51
|
Tomczynska I, Stumpe M, Mauch F. A conserved RxLR effector interacts with host RABA-type GTPases to inhibit vesicle-mediated secretion of antimicrobial proteins. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 95:187-203. [PMID: 29671919 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens of the oomycete genus Phytophthora produce virulence factors, known as RxLR effector proteins that are transferred into host cells to suppress disease resistance. Here, we analyse the function of the highly conserved RxLR24 effector of Phytophthora brassicae. RxLR24 was expressed early in the interaction with Arabidopsis plants and ectopic expression in the host enhanced leaf colonization and zoosporangia formation. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) experiments followed by mass spectrometry identified different members of the RABA GTPase family as putative RxLR24 targets. Physical interaction of RxLR24 or its homologue from the potato pathogen Phytophthora infestans with different RABA GTPases of Arabidopsis or potato, respectively, was confirmed by reciprocal Co-IP. In line with the function of RABA GTPases in vesicular secretion, RxLR24 co-localized with RABA1a to vesicles and the plasma membrane. The effect of RxLR24 on the secretory process was analysed with fusion constructs of secreted antimicrobial proteins with a pH-sensitive GFP tag. PATHOGENESIS RELATED PROTEIN 1 (PR-1) and DEFENSIN (PDF1.2) were efficiently exported in control tissue, whereas in the presence of RxLR24 they both accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum. Together our results imply a virulence function of RxLR24 effectors as inhibitors of RABA GTPase-mediated vesicular secretion of antimicrobial PR-1, PDF1.2 and possibly other defence-related compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iga Tomczynska
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, chemin du musée 10, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael Stumpe
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, chemin du musée 10, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Felix Mauch
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, chemin du musée 10, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Murphy F, He Q, Armstrong M, Giuliani LM, Boevink PC, Zhang W, Tian Z, Birch PRJ, Gilroy EM. The Potato MAP3K StVIK Is Required for the Phytophthora infestans RXLR Effector Pi17316 to Promote Disease. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:398-410. [PMID: 29588335 PMCID: PMC5933144 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens deliver effectors to manipulate processes in their hosts, creating a suitable environment for invasion and proliferation. Yet, little is known about the host proteins that are targeted by effectors from filamentous pathogens. Here, we show that stable transgenic expression in potato (Solanum tuberosum) and transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana of the arginine-any amino acid-leucine-arginine effector Pi17316 enhances leaf colonization by the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans Expression of Pi17316 also attenuates cell death triggered by the pathogen-associated molecular pattern Infestin1 (INF1), indicating that the effector suppresses pattern-triggered immunity. However, this effector does not attenuate cell death triggered by a range of resistance proteins, showing that it specifically suppresses INF1-triggered cell death (ICD). In yeast two-hybrid assays, Pi17316 interacts directly with the potato ortholog of VASCULAR HIGHWAY1-interacting kinase (StVIK), encoding a predicted MEK kinase (MAP3K). Interaction in planta was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation and occurs at the plant plasma membrane. Virus-induced gene silencing of VIK in N. benthamiana attenuated P. infestans colonization, whereas transient overexpression of StVIK enhanced colonization, indicating that this host protein acts as a susceptibility factor. Moreover, VIK overexpression specifically attenuated ICD, indicating that it is a negative regulator of immunity. The abilities of Pi17316 to enhance P. infestans colonization or suppress ICD were compromised significantly in NbVIK-silenced plants, demonstrating that the effector activity of Pi17316 is mediated by this MAP3K. Thus, StVIK is exploited by P. infestans as a susceptibility factor to promote late blight disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fraser Murphy
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee (at James Hutton Institute), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Qin He
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee (at James Hutton Institute), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Miles Armstrong
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee (at James Hutton Institute), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Licida M Giuliani
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Petra C Boevink
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhendong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee (at James Hutton Institute), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor M Gilroy
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Huang J, Gu L, Zhang Y, Yan T, Kong G, Kong L, Guo B, Qiu M, Wang Y, Jing M, Xing W, Ye W, Wu Z, Zhang Z, Zheng X, Gijzen M, Wang Y, Dong S. An oomycete plant pathogen reprograms host pre-mRNA splicing to subvert immunity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2051. [PMID: 29233978 PMCID: PMC5727057 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of RNA splicing influences many physiological processes, including plant immunity. However, how plant parasites manipulate host RNA splicing process remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that PsAvr3c, an avirulence effector from oomycete plant pathogen Phytophthora sojae, physically binds to and stabilizes soybean serine/lysine/arginine-rich proteins GmSKRPs. The SKRPs are novel proteins that associate with a complex that contains plant spliceosome components, and are negative regulators of plant immunity. Analysis by RNA-seq data indicates that alternative splicing of pre-mRNAs from 401 soybean genes, including defense-related genes, is altered in GmSKRP1 and PsAvr3c overexpressing lines compared to control plants. Representative splicing events mediated by GmSKRP1 and PsAvr3c are tested by infection assays or by transient expression in soybean plants. Our results show that plant pathogen effectors can reprogram host pre-mRNA splicing to promote disease, and we propose that pathogens evolved such strategies to defeat host immune systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lianfeng Gu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Tingxiu Yan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guanghui Kong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Liang Kong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Baodian Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Min Qiu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Maofeng Jing
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weiman Xing
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhe Wu
- Department of Biology, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mark Gijzen
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Turnbull D, Yang L, Naqvi S, Breen S, Welsh L, Stephens J, Morris J, Boevink PC, Hedley PE, Zhan J, Birch PRJ, Gilroy EM. RXLR Effector AVR2 Up-Regulates a Brassinosteroid-Responsive bHLH Transcription Factor to Suppress Immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:356-369. [PMID: 28270626 PMCID: PMC5411136 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
An emerging area in plant research focuses on antagonism between regulatory systems governing growth and immunity. Such cross talk represents a point of vulnerability for pathogens to exploit. AVR2, an RXLR effector secreted by the potato blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans, interacts with potato BSL1, a putative phosphatase implicated in growth-promoting brassinosteroid (BR) hormone signaling. Transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants expressing the effector exhibit transcriptional and phenotypic hallmarks of overactive BR signaling and show enhanced susceptibility to P. infestans Microarray analysis was used to identify a set of BR-responsive marker genes in potato, all of which are constitutively expressed to BR-induced levels in AVR2 transgenic lines. One of these genes was a bHLH transcription factor, designated StCHL1, homologous to AtCIB1 and AtHBI1, which are known to facilitate antagonism between BR and immune responses. Transient expression of either AVR2 or CHL1 enhanced leaf colonization by P. infestans and compromised immune cell death activated by perception of the elicitin Infestin1 (INF1). Knockdown of CHL1 transcript using Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) reduced colonization of P. infestans on Nicotiana benthamiana Moreover, the ability of AVR2 to suppress INF1-triggered cell death was attenuated in NbCHL1-silenced plants, indicating that NbCHL1 was important for this effector activity. Thus, AVR2 exploits cross talk between BR signaling and innate immunity in Solanum species, representing a novel, indirect mode of innate immune suppression by a filamentous pathogen effector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dionne Turnbull
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., J.S., J.M., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.), and Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science (at The James Hutton institute) (D.T., L.Y., S.N., P.R.J.B.), University of Dundee Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.)
- James Hutton Ltd (at The James Hutton Institute), Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia (S.B.); and
- Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.)
| | - Lina Yang
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., J.S., J.M., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.), and Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science (at The James Hutton institute) (D.T., L.Y., S.N., P.R.J.B.), University of Dundee Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.)
- James Hutton Ltd (at The James Hutton Institute), Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia (S.B.); and
- Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.)
| | - Shaista Naqvi
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., J.S., J.M., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.), and Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science (at The James Hutton institute) (D.T., L.Y., S.N., P.R.J.B.), University of Dundee Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.)
- James Hutton Ltd (at The James Hutton Institute), Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia (S.B.); and
- Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.)
| | - Susan Breen
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., J.S., J.M., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.), and Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science (at The James Hutton institute) (D.T., L.Y., S.N., P.R.J.B.), University of Dundee Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.)
- James Hutton Ltd (at The James Hutton Institute), Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia (S.B.); and
- Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.)
| | - Lydia Welsh
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., J.S., J.M., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.), and Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science (at The James Hutton institute) (D.T., L.Y., S.N., P.R.J.B.), University of Dundee Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.)
- James Hutton Ltd (at The James Hutton Institute), Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia (S.B.); and
- Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.)
| | - Jennifer Stephens
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., J.S., J.M., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.), and Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science (at The James Hutton institute) (D.T., L.Y., S.N., P.R.J.B.), University of Dundee Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.)
- James Hutton Ltd (at The James Hutton Institute), Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia (S.B.); and
- Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.)
| | - Jenny Morris
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., J.S., J.M., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.), and Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science (at The James Hutton institute) (D.T., L.Y., S.N., P.R.J.B.), University of Dundee Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.)
- James Hutton Ltd (at The James Hutton Institute), Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia (S.B.); and
- Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.)
| | - Petra C Boevink
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., J.S., J.M., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.), and Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science (at The James Hutton institute) (D.T., L.Y., S.N., P.R.J.B.), University of Dundee Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.)
- James Hutton Ltd (at The James Hutton Institute), Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia (S.B.); and
- Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.)
| | - Pete E Hedley
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., J.S., J.M., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.), and Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science (at The James Hutton institute) (D.T., L.Y., S.N., P.R.J.B.), University of Dundee Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.)
- James Hutton Ltd (at The James Hutton Institute), Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia (S.B.); and
- Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.)
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., J.S., J.M., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.), and Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science (at The James Hutton institute) (D.T., L.Y., S.N., P.R.J.B.), University of Dundee Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.)
- James Hutton Ltd (at The James Hutton Institute), Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia (S.B.); and
- Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.)
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., J.S., J.M., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.), and Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science (at The James Hutton institute) (D.T., L.Y., S.N., P.R.J.B.), University of Dundee Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.)
- James Hutton Ltd (at The James Hutton Institute), Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia (S.B.); and
- Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.)
| | - Eleanor M Gilroy
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., J.S., J.M., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.), and Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science (at The James Hutton institute) (D.T., L.Y., S.N., P.R.J.B.), University of Dundee Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom;
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.);
- James Hutton Ltd (at The James Hutton Institute), Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia (S.B.); and
- Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Xiang J, Li X, Yin L, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Qu J, Lu J. A candidate RxLR effector from Plasmopara viticola can elicit immune responses in Nicotiana benthamiana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:75. [PMID: 28410577 PMCID: PMC5391559 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diverse plant pathogens deliver effectors into plant cells to alter host processes. Oomycete pathogen encodes a large number of putative RxLR effectors which are likely to play a role in manipulating plant defense responses. The secretome of Plasmopara viticola (downy mildew of grapevine) contains at least 162 candidate RxLR effectors discovered in our recent studies, but their roles in infection and pathogenicity remain to be determined. Here, we characterize in depth one of the putative RxLR effectors, PvRxLR16, which has been reported to induce cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana in our previous study. RESULTS The nuclear localization, W/Y/L motifs, and a putative N-glycosylation site in C-terminal of PvRxLR16 were essential for cell death-inducing activity. Suppressor of G-two allele of Skp1 (SGT1), heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and required for Mla12 resistance (RAR1), but not somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase (SERK3), were required for the cell death response triggered by PvRxLR16 in N. benthamiana. Some mitogen-activated protein kinases and transcription factors were also involved in the perception of PvRxLR16 by N. benthamiana. PvRxLR16 could also significantly enhance plant resistance to Phytophthora capsici and the nuclear localization was required for this ability. However, some other PvRxLR effectors could suppress defense responses and disease resistance induced by PvRxLR16, suggesting that it may not trigger host cell death or immune responses during physiological infection under natural conditions. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that PvRxLR16 may be recognized by endogenous proteins in nucleus to trigger immune responses in N. benthamiana, which in turn can be suppressed by other PvRxLR effectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Xiang
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xinlong Li
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Yin
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Laboratory, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Yunxiao Liu
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Qu
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Laboratory, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Jiang Lu
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Laboratory, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Whisson SC, Boevink PC, Wang S, Birch PR. The cell biology of late blight disease. Curr Opin Microbiol 2016; 34:127-135. [PMID: 27723513 PMCID: PMC5340842 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The Phytophthora haustorium is a major site of secretion during infection. The host endocytic cycle contributes to biogenesis of the Extra-Haustorial Membrane. RXLR effectors manipulate host processes at diverse subcellular locations. They directly manipulate the activity or location of immune proteins. They also promote the activity of endogenous negative regulators of immunity.
Late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is a major global disease of potato and tomato. Cell biology is teaching us much about the developmental stages associated with infection, especially the haustorium, which is a site of intimate interaction and molecular exchange between pathogen and host. Recent observations suggest a role for the plant endocytic cycle in specific recruitment of host proteins to the Extra-Haustorial Membrane, emphasising the unique nature of this membrane compartment. In addition, there has been a strong focus on the activities of RXLR effectors, which are delivered into plant cells to modulate and manipulate host processes. RXLR effectors interact directly with diverse plant proteins at a range of subcellular locations to promote disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Whisson
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Petra C Boevink
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Shumei Wang
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Paul Rj Birch
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK; Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Maqbool A, Hughes RK, Dagdas YF, Tregidgo N, Zess E, Belhaj K, Round A, Bozkurt TO, Kamoun S, Banfield MJ. Structural Basis of Host Autophagy-related Protein 8 (ATG8) Binding by the Irish Potato Famine Pathogen Effector Protein PexRD54. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20270-20282. [PMID: 27458016 PMCID: PMC5025708 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.744995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous plant pathogens deliver effector proteins to host cells to promote infection. The Phytophthora infestans RXLR-type effector PexRD54 binds potato ATG8 via its ATG8 family-interacting motif (AIM) and perturbs host-selective autophagy. However, the structural basis of this interaction remains unknown. Here, we define the crystal structure of PexRD54, which includes a modular architecture, including five tandem repeat domains, with the AIM sequence presented at the disordered C terminus. To determine the interface between PexRD54 and ATG8, we solved the crystal structure of potato ATG8CL in complex with a peptide comprising the effector's AIM sequence, and we established a model of the full-length PexRD54-ATG8CL complex using small angle x-ray scattering. Structure-informed deletion of the PexRD54 tandem domains reveals retention of ATG8CL binding in vitro and in planta This study offers new insights into structure/function relationships of oomycete RXLR effectors and how these proteins engage with host cell targets to promote disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Maqbool
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, and
| | - Richard K Hughes
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, and
| | - Yasin F Dagdas
- the Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Erin Zess
- the Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Khaoula Belhaj
- the Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Round
- EMBL Grenoble, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, and.,EPSAM, Keele University, Keele ST5 5GB, United Kingdom
| | - Tolga O Bozkurt
- the Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- the Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Banfield
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, and
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Boevink PC, McLellan H, Gilroy EM, Naqvi S, He Q, Yang L, Wang X, Turnbull D, Armstrong MR, Tian Z, Birch PRJ. Oomycetes Seek Help from the Plant: Phytophthora infestans Effectors Target Host Susceptibility Factors. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:636-638. [PMID: 27095376 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra C Boevink
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute (JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Science, College of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Eleanor M Gilroy
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute (JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Shaista Naqvi
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute (JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK; Division of Plant Science, College of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Qin He
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute (JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK; Division of Plant Science, College of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Lina Yang
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute (JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK; Division of Plant Science, College of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK; Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute (JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK; Division of Plant Science, College of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK; Virus-free Seedling Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Dionne Turnbull
- Division of Plant Science, College of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Miles R Armstrong
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute (JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK; Division of Plant Science, College of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Zhendong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute (JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK; Division of Plant Science, College of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Yang L, McLellan H, Naqvi S, He Q, Boevink PC, Armstrong M, Giuliani LM, Zhang W, Tian Z, Zhan J, Gilroy EM, Birch PRJ. Potato NPH3/RPT2-Like Protein StNRL1, Targeted by a Phytophthora infestans RXLR Effector, Is a Susceptibility Factor. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:645-57. [PMID: 26966171 PMCID: PMC4854710 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens deliver effectors to manipulate host processes. We know little about how fungal and oomycete effectors target host proteins to promote susceptibility, yet such knowledge is vital to understand crop disease. We show that either transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, or stable transgenic expression in potato (Solanum tuberosum), of the Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector Pi02860 enhances leaf colonization by the pathogen. Expression of Pi02860 also attenuates cell death triggered by the P. infestans microbe-associated molecular pattern INF1, indicating that the effector suppresses pattern-triggered immunity. However, the effector does not attenuate cell death triggered by Cf4/Avr4 coexpression, showing that it does not suppress all cell death activated by cell surface receptors. Pi02860 interacts in yeast two-hybrid assays with potato NPH3/RPT2-LIKE1 (NRL1), a predicted CULLIN3-associated ubiquitin E3 ligase. Interaction of Pi02860 in planta was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. Virus-induced gene silencing of NRL1 in N. benthamiana resulted in reduced P. infestans colonization and accelerated INF1-mediated cell death, indicating that this host protein acts as a negative regulator of immunity. Moreover, whereas NRL1 virus-induced gene silencing had no effect on the ability of the P. infestans effector Avr3a to suppress INF1-mediated cell death, such suppression by Pi02860 was significantly attenuated, indicating that this activity of Pi02860 is mediated by NRL1. Transient overexpression of NRL1 resulted in the suppression of INF1-mediated cell death and enhanced P. infestans leaf colonization, demonstrating that NRL1 acts as a susceptibility factor to promote late blight disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.);Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., S.N., P.C.B., M.A., L.M.G., E.M.G., P.R.J.B.);Dundee Effector Consortium, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., H.M., S.N., Q.H., P.C.B., M.A., L.M.G., E.M.G., P.R.J.B.);Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., H.M., Q.H., M.A., P.R.J.B.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China (Q.H., W.Z., Z.T.)
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.);Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., S.N., P.C.B., M.A., L.M.G., E.M.G., P.R.J.B.);Dundee Effector Consortium, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., H.M., S.N., Q.H., P.C.B., M.A., L.M.G., E.M.G., P.R.J.B.);Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., H.M., Q.H., M.A., P.R.J.B.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China (Q.H., W.Z., Z.T.)
| | - Shaista Naqvi
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.);Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., S.N., P.C.B., M.A., L.M.G., E.M.G., P.R.J.B.);Dundee Effector Consortium, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., H.M., S.N., Q.H., P.C.B., M.A., L.M.G., E.M.G., P.R.J.B.);Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., H.M., Q.H., M.A., P.R.J.B.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China (Q.H., W.Z., Z.T.)
| | - Qin He
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.);Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., S.N., P.C.B., M.A., L.M.G., E.M.G., P.R.J.B.);Dundee Effector Consortium, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., H.M., S.N., Q.H., P.C.B., M.A., L.M.G., E.M.G., P.R.J.B.);Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., H.M., Q.H., M.A., P.R.J.B.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China (Q.H., W.Z., Z.T.)
| | - Petra C Boevink
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.);Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., S.N., P.C.B., M.A., L.M.G., E.M.G., P.R.J.B.);Dundee Effector Consortium, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., H.M., S.N., Q.H., P.C.B., M.A., L.M.G., E.M.G., P.R.J.B.);Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., H.M., Q.H., M.A., P.R.J.B.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China (Q.H., W.Z., Z.T.)
| | - Miles Armstrong
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.);Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., S.N., P.C.B., M.A., L.M.G., E.M.G., P.R.J.B.);Dundee Effector Consortium, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., H.M., S.N., Q.H., P.C.B., M.A., L.M.G., E.M.G., P.R.J.B.);Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., H.M., Q.H., M.A., P.R.J.B.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China (Q.H., W.Z., Z.T.)
| | - Licida M Giuliani
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.);Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., S.N., P.C.B., M.A., L.M.G., E.M.G., P.R.J.B.);Dundee Effector Consortium, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., H.M., S.N., Q.H., P.C.B., M.A., L.M.G., E.M.G., P.R.J.B.);Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., H.M., Q.H., M.A., P.R.J.B.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China (Q.H., W.Z., Z.T.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.);Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., S.N., P.C.B., M.A., L.M.G., E.M.G., P.R.J.B.);Dundee Effector Consortium, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., H.M., S.N., Q.H., P.C.B., M.A., L.M.G., E.M.G., P.R.J.B.);Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., H.M., Q.H., M.A., P.R.J.B.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China (Q.H., W.Z., Z.T.)
| | - Zhendong Tian
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.);Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., S.N., P.C.B., M.A., L.M.G., E.M.G., P.R.J.B.);Dundee Effector Consortium, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., H.M., S.N., Q.H., P.C.B., M.A., L.M.G., E.M.G., P.R.J.B.);Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., H.M., Q.H., M.A., P.R.J.B.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China (Q.H., W.Z., Z.T.)
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.);Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., S.N., P.C.B., M.A., L.M.G., E.M.G., P.R.J.B.);Dundee Effector Consortium, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., H.M., S.N., Q.H., P.C.B., M.A., L.M.G., E.M.G., P.R.J.B.);Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., H.M., Q.H., M.A., P.R.J.B.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China (Q.H., W.Z., Z.T.)
| | - Eleanor M Gilroy
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.);Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., S.N., P.C.B., M.A., L.M.G., E.M.G., P.R.J.B.);Dundee Effector Consortium, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., H.M., S.N., Q.H., P.C.B., M.A., L.M.G., E.M.G., P.R.J.B.);Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., H.M., Q.H., M.A., P.R.J.B.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China (Q.H., W.Z., Z.T.)
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.);Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., S.N., P.C.B., M.A., L.M.G., E.M.G., P.R.J.B.);Dundee Effector Consortium, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., H.M., S.N., Q.H., P.C.B., M.A., L.M.G., E.M.G., P.R.J.B.);Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (L.Y., H.M., Q.H., M.A., P.R.J.B.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China (Q.H., W.Z., Z.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Anderson RG, Deb D, Fedkenheuer K, McDowell JM. Recent Progress in RXLR Effector Research. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:1063-72. [PMID: 26125490 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-15-0022-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Some of the most devastating oomycete pathogens deploy effector proteins, with the signature amino acid motif RXLR, that enter plant cells to promote virulence. Research on the function and evolution of RXLR effectors has been very active over the decade that has transpired since their discovery. Comparative genomics indicate that RXLR genes play a major role in virulence for Phytophthora and downy mildew species. Importantly, gene-for-gene resistance against these oomycete lineages is based on recognition of RXLR proteins. Comparative genomics have revealed several mechanisms through which this resistance can be broken, most notably involving epigenetic control of RXLR gene expression. Structural studies have revealed a core fold that is present in the majority of RXLR proteins, providing a foundation for detailed mechanistic understanding of virulence and avirulence functions. Finally, functional studies have demonstrated that suppression of host immunity is a major function for RXLR proteins. Host protein targets are being identified in a variety of plant cell compartments. Some targets comprise hubs that are also manipulated by bacteria and fungi, thereby revealing key points of vulnerability in the plant immune network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G Anderson
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, U.S.A
| | - Devdutta Deb
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, U.S.A
| | - Kevin Fedkenheuer
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, U.S.A
| | - John M McDowell
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|