animals, regulatory mechanisms controlling this are unknown. Here, we confirm that gamete differentiation in the single-celled yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is accompanied by global transcriptional shutoff following the completion of meiosis. We show that Jhd2, a highly conserved JARID1-family histone H3K4 demethylase, activates protein-coding gene transcription in opposition to this programmed transcriptional shutoff, sustaining the period of productive transcription during spore differentiation. Moreover, using genome-wide nucleosome, H3K4me, and transcript mapping experiments, we demonstrate that JHD2 globally represses intergenic noncoding transcription during this period. The widespread transcriptional defects of JHD2 mutants are associated with precocious differentiation and the production of stress-sensitive spores, demonstrating that Jhd2 regulation of the global postmeiotic transcriptional program is critical for the production of healthy meiotic progeny.
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100
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Coordinated repression of cell cycle genes by KDM5A and E2F4 during differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:18499-504. [PMID: 23093672 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1216724109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation underlies the robust changes in gene expression that occur during development. How precisely epigenetic enzymes contribute to development and differentiation processes is largely unclear. Here we show that one of the enzymes that removes the activating epigenetic mark of trimethylated lysine 4 on histone H3, lysine (K)-specific demethylase 5A (KDM5A), reinforces the effects of the retinoblastoma (RB) family of transcriptional repressors on differentiation. Global location analysis showed that KDM5A cooccupies a substantial portion of target genes with the E2F4 transcription factor. During ES cell differentiation, knockout of KDM5A resulted in derepression of multiple genomic loci that are targets of KDM5A, denoting a direct regulatory function. In terminally differentiated cells, common KDM5A and E2F4 gene targets were bound by the pRB-related protein p130, a DREAM complex component. KDM5A was recruited to the transcription start site regions independently of E2F4; however, it cooperated with E2F4 to promote a state of deepened repression at cell cycle genes during differentiation. These findings reveal a critical role of H3K4 demethylation by KDM5A in the transcriptional silencing of genes that are suppressed by RB family members in differentiated cells.
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