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Salminen A, Haapasalo A, Kauppinen A, Kaarniranta K, Soininen H, Hiltunen M. Impaired mitochondrial energy metabolism in Alzheimer's disease: Impact on pathogenesis via disturbed epigenetic regulation of chromatin landscape. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 131:1-20. [PMID: 26001589 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid cascade hypothesis for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) was proposed over twenty years ago. However, the mechanisms of neurodegeneration and synaptic loss have remained elusive delaying the effective drug discovery. Recent studies have revealed that amyloid-β peptides as well as phosphorylated and fragmented tau proteins accumulate within mitochondria. This process triggers mitochondrial fission (fragmentation) and disturbs Krebs cycle function e.g. by inhibiting the activity of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase. Oxidative stress, hypoxia and calcium imbalance also disrupt the function of Krebs cycle in AD brains. Recent studies on epigenetic regulation have revealed that Krebs cycle intermediates control DNA and histone methylation as well as histone acetylation and thus they have fundamental roles in gene expression. DNA demethylases (TET1-3) and histone lysine demethylases (KDM2-7) are included in the family of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases (2-OGDO). Interestingly, 2-oxoglutarate is the obligatory substrate of 2-OGDO enzymes, whereas succinate and fumarate are the inhibitors of these enzymes. Moreover, citrate can stimulate histone acetylation via acetyl-CoA production. Epigenetic studies have revealed that AD is associated with changes in DNA methylation and histone acetylation patterns. However, the epigenetic results of different studies are inconsistent but one possibility is that they represent both coordinated adaptive responses and uncontrolled stochastic changes, which provoke pathogenesis in affected neurons. Here, we will review the changes observed in mitochondrial dynamics and Krebs cycle function associated with AD, and then clarify the mechanisms through which mitochondrial metabolites can control the epigenetic landscape of chromatin and induce pathological changes in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 KYS, Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 KYS, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 KYS, Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 KYS, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 KYS, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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HIV-1 Tat alters neuronal autophagy by modulating autophagosome fusion to the lysosome: implications for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. J Neurosci 2015; 35:1921-38. [PMID: 25653352 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3207-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy has increased the life span of HIV+ individuals; however, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) occurrence is increasing in aging HIV patients. Previous studies suggest HIV infection alters autophagy function in the aging CNS and HIV-1 proteins affect autophagy in monocyte-derived cells. Despite these findings, the mechanisms leading to dysregulated autophagy in the CNS remain unclear. Here we sought to determine how HIV Tat dysregulates autophagy in neurons. Tat caused a dose-dependent decrease in autophagosome markers, microtubule-associated protein-1 light chain β II (LC3II), and sequestosome 1(SQSTM1), in a membrane-enriched fraction, suggesting Tat increases autophagic degradation. Bafilomycin A1 increased autophagosome number, LC3II, and SQSTM1 accumulation; Tat cotreatment diminished this effect. Tat had no effect when 3-methyladenine or knockdown of beclin 1 blocked early stages of autophagy. Tat increased numbers of LC3 puncta and resulted in the formation of abnormal autophagosomes in vitro. Likewise, in vivo studies in GFAP-Tat tg mice showed increased autophagosome accumulation in neurons, altered LC3II levels, and neurodegeneration. These effects were reversed by rapamycin treatment. Tat colocalized with autophagosome and lysosomal markers and enhanced the colocalization of autophagosome with lysosome markers. Furthermore, co-IP studies showed that Tat interacts with lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2A (LAMP2A) in vitro and in vivo, and LAMP2A overexpression reduces Tat-induced neurotoxicity. Hence, Tat protein may induce autophagosome and lysosome fusion through interaction with LAMP2A leading to abnormal neuronal autophagy function and dysregulated degradation of critical intracellular components. Therapies targeting Tat-mediated autophagy alterations may decrease neurodegeneration in aging patients with HAND.
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Correia SC, Resende R, Moreira PI, Pereira CM. Alzheimer's Disease-Related Misfolded Proteins and Dysfunctional Organelles on Autophagy Menu. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 34:261-73. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2014.2757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sónia C. Correia
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rosa Resende
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula I. Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia M. Pereira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Corsetti V, Florenzano F, Atlante A, Bobba A, Ciotti MT, Natale F, Della Valle F, Borreca A, Manca A, Meli G, Ferraina C, Feligioni M, D'Aguanno S, Bussani R, Ammassari-Teule M, Nicolin V, Calissano P, Amadoro G. NH2-truncated human tau induces deregulated mitophagy in neurons by aberrant recruitment of Parkin and UCHL-1: implications in Alzheimer's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:3058-81. [PMID: 25687137 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Disarrangement in functions and quality control of mitochondria at synapses are early events in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathobiology. We reported that a 20-22 kDa NH2-tau fragment mapping between 26 and 230 amino acids of the longest human tau isoform (aka NH2htau): (i) is detectable in cellular and animal AD models, as well in synaptic mitochondria and cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) from human AD subjects; (ii) is neurotoxic in primary hippocampal neurons; (iii) compromises the mitochondrial biology both directly, by inhibiting the ANT-1-dependent ADP/ATP exchange, and indirectly, by impairing their selective autophagic clearance (mitophagy). Here, we show that the extensive Parkin-dependent turnover of mitochondria occurring in NH2htau-expressing post-mitotic neurons plays a pro-death role and that UCHL-1, the cytosolic Ubiquitin-C-terminal hydrolase L1 which directs the physiological remodeling of synapses by controlling ubiquitin homeostasis, critically contributes to mitochondrial and synaptic failure in this in vitro AD model. Pharmacological or genetic suppression of improper mitophagy, either by inhibition of mitochondrial targeting to autophagosomes or by shRNA-mediated silencing of Parkin or UCHL-1 gene expression, restores synaptic and mitochondrial content providing partial but significant protection against the NH2htau-induced neuronal death. Moreover, in mitochondria from human AD synapses, the endogenous NH2htau is stably associated with Parkin and with UCHL-1. Taken together, our studies show a causative link between the excessive mitochondrial turnover and the NH2htau-induced in vitro neuronal death, suggesting that pathogenetic tau truncation may contribute to synaptic deterioration in AD by aberrant recruitment of Parkin and UCHL-1 to mitochondria making them more prone to detrimental autophagic clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Corsetti
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT) - National Research Council (CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100-00133, Rome, Italy
| | - F Florenzano
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - A Atlante
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics (IBBE)-CNR, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - A Bobba
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics (IBBE)-CNR, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M T Ciotti
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CNR, IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - F Natale
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CNR, IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - F Della Valle
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CNR, IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - A Borreca
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CNR, IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - A Manca
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - G Meli
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - C Ferraina
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - M Feligioni
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - S D'Aguanno
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CNR, IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - R Bussani
- UCO Pathological Anatomy and Histopathology Unit, Cattinara Hospital Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy and
| | - M Ammassari-Teule
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CNR, IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - V Nicolin
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 449, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - P Calissano
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - G Amadoro
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT) - National Research Council (CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100-00133, Rome, Italy European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
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Sokolow S, Henkins KM, Bilousova T, Gonzalez B, Vinters HV, Miller CA, Cornwell L, Poon WW, Gylys KH. Pre-synaptic C-terminal truncated tau is released from cortical synapses in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2015; 133:368-79. [PMID: 25393609 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The microtubule-associated protein tau has primarily been associated with axonal location and function; however, recent work shows tau release from neurons and suggests an important role for tau in synaptic plasticity. In our study, we measured synaptic levels of total tau using synaptosomes prepared from cryopreserved human postmortem Alzheimer's disease (AD) and control samples. Flow cytometry data show that a majority of synaptic terminals are highly immunolabeled with the total tau antibody (HT7) in both AD and control samples. Immunoblots of synaptosomal fractions reveal increases in a 20 kDa tau fragment and in tau dimers in AD synapses, and terminal-specific antibodies show that in many synaptosome samples tau lacks a C-terminus. Flow cytometry experiments to quantify the extent of C-terminal truncation reveal that only 15-25% of synaptosomes are positive for intact C-terminal tau. Potassium-induced depolarization demonstrates release of tau and tau fragments from pre-synaptic terminals, with increased release from AD compared to control samples. This study indicates that tau is normally highly localized to synaptic terminals in cortex where it is well-positioned to affect synaptic plasticity. Tau cleavage may facilitate tau aggregation as well as tau secretion and propagation of tau pathology from the pre-synaptic compartment in AD. Results demonstrate the abundance of tau, mainly C-terminal truncated tau, in synaptic terminals in aged control and in Alzheimer's disease (AD) samples. Tau fragments and dimers/oligomers are prominent in AD synapses. Following depolarization, tau release is potentiated in AD nerve terminals compared to aged controls. We hypothesize (i) endosomal release of the different tau peptides from AD synapses, and (ii) together with phosphorylation, fragmentation of synaptic tau exacerbates tau aggregation, synaptic dysfunction, and the spread of tau pathology in AD. Aβ = amyloid-beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Sokolow
- UCLA School of Nursing, Los Angeles, California, USA; UCLA Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA; UCLA Center for the Advancement of Gerontological Nursing Sciences, Los Angeles, California, USA; UCLA Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Lucke-Wold BP, Turner RC, Logsdon AF, Simpkins JW, Alkon DL, Smith KE, Chen YW, Tan Z, Huber JD, Rosen CL. Common mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease and ischemic stroke: the role of protein kinase C in the progression of age-related neurodegeneration. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 43:711-24. [PMID: 25114088 PMCID: PMC4446718 DOI: 10.3233/jad-141422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke and Alzheimer's disease (AD), despite being distinct disease entities, share numerous pathophysiological mechanisms such as those mediated by inflammation, immune exhaustion, and neurovascular unit compromise. An important shared mechanistic link is acute and chronic changes in protein kinase C (PKC) activity. PKC isoforms have widespread functions important for memory, blood-brain barrier maintenance, and injury repair that change as the body ages. Disease states accelerate PKC functional modifications. Mutated forms of PKC can contribute to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. In some cases the PKC isoforms are still functional but are not successfully translocated to appropriate locations within the cell. The deficits in proper PKC translocation worsen stroke outcome and amyloid-β toxicity. Cross talk between the innate immune system and PKC pathways contribute to the vascular status within the aging brain. Unfortunately, comorbidities such as diabetes, obesity, and hypertension disrupt normal communication between the two systems. The focus of this review is to highlight what is known about PKC function, how isoforms of PKC change with age, and what additional alterations are consequences of stroke and AD. The goal is to highlight future therapeutic targets that can be applied to both the treatment and prevention of neurologic disease. Although the pathology of ischemic stroke and AD are different, the similarity in PKC responses warrants further investigation, especially as PKC-dependent events may serve as an important connection linking age-related brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon P. Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ryan C. Turner
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Aric F. Logsdon
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - James W. Simpkins
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Daniel L. Alkon
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Kelly E. Smith
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Zhenjun Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jason D. Huber
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Charles L. Rosen
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Correspondence to: Charles L. Rosen, MD, PhD, Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, One Medical Center Drive, Suite 4300, Health Sciences Center, PO Box 9183, Morgantown, WV 26506-9183, USA. Tel.: +1 304 293 5041; Fax: +1 304 293 4819;
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57
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Van Laar VS, Roy N, Liu A, Rajprohat S, Arnold B, Dukes AA, Holbein CD, Berman SB. Glutamate excitotoxicity in neurons triggers mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum accumulation of Parkin, and, in the presence of N-acetyl cysteine, mitophagy. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 74:180-93. [PMID: 25478815 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the dynamic properties of mitochondria (fission, fusion, transport, degradation, and biogenesis) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Parkin, the product of gene PARK2 whose mutation causes familial PD, has been linked to mitochondrial quality control via its role in regulating mitochondrial dynamics, including mitochondrial degradation via mitophagy. Models using mitochondrial stressors in numerous cell types have elucidated a PINK1-dependent pathway whereby Parkin accumulates on damaged mitochondria and targets them for mitophagy. However, the role Parkin plays in regulating mitochondrial homeostasis specifically in neurons has been less clear. We examined whether a stressor linked to neurodegeneration, glutamate excitotoxicity, elicits Parkin-mitochondrial translocation and mitophagy in neurons. We found that brief, acute exposure to glutamate causes Parkin translocation to mitochondria in neurons, in a calcium- and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent manner. In addition, we found that Parkin accumulates on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial/ER junctions following excitotoxicity, supporting a role for Parkin in mitochondrial-ER crosstalk in mitochondrial homeostasis. Despite significant Parkin-mitochondria translocation, however, we did not observe mitophagy under these conditions. To further investigate, we examined the role of glutamate-induced oxidative stress in Parkin-mitochondria accumulation. Unexpectedly, we found that glutamate-induced accumulation of Parkin on mitochondria was promoted by the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), and that co-treatment with NAC facilitated Parkin-associated mitophagy. These results suggest the possibility that mitochondrial depolarization and oxidative damage may have distinct pathways associated with Parkin function in neurons, which may be critical in understanding the role of Parkin in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor S Van Laar
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Nikita Roy
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Annie Liu
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Swati Rajprohat
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Beth Arnold
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - April A Dukes
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Cory D Holbein
- Department of Statistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sarah B Berman
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Amadoro G, Corsetti V, Florenzano F, Atlante A, Bobba A, Nicolin V, Nori SL, Calissano P. Morphological and bioenergetic demands underlying the mitophagy in post-mitotic neurons: the pink-parkin pathway. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:18. [PMID: 24600391 PMCID: PMC3927396 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests a striking causal relationship between changes in quality control of neuronal mitochondria and numerous devastating human neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Contrary to replicating mammalian cells with a metabolism essentially glycolytic, post-mitotic neurons are distinctive owing to (i) their exclusive energetic dependence from mitochondrial metabolism and (ii) their polarized shape, which entails compartmentalized and distinct energetic needs. Here, we review the recent findings on mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in differentiated neurons focusing on how the exceptional characteristics of neuronal populations in their morphology and bioenergetics needs make them quite different to other cells in controlling the intracellular turnover of these organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Amadoro
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology - National Research Council Rome, Italy ; European Brain Research Institute Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Corsetti
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology - National Research Council Rome, Italy
| | | | - Anna Atlante
- Institute of Biomembrane and Bioenergetics - National Research Council Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Bobba
- Institute of Biomembrane and Bioenergetics - National Research Council Bari, Italy
| | - Vanessa Nicolin
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefania L Nori
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno Baronissi, Italy
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