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Kim S, Nam H, Lee D. Exploring molecular links between lymph node invasion and cancer prognosis in human breast cancer. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2011; 5 Suppl 2:S4. [PMID: 22784575 PMCID: PMC3287484 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-s2-s4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymph node invasion is one of the most powerful clinical factors in cancer prognosis. However, molecular level signatures of their correlation are remaining poorly understood. Here, we propose a new approach, monotonically expressed gene analysis (MEGA), to correlate transcriptional patterns of lymph node invasion related genes with clinical outcome of breast cancer patients. RESULTS Using MEGA, we scored all genes with their transcriptional patterns over progression levels of lymph node invasion from 278 non-metastatic breast cancer samples. Applied on 65 independent test data, our gene sets of top 20 scores (positive and negative correlations) showed significant associations with prognostic measures such as cancer metastasis, relapse and survival. Our method showed better accuracy than conventional two class comparison methods. We could also find that expression patterns of some genes are strongly associated with stage transition of pathological T and N at specific time. Additionally, some pathways including T-cell immune response and wound healing serum response are expected to be related with cancer progression from pathway enrichment and common motif binding site analyses of the inferred gene sets. CONCLUSIONS By applying MEGA, we can find possible molecular links between lymph node invasion and cancer prognosis in human breast cancer, supported by evidences of feasible gene expression patterns and significant results of meta-analysis tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
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52
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Bromodomain-Containing Protein 4: A Dynamic Regulator of Breast Cancer Metastasis through Modulation of the Extracellular Matrix. Int J Breast Cancer 2011; 2012:670632. [PMID: 22295248 PMCID: PMC3262604 DOI: 10.1155/2012/670632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is an extremely complex process that accounts for most cancer-related deaths. Malignant primary tumors can be removed surgically, but the cells that migrate, invade, and proliferate at distant organs are often the cells that prove most difficult to target therapeutically. There is growing evidence that host factors outside of the primary tumors are of major importance in the development of metastasis. Recently, we have shown that the bromodomain-containing protein 4 or bromodomain 4 (Brd4) functions as an inherited susceptibility gene for breast cancer progression and metastasis. In this paper, we will discuss that host genetic background on which a tumor arises can significantly alter the biology of the subsequent metastatic disease, and we will focus on the role of Brd4 in regulating metastasis susceptibility.
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Sieuwerts AM, Mostert B, Bolt-de Vries J, Peeters D, de Jongh FE, Stouthard JML, Dirix LY, van Dam PA, Van Galen A, de Weerd V, Kraan J, van der Spoel P, Ramírez-Moreno R, van Deurzen CHM, Smid M, Yu JX, Jiang J, Wang Y, Gratama JW, Sleijfer S, Foekens JA, Martens JWM. mRNA and microRNA expression profiles in circulating tumor cells and primary tumors of metastatic breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:3600-18. [PMID: 21505063 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTC) holds great promise. Unfortunately, routinely isolated CTC fractions currently still contain contaminating leukocytes, which makes CTC-specific molecular characterization extremely challenging. In this study, we determined mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) expression of potentially CTC-specific genes that are considered to be clinically relevant in breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN CTCs were isolated with the epithelial cell adhesion molecule-based CellSearch Profile Kit. Selected genes were measured by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR in CTCs of 50 metastatic breast cancer patients collected before starting first-line systemic therapy in blood from 53 healthy blood donors (HBD) and in primary tumors of 8 of the patients. The molecular profiles were associated with CTC counts and clinical parameters and compared with the profiles generated from the corresponding primary tumors. RESULTS We identified 55 mRNAs and 10 miRNAs more abundantly expressed in samples from 32 patients with at least 5 CTCs in 7.5 mL of blood compared with samples from 9 patients without detectable CTCs and HBDs. Clustering analysis resulted in 4 different patient clusters characterized by 5 distinct gene clusters. Twice the number of patients from cluster 2 to 4 had developed both visceral and nonvisceral metastases. Comparing transcript levels in CTCs with those measured in corresponding primary tumors showed clinically relevant discrepancies in estrogen receptor and HER2 levels. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that molecular profiling of low numbers of CTCs in a high background of leukocytes is feasible and shows promise for further studies on the clinical relevance of molecular characterization of CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anieta M Sieuwerts
- Department of Medical Oncology, Josephine Nefkens Institute and Cancer Genomics Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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54
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Tumor suppressor genes are frequently methylated in lymph node metastases of breast cancers. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:378. [PMID: 20642860 PMCID: PMC2914707 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metastasis represents a major adverse step in the progression of breast carcinoma. Lymph node invasion is the most relevant prognostic factor; however little is known on the molecular events associated with lymph node metastasis process. This study is to investigate the status and role of methylation in lymph node metastatic tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bisulfite pyrosequencing is used to screen 6 putative tumor suppressor genes (HIN-1, RASSF1A, RIL, CDH13, RARbeta2 and E-cadherin) in 38 pairs of primary breast tumors and lymph node metastases. RESULTS We found that HIN-1, CDH13, RIL, RASSF1A and RARbeta2 were frequently methylated both in primary and metastatic tissues (range: 55.3% approximately 89.5%). E-cadherin was not frequently methylated in either setting (range: 18.4% approximately 23.7%). The methylation status of HIN-1, CDH13, RIL, and RARbeta2 in lymph nodes metastasis were correlated with that in primary tumors. The Pearson correlation values ranged from 0.624 to 0.472 (p values < 0.01 to 0.001). Interestingly, we observed an association between HIN-1 methylation and hormone status in metastatic lymph nodes. Hypermethylation of HIN-1 in metastasis lymph nodes was significantly associated with expression of ER (odds ratio, 1.070; P = 0.024) and with PR (odds ratio, 1.046; P = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes is extended from primary to metastatic tumors during tumor progression.
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55
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Talmadge JE, Fidler IJ. AACR centennial series: the biology of cancer metastasis: historical perspective. Cancer Res 2010; 70:5649-69. [PMID: 20610625 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 738] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis resistant to therapy is the major cause of death from cancer. Despite almost 200 years of study, the process of tumor metastasis remains controversial. Stephen Paget initially identified the role of host-tumor interactions on the basis of a review of autopsy records. His "seed and soil" hypothesis was substantiated a century later with experimental studies, and numerous reports have confirmed these seminal observations. An improved understanding of the metastatic process and the attributes of the cells selected by this process is critical for the treatment of patients with systemic disease. In many patients, metastasis has occurred by the time of diagnosis, so metastasis prevention may not be relevant. Treating systemic disease and identifying patients with early disease should be our goal. Revitalized research in the past three decades has focused on new discoveries in the biology of metastasis. Even though our understanding of molecular events that regulate metastasis has improved, the contributions and timing of molecular lesion(s) involved in metastasis pathogenesis remain unclear. Review of the history of pioneering observations and discussion of current controversies should increase understanding of the complex and multifactorial interactions between the host and selected tumor cells that contribute to fatal metastasis and should lead to the design of successful therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Talmadge
- The University of Nebraska Medical Center, Transplantation Immunology Laboratory, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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56
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Talmadge JE, Fidler IJ. AACR centennial series: the biology of cancer metastasis: historical perspective. Cancer Res 2010. [PMID: 20610625 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1040.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis resistant to therapy is the major cause of death from cancer. Despite almost 200 years of study, the process of tumor metastasis remains controversial. Stephen Paget initially identified the role of host-tumor interactions on the basis of a review of autopsy records. His "seed and soil" hypothesis was substantiated a century later with experimental studies, and numerous reports have confirmed these seminal observations. An improved understanding of the metastatic process and the attributes of the cells selected by this process is critical for the treatment of patients with systemic disease. In many patients, metastasis has occurred by the time of diagnosis, so metastasis prevention may not be relevant. Treating systemic disease and identifying patients with early disease should be our goal. Revitalized research in the past three decades has focused on new discoveries in the biology of metastasis. Even though our understanding of molecular events that regulate metastasis has improved, the contributions and timing of molecular lesion(s) involved in metastasis pathogenesis remain unclear. Review of the history of pioneering observations and discussion of current controversies should increase understanding of the complex and multifactorial interactions between the host and selected tumor cells that contribute to fatal metastasis and should lead to the design of successful therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Talmadge
- The University of Nebraska Medical Center, Transplantation Immunology Laboratory, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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57
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Stoecklein NH, Klein CA. Genetic disparity between primary tumours, disseminated tumour cells, and manifest metastasis. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:589-98. [PMID: 19795462 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent genetic analyses of paired samples from primary tumours and disseminated tumour cells have uncovered a bewildering genetic disparity. It was therefore proposed that ectopically residing tumour cells disseminate early and develop independently into metastases parallel to the primary tumour. Alternatively, these cells may represent an irrelevant cell population unable to spawn metastases whereas only cells that disseminated late in primary tumour development (which therefore are similar to the primary tumour) will form manifest metastasis. Here, we review comparative analyses of paired samples from primary tumours and disseminated tumour cells or primary tumours and metastases. The data demonstrate a striking disparity, questioning the use of primary tumours as surrogate for the genetics of systemic cancer. In the era of molecular therapies that build upon genetic defects of tumour cells, these data call for a direct diagnostic pathology of systemic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas H Stoecklein
- Department of General, Visceral, and Pediatric Surgery, Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Popławski AB, Jankowski M, Erickson SW, Díaz de Ståhl T, Partridge EC, Crasto C, Guo J, Gibson J, Menzel U, Bruder CE, Kaczmarczyk A, Benetkiewicz M, Andersson R, Sandgren J, Zegarska B, Bała D, Srutek E, Allison DB, Piotrowski A, Zegarski W, Dumanski JP. Frequent genetic differences between matched primary and metastatic breast cancer provide an approach to identification of biomarkers for disease progression. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18:560-8. [PMID: 20051991 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2009.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in women and its metastatic spread is the principal reason behind the fatal outcome. Metastasis-related research of breast cancer is however underdeveloped when compared with the abundant literature on primary tumors. We applied an unexplored approach comparing at high resolution the genomic profiles of primary tumors and synchronous axillary lymph node metastases from 13 patients with breast cancer. Overall, primary tumors displayed 20% higher number of aberrations than metastases. In all but two patients, we detected in total 157 statistically significant differences between primary lesions and matched metastases. We further observed differences that can be linked to metastatic disease and there was also an overlapping pattern of changes between different patients. Many of the differences described here have been previously linked to poor patient survival, suggesting that this is a viable approach toward finding biomarkers for disease progression and definition of new targets useful for development of anticancer drugs. Frequent genetic differences between primary tumors and metastases in breast cancer also question, at least to some extent, the role of primary tumors as a surrogate subject of study for the systemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej B Popławski
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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59
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Montel V, Suzuki M, Galloy C, Mose ES, Tarin D. Expression of melanocyte-related genes in human breast cancer and its implications. Differentiation 2009; 78:283-91. [PMID: 19699574 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the expression of melanocyte-related genes (MRG) in freshly resected, histopathologically confirmed, human breast cancer specimens and describe experiments illuminating similar observations on a variety of breast cancer cell lines including MDA-MB-435. This finding has implications for research on breast cancer, for clinical investigation of cancer patients presenting with metastases from occult primary tumors and for understanding aberrant differentiation in cancer cells. For example, higher expression of six MRG correlated inversely with propensity for metastatic spread in clones isolated from the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-435. Comparisons of MRG expression in cells growing in vitro with those seen in tumors generated by the same lines in vivo showed that the levels of activity of these genes are influenced by the surrounding environment. Also, silencing of expression of the melanocyte-related transcription factor MITF, by transduction of the non-metastatic clone NM2C5 with a construct expressing a specific anti-MITF shRNA, resulted in decreased production of 5 of the melanocyte-related proteins including TYRP1, Pmel 17, MART 1(Melan-A) and TYRP2, but no increase in metastatic capability. Hence MRG expression reproducibly ear-marked, but did not cause, metastatic incompetence. We also report cytogenetic and other data that conflict with the recent suggestion that MDA-MB-435 is of melanocytic origin and are more consistent with its original designation as being of mammary lineage. We conclude that detection of MRG expression profiles in freshly excised breast cancers and in cultured breast cancer cells reflects the operationally important clinical phenomenon of inappropriate gene expression in malignant neoplasms. Concomitantly, we suggest that the evidence we have obtained (i) collectively supports the continued widespread use of the MDA-MB-435 cell line in breast cancer and metastasis research and (ii) advances knowledge of the diversity of aberrant differentiation programs in malignant cells, which is valuable for making accurate diagnoses and treatment decisions in clinical oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Montel
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, USA
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60
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Mareel M, Oliveira MJ, Madani I. Cancer invasion and metastasis: interacting ecosystems. Virchows Arch 2009; 454:599-622. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-009-0784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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61
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Leth-Larsen R, Lund R, Hansen HV, Laenkholm AV, Tarin D, Jensen ON, Ditzel HJ. Metastasis-related plasma membrane proteins of human breast cancer cells identified by comparative quantitative mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 2009; 8:1436-49. [PMID: 19321434 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m800061-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of cancer cells from a primary tumor to form metastasis at distant sites is a complex multistep process. The cancer cell proteins and plasma membrane proteins in particular involved in this process are poorly defined, and a study of the very early events of the metastatic process using clinical samples or in vitro assays is not feasible. We have used a unique model system consisting of two isogenic human breast cancer cell lines that are equally tumorigenic in mice; but although one gives rise to metastasis, the other disseminates single cells that remain dormant at distant organs. Membrane purification and comparative quantitative LC-MS/MS proteomics identified 13 membrane proteins that were expressed at higher levels and three that were underexpressed in the metastatic compared with the non-metastatic cell line from a total of 1919 identified protein entries. Among the proteins were ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73), NDRG1, integrin beta1, CD44, CD74, and major histocompatibility complex class II proteins. The altered expression levels of proteins identified by LC-MS/MS were validated using flow cytometry, Western blotting, and immunocyto- and immunohistochemistry. Analysis of clinical breast cancer biopsies demonstrated a significant correlation between high ecto-5'-nucleotidase and integrin beta1 expression and poor outcome, measured as tumor spread or distant recurrence within a 10-year follow-up. Further the tissue analysis suggested that NDRG1, HLA-DRalpha, HLA-DRbeta, and CD74 were associated with the ER(-)/PR(-) phenotype represented by the two cell lines. The study demonstrates a quantitative and comparative proteomics strategy to identify clinically relevant key molecules in the early events of metastasis, some of which may prove to be potential targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Leth-Larsen
- Medical Biotechnology Center, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Winsloewparken 25.3, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
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62
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Li J, Gromov P, Gromova I, Moreira JM, Timmermans-Wielenga V, Rank F, Wang K, Li S, Li H, Wiuf C, Yang H, Zhang X, Bolund L, Celis JE. Omics-based profiling of carcinoma of the breast and matched regional lymph node metastasis. Proteomics 2009; 8:5038-52. [PMID: 19003862 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Axillary lymph node (ALN) status is currently used as an important clinical indicator of breast cancer prognosis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying lymph node metastasis are poorly understood and the relationship between ALN metastasis and the primary tumor remains unclear. In an effort to reveal structural changes in the genome and related protein responses that may drive regional metastatic progression we have analyzed matched pairs of primary breast tumors and ALN metastases both at the genomic and proteomic levels using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) array, quantitative high-resolution 2-D PAGE in combination with MS, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Array CGH revealed a remarkable similarity in genomic aberration profiles between the matched primary tumors and the ALN metastases. Quantitative profiling of 135 known proteins also revealed striking similarities in their overall expression patterns, although we observed distinct changes in the levels of individual proteins in some sample pairs. The remarkable similarities of the overall genomic and proteomic profiles between primary tumors and matched ALN metastases are taken to suggest that, in general, key biological characteristics of the primary breast tumor are maintained in the corresponding lymph node metastases. Given that the omics-based technologies are oblivious to changes that only occur in minor cellular subsets we validated the proteomic data using IHC, which provides protein expression information with a valuable topological component. Besides confirming the omics-derived data, the IHC analysis revealed that in two cases the ALN metastases may have been derived from a distinct minor cell subpopulation present in the primary tumor rather than from the bulk of it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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63
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A gene expression signature that defines breast cancer metastases. Clin Exp Metastasis 2008; 26:205-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-008-9232-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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64
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Gromov P, Celis JE, Gromova I, Rank F, Timmermans-Wielenga V, Moreira JMA. A single lysis solution for the analysis of tissue samples by different proteomic technologies. Mol Oncol 2008; 2:368-79. [PMID: 19383358 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer, being a major healthcare concern worldwide, is one of the main targets for the application of emerging proteomic technologies and these tools promise to revolutionize the way cancer will be diagnosed and treated in the near future. Today, as a result of the unprecedented advances that have taken place in molecular biology, cell biology and genomics there is a pressing need to accelerate the translation of basic discoveries into clinical applications. This need, compounded by mounting evidence that cellular model systems are unable to fully recapitulate all biological aspects of human dissease, is driving scientists to increasingly use clinically relevant samples for biomarker and target discovery. Tissues are heterogeneous and as a result optimization of sample preparation is critical for generating accurate, representative, and highly reproducible quantitative data. Although a large number of protocols for preparation of tissue lysates has been published, so far no single recipe is able to provide a "one-size fits all" solubilization procedure that can be used to analyse the same lysate using different proteomics technologies. Here we present evidence showing that cell lysis buffer 1 (CLB1), a lysis solution commercialized by Zeptosens [a division of Bayer (Schweiz) AG], provides excellent sample solubilization and very high 2D PAGE protein resolution both when using carrier ampholytes and immobilized pH gradient strips. Moreover, this buffer can also be used for array-based proteomics (reverse-phase lysate arrays or direct antibody arrays), allowing the direct comparison of qualitative and quantitative data yielded by these technologies when applied to the same samples. The usefulness of the CLB1 solution for gel-based proteomics was further established by 2D PAGE analysis of a number of technically demanding specimens such as breast carcinoma core needle biopsies and problematic tissues such as brain cortex, cerebellum, skeletal muscle, kidney cortex and tongue. This solution when combined with a specific sample preparation technique - cryostat sectioning of frozen specimens - simplifies tissue sample preparation and solves most of the difficulties associated with the integration of data generated by different proteomic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Gromov
- Institute of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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65
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Steeg PS. Heterogeneity of drug target expression among metastatic lesions: lessons from a breast cancer autopsy program. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:3643-5. [PMID: 18559575 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia S Steeg
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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66
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Tarin D. Comparisons of metastases in different organs: biological and clinical implications. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:1923-5. [PMID: 18381928 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-5259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Tarin
- Moores UCSD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0803, USA.
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67
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Metastasis: a therapeutic target for cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 5:206-19. [PMID: 18253104 DOI: 10.1038/ncponc1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis remains the major driver of mortality in patients with cancer. Our growing body of knowledge regarding this process provides the basis for the development of molecularly targeted therapeutics aimed at the tumor cell or its interaction with the host microenvironment. Here we discuss the similarity and differences between primary tumors and metastases, pathways controlling the colonization of a distant organ, and incorporation of antimetastatic therapies into clinical testing.
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68
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Talmadge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-7660, USA.
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69
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Vecchi M, Confalonieri S, Nuciforo P, Viganò MA, Capra M, Bianchi M, Nicosia D, Bianchi F, Galimberti V, Viale G, Palermo G, Riccardi A, Campanini R, Daidone MG, Pierotti MA, Pece S, Di Fiore PP. Breast cancer metastases are molecularly distinct from their primary tumors. Oncogene 2007; 27:2148-58. [PMID: 17952122 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Metastases have been widely thought to arise from rare, selected, mutation-bearing cells in the primary tumor. Recently, however, it has been proposed that breast tumors are imprinted ab initio with metastatic ability. Thus, there is a debate over whether 'phenotypic' disease progression is really associated with 'molecular' progression. We profiled 26 matched primary breast tumors and lymph node metastases and identified 270 probesets that could discriminate between the two categories. We then used an independent cohort of breast tumors (81 samples) and unmatched distant metastases (32 samples) to validate and refine this list down to a 126-probeset list. A representative subset of these genes was subjected to analysis by in situ hybridization, on a third independent cohort (57 primary breast tumors and matched lymph node metastases). This not only confirmed the expression profile data, but also allowed us to establish the cellular origin of the signals. One-third of the analysed representative genes (4 of 11) were expressed by the epithelial component. The four epithelial genes alone were able to discriminate primary breast tumors from their metastases. Finally, engineered alterations in the expression of two of the epithelial genes (SERPINB5 and LTF) modified cell motility in vitro, in accordance with a possible causal role in metastasis. Our results show that breast cancer metastases are molecularly distinct from their primary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vecchi
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
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70
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Weinberg RA. Is metastasis predetermined? Mol Oncol 2007; 1:263-4; author reply 265-6. [PMID: 19383300 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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71
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Tarin D. Response to “Is metastasis predetermined?”. Mol Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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72
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Suzuki M, Tarin D. Gene expression profiling of human lymph node metastases and matched primary breast carcinomas: clinical implications. Mol Oncol 2007; 1:172-80. [PMID: 19383293 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Revised: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic program that drives tumor metastasis and the mode and timing of its initiation are of great practical significance to clinical management. Modern technical advances open new opportunities for gaining useful relevant information. Gene expression profiles of histologically-verified viable tissue from lymph node metastases were compared with those of matched primary breast cancers from 10 different patients, among samples from over 400 cases, using high-throughput oligonucleotide arrays comprising probes for 22,000 genes. It was observed that metastases have very similar expression signatures to their parent tumors. However, detailed computational analysis revealed that a small number of genes were consistently differentially expressed between 100% of tumors and metastases, suggesting that these are mechanistically important. Lists of such candidate genes, of potential clinical interest, are provided. We interpret these results in the framework of a meta-analysis of previous investigations by others and ourselves and of existing clinical knowledge on the behavior of human tumors. The collective data show that metastases resemble their primary tumors but the signatures obtained in different studies are not sufficiently reproducible or informative to be prognostically useful, although they do give valuable insights into the pathogenesis and biology of human tumor metastasis. The findings indicate that the genetic program encoding metastasis is implemented progressively over time although, occasionally, this evolution can occur rapidly, early in the life of the neoplasm. The important clinical significance of this deduction is that, in most patients, early detection provides time for appropriate therapeutic intervention to be effective in obstructing metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Suzuki
- Rebecca and John Moores UCSD Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive MC0803, La Jolla, CA 92093-0803, USA
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