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Meng X, Pang H, Sun F, Jin X, Wang B, Yao K, Yao L, Wang L, Hu Z. Simultaneous 3-Nitrophenylhydrazine Derivatization Strategy of Carbonyl, Carboxyl and Phosphoryl Submetabolome for LC-MS/MS-Based Targeted Metabolomics with Improved Sensitivity and Coverage. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10075-10083. [PMID: 34270209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics is a powerful and essential technology for profiling metabolic phenotypes and exploring metabolic reprogramming, which enables the identification of biomarkers and provides mechanistic insights into physiology and disease. However, its applications are still limited by the technical challenges particularly in its detection sensitivity for the analysis of biological samples with limited amount, necessitating the development of highly sensitive approaches. Here, we developed a highly sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method based on a 3-nitrophenylhydrazine (3-NPH) derivatization strategy that simultaneously targets carbonyl, carboxyl, and phosphoryl groups for targeted metabolomic analysis (HSDccp-TM) in biological samples. By testing 130 endogenous metabolites including organic acids, amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleotides, carnitines, and vitamins, we showed that the derivatization strategy resulted in significantly improved detection sensitivity and chromatographic separation capability. Metabolic profiling of merely 60 oocytes and 5000 hematopoietic stem cells primarily isolated from mice demonstrated that this method enabled routine metabolomic analysis in trace amounts of biospecimens. Moreover, the derivatization strategy bypassed the tediousness of inferring the MS fragmentation patterns and simplified the complexity of monitoring ion pairs of metabolites, which greatly facilitated the metabolic flux analysis (MFA) for glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) in cell cultures. In summary, the novel 3-NPH derivatization-based method with high sensitivity, good chromatographic separation, and broad coverage showed great potential in promoting metabolomics and MFA, especially in trace amounts of biospecimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huanhuan Pang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fei Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaohan Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Bohong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ke Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - LiAng Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zeping Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Gao L, Wang C, Qin B, Li T, Xu W, Lenahan C, Ying G, Li J, Zhao T, Zhu Y, Chen G. 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase Suppresses Neuronal Apoptosis by Increasing Glycolysis and "cyclin-dependent kinase 1-Mediated Phosphorylation of p27 After Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. Cell Transplant 2021; 29:963689720950226. [PMID: 32841050 PMCID: PMC7563815 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720950226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a vital pathological factor that accounts for the poor prognosis of
traumatic spinal cord injury (t-SCI). The
6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (PFKFB3) is a critical
regulator for energy metabolism and proven to have antiapoptotic effects. This
study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective role of PFKFB3 in t-SCI. A
compressive clip was introduced to establish the t-SCI model. Herein, we
identified that PFKFB3 was extensively distributed in neurons, and PFKFB3 levels
significantly increased and peaked 24 h after t-SCI. Additionally, knockdown of
PFKFB3 inhibited glycolysis, accompanied by aggravated neuronal apoptosis and
white matter injury, while pharmacological activation of PFKFB3 with meclizine
significantly enhanced glycolysis, attenuated t-SCI-induced spinal cord injury,
and alleviated neurological impairment. The PFKFB3 agonist, meclizine, activated
cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) and promoted the phosphorylation of p27,
ultimately suppressing neuronal apoptosis. However, the neuroprotective effects
of meclizine against t-SCI were abolished by the CDK1 antagonist, RO3306. In
summary, our data demonstrated that PFKFB3 contributes robust neuroprotection
against t-SCI by enhancing glycolysis and modulating CDK1-related antiapoptotic
signals. Moreover, targeting PFKFB3 may be a novel and promising therapeutic
strategy for t-SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liansheng Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, 89681Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, 89681Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bing Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, 89681Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, 89681Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weilin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, 89681Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- 448838Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Guangyu Ying
- Department of Neurosurgery, 89681Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianru Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, 89681Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tengfei Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, 89681Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongjian Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, 89681Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, 89681Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Henderson ST, Morimoto BH, Cummings JL, Farlow MR, Walker J. A Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Randomized Clinical Trial of AC-1204 in Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 75:547-557. [PMID: 32310169 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by amyloid-β plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and regional cerebral glucose hypometabolism. Providing an alternative metabolic substrate, such as ketone bodies, may be a viable therapeutic option. OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine the efficacy and safety of the AC-1204 formulation of caprylic triglyceride administered daily for 26 weeks in APOE4 non-carrier participants with mild-to-moderate AD. METHODS In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study (AC-12-010, NOURISH AD, NCT01741194), 413 patients with mild-to-moderate probable AD were stratified by APOE genotype and randomized (1 : 1) to receive either placebo or AC-1204 for 26 weeks. The primary outcome was the change from baseline to week 26 on the 11-item Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog11) among APOE4 non-carriers. The key secondary outcome was the change from baseline to week 26 in the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study - Clinician's Global Impression of Change scale. RESULTS Administration of AC-1204 was safe and well-tolerated. Mean changes from baseline in the primary outcome at 26 weeks in ADAS-Cog11 for placebo (n = 138) was 0.0 and for AC-1204 (n = 137) was 0.6 (LS differences of mean - 0.761, p = 0.2458) and secondary outcome measures failed to detect any drug effects. CONCLUSION The AC-1204 formulation of caprylic triglyceride failed to improve cognition or functional ability in subjects with mild-to-moderate AD. The lack of efficacy observed in this study may have several contributing factors including a lower ketone body formation from AC-1204 than expected and a lack of decline in the patients receiving placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeffrey L Cummings
- Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, NV, USA.,Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Martin R Farlow
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Husain MA, Laurent B, Plourde M. APOE and Alzheimer's Disease: From Lipid Transport to Physiopathology and Therapeutics. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:630502. [PMID: 33679311 PMCID: PMC7925634 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.630502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by extracellular amyloid β (Aβ) and intraneuronal tau protein aggregations. One risk factor for developing AD is the APOE gene coding for the apolipoprotein E protein (apoE). Humans have three versions of APOE gene: ε2, ε3, and ε4 allele. Carrying the ε4 allele is an AD risk factor while carrying the ε2 allele is protective. ApoE is a component of lipoprotein particles in the plasma at the periphery, as well as in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in the interstitial fluid (ISF) of brain parenchyma in the central nervous system (CNS). ApoE is a major lipid transporter that plays a pivotal role in the development, maintenance, and repair of the CNS, and that regulates multiple important signaling pathways. This review will focus on the critical role of apoE in AD pathogenesis and some of the currently apoE-based therapeutics developed in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Amir Husain
- Centre de Recherche Sur le Vieillissement, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Benoit Laurent
- Centre de Recherche Sur le Vieillissement, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Département de Biochimie et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Mélanie Plourde
- Centre de Recherche Sur le Vieillissement, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Cho S, Lee H, Seo J. Impact of Genetic Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease on Brain Glucose Metabolism. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2608-2619. [PMID: 33479841 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease that affects more than 30 million people worldwide. Despite growing knowledge of AD pathophysiology, a complete understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underpinning AD is lacking, and there is currently no cure for AD. Extant literature suggests that AD is a polygenic and multifactorial disease underscored by complex and dynamic pathogenic mechanisms. Despite extensive research and clinical trials, there has been a dearth of novel drugs for AD treatment on the market since memantine in 2003. This lack of therapeutic success has directed the entire research community to approach the disease from a different angle. In this review, we discuss growing evidence for the close link between altered glucose metabolism and AD pathogenesis by exploring how genetic risk factors for AD are associated with dysfunctional glucose metabolism. We also discuss modification of genes responsible for metabolic pathways implicated in AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhee Cho
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, South Korea
| | - Hyein Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, South Korea
| | - Jinsoo Seo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, South Korea.
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56
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What are activated and reactive glia and what is their role in neurodegeneration? Neurobiol Dis 2020; 148:105172. [PMID: 33171230 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In injury and disease, microglia and astrocytes - two major non-neuronal cell types in the central nervous system (CNS) - undergo morphological, transcriptional, and functional changes, which can underlie pathogenesis and dysfunction of the CNS. Microglia, the brain's tissue resident parenchymal macrophages, are described as becoming "activated" as they deftly change their production of different inflammatory mediators, alter the surveillance behavior of their cellular protrusions, and differentially influence the function of astrocytes. For their part, astrocytes - the most abundant glial cell type - are said to become "reactive", which implies (perhaps inappropriately) causality for the changes astrocytes undergo. Reactive astrocytes variably undergo process hypertrophy, decrease their normal homeostatic functions such as facilitating synapse formation, and in some cases act to form a tissue scar in response to insult. But what do these terms "activation" and "reactivity" mean, anyway? And how do these changed microglia and astrocytes contribute to neurodegenerative disease (ND)? Here, we describe our current understanding of the role of activated and reactive microglia and astrocytes in ND, as well as our current understanding about what these states are and might mean. We survey the earliest description of these cells by histopathologists, their transcriptomic identities, and finally our mechanistic understanding of their functions in ND.
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57
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Cohen-Salmon M, Slaoui L, Mazaré N, Gilbert A, Oudart M, Alvear-Perez R, Elorza-Vidal X, Chever O, Boulay AC. Astrocytes in the regulation of cerebrovascular functions. Glia 2020; 69:817-841. [PMID: 33058289 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most numerous type of neuroglia in the brain and have a predominant influence on the cerebrovascular system; they control perivascular homeostasis, the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, the dialogue with the peripheral immune system, the transfer of metabolites from the blood, and blood vessel contractility in response to neuronal activity. These regulatory processes occur in a specialized interface composed of perivascular astrocyte extensions that almost completely cover the cerebral blood vessels. Scientists have only recently started to study how this interface is formed and how it influences cerebrovascular functions. Here, we review the literature on the astrocytes' role in the regulation of the cerebrovascular system. We cover the anatomy and development of the gliovascular interface, the known gliovascular functions, and molecular factors, the latter's implication in certain pathophysiological situations, and recent cutting-edge experimental tools developed to examine the astrocytes' role at the vascular interface. Finally, we highlight some open questions in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Cohen-Salmon
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Leila Slaoui
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Noémie Mazaré
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Alice Gilbert
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Marc Oudart
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Rodrigo Alvear-Perez
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Xabier Elorza-Vidal
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Oana Chever
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, DC2N, IRIB, Rouen, France
| | - Anne-Cécile Boulay
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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Butterfield DA, Boyd-Kimball D. Mitochondrial Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress and Alzheimer Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E818. [PMID: 32887505 PMCID: PMC7554713 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative and nitrosative stress are widely recognized as critical factors in the pathogenesis and progression of Alzheimer disease (AD) and its earlier stage, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI). A major source of free radicals that lead to oxidative and nitrosative damage is mitochondria. This review paper discusses oxidative and nitrosative stress and markers thereof in the brain, along with redox proteomics, which are techniques that have been pioneered in the Butterfield laboratory. Selected biological alterations in-and oxidative and nitrosative modifications of-mitochondria in AD and MCI and systems of relevance thereof also are presented. The review article concludes with a section on the implications of mitochondrial oxidative and nitrosative stress in MCI and AD with respect to imaging studies in and targeted therapies toward these disorders. Taken together, this review provides support for the notion that brain mitochondrial alterations in AD and MCI are key components of oxidative and nitrosative stress observed in these two disorders, and as such, they provide potentially promising therapeutic targets to slow-and hopefully one day stop-the progression of AD, which is a devastating dementing disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Debra Boyd-Kimball
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mount Union, Alliance, OH 44601, USA;
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Lee JA, Hall B, Allsop J, Alqarni R, Allen SP. Lipid metabolism in astrocytic structure and function. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 112:123-136. [PMID: 32773177 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cell in the central nervous system and are involved in multiple processes including metabolic homeostasis, blood brain barrier regulation and neuronal crosstalk. Astrocytes are the main storage point of glycogen in the brain and it is well established that astrocyte uptake of glutamate and release of lactate prevents neuronal excitability and supports neuronal metabolic function. However, the role of lipid metabolism in astrocytes in relation to neuronal support has been until recently, unclear. Lipids play a fundamental role in astrocyte function, including energy generation, membrane fluidity and cell to cell signaling. There is now emerging evidence that astrocyte storage of lipids in droplets has a crucial physiological and protective role in the central nervous system. This pathway links β-oxidation in astrocytes to inflammation, signalling, oxidative stress and mitochondrial energy generation in neurons. Disruption in lipid metabolism, structure and signalling in astrocytes can lead to pathogenic mechanisms associated with a range of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Ak Lee
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385 Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Benjamin Hall
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385 Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Jessica Allsop
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385 Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Razan Alqarni
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385 Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Scott P Allen
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385 Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK.
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60
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Johnson LA. APOE and metabolic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 154:131-151. [PMID: 32739002 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is carriage of the E4 allele of APOE. Metabolic dysfunction also increases risk of dementia and AD. Facing a need for effective therapies and an aging global population, studies aimed at uncovering new therapeutic targets for AD have become critical. Insight into the biology underlying the effects of E4 and metabolic impairment on the brain may lead to novel therapies to reduce AD risk. An understudied hallmark of both AD patients and E4 individuals is a common metabolic impairment-cerebral glucose hypometabolism. This is a robust and replicated finding in humans, and begins decades prior to cognitive decline. Possession of E4 also appears to alter several other aspects of cerebral glucose metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and management of oxidative stress through the pentose phosphate pathway. A critical knowledge gap in AD is the mechanism by which APOE alters cerebral metabolism and clarification as to its relevance to AD risk. Facing a need for effective therapies, studies aimed at uncovering new therapeutic targets have become critical. One such approach is to gain a better understanding of the metabolic mechanisms that may underlie E4-associated cognitive dysfunction and AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance A Johnson
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States.
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Yassine HN, Finch CE. APOE Alleles and Diet in Brain Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:150. [PMID: 32587511 PMCID: PMC7297981 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The APOE gene alleles modify human aging and the response to the diet at many levels with diverse pleotropic effects from gut to brain. To understand the interactions of APOE isoforms and diet, we analyze how cellular trafficking of apoE proteins affects energy metabolism, the immune system, and reproduction. The age-accelerating APOE4 allele alters the endosomal trafficking of cell surface receptors that mediate lipid and glucose metabolism. The APOE4 allele is the ancestral human allele, joined by APOE3 and then APOE2 in the human species. Under conditions of high infection, uncertain food, and shorter life expectancy, APOE4 may be adaptive for reducing mortality. As humans transitioned into modern less-infectious environments and longer life spans, APOE4 increased risks of aging-related diseases, particularly impacting arteries and the brain. The association of APOE4 with glucose dysregulation and body weight promotes many aging-associated diseases. Additionally, the APOE gene locus interacts with adjacent genes on chromosome 19 in haplotypes that modify neurodegeneration and metabolism, for which we anticipate complex gene-environment interactions. We summarize how diet and Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk are altered by APOE genotype in both animal and human studies and identify gaps. Much remains obscure in how APOE alleles modify nutritional factors in human aging. Identifying risk variant haplotypes in the APOE gene complex will clarify homeostatic adaptive responses to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein N. Yassine
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Caleb E. Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology and Dornsife College, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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