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Gartstein MA, Skinner MK. Prenatal influences on temperament development: The role of environmental epigenetics. Dev Psychopathol 2018; 30:1269-1303. [PMID: 29229018 PMCID: PMC5997513 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579417001730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes current knowledge and outlines future directions relevant to questions concerning environmental epigenetics and the processes that contribute to temperament development. Links between prenatal adversity, epigenetic programming, and early manifestations of temperament are important in their own right, also informing our understanding of biological foundations for social-emotional development. In addition, infant temperament attributes represent key etiological factors in the onset of developmental psychopathology, and studies elucidating their prenatal foundations expand our understanding of developmental origins of health and disease. Prenatal adversity can take many forms, and this overview is focused on the environmental effects of stress, toxicants, substance use/psychotropic medication, and nutrition. Dysregulation associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity-disruptive disorders was noted in the context of maternal substance use and toxicant exposures during gestation, as well as stress. Although these links can be made based on the existing literature, currently few studies directly connect environmental influences, epigenetic programming, and changes in brain development/behavior. The chain of events starting with environmental inputs and resulting in alterations to gene expression, physiology, and behavior of the organism is driven by epigenetics. Epigenetics provides the molecular mechanism of how environmental factors impact development and subsequent health and disease, including early brain and temperament development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Gartstein
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA-99164-4820, USA
| | - Michael K. Skinner
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA-99164-4236, USA
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SM S, HN S, NA E, AS H. Curative role of pantothenic acid in brain damage of gamma irradiated rats. Indian J Clin Biochem 2018; 33:314-321. [PMID: 30072831 PMCID: PMC6052731 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-017-0683-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Radiation induced brain damage is associated with impairment of mitochondrial functions, variations in the level of neurotransmitters, and oxidative stress. Mitochondrial function is closely linked to the level of neurotransmitters since the precursors are supplied by the Kreb's cycle intermediates. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of pantothenic acid, an essential component in the synthesis of Coenzyme A (CoA), on the activity of the Krebs cycle enzymes, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KGDH), and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH); the level of aspartic, glutamic and GABA; the activity of transaminases, and oxidative stress, in the cerebrum of γ-irradiated rats. Pantothenic acid (26 mg/Kg) was orally administered to the rats, 2 h after irradiation and during the following 5 days. Animals were sacrificed the 7th day post-irradiation. The exposure of male albino rats to γ-rays (5 Gy) has triggered oxidative stress notified by a significant elevation in the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), an end product of lipid peroxidation, associated to a significant decrease in the content of phospholipids, and the antioxidant compound glutathione (GSH). The activity of IDH, α-KGDH, and SDH, has significantly decreased, while the level of aspartic, glutamic and GABA has significantly increased. In parallel to these changes, the activity of alanine and aspartate transaminase has significantly increased, compared to their values in the control rats. Pantothenic acid treatment, has significantly attenuated oxidative stress; enhanced the activity of IDH, α-KGDH, and SDH; minimized the increase in the level of amino acids and the activity of transaminases, compared to their values in the cerebrum of irradiated rats. In conclusion, pantothenic acid could improve the level of neurotransmitters amino acids, which depends on the enzymatic activities of Krebs cycle and linked to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shedid SM
- Department of Radiation Biology, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, 3 Ahmed El-Zomor, Al Manteqah Ath Thamenah, Nasr City, Cairo Governorate 11787 Egypt
| | - Saada HN
- Department of Radiation Biology, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, 3 Ahmed El-Zomor, Al Manteqah Ath Thamenah, Nasr City, Cairo Governorate 11787 Egypt
| | - Eltahawy NA
- Department of Radiation Biology, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, 3 Ahmed El-Zomor, Al Manteqah Ath Thamenah, Nasr City, Cairo Governorate 11787 Egypt
| | - Hammad AS
- Department of Radiation Biology, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, 3 Ahmed El-Zomor, Al Manteqah Ath Thamenah, Nasr City, Cairo Governorate 11787 Egypt
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53
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Höglund K, Häggström J, Hanås S, Merveille AC, Gouni V, Wiberg M, Lundgren Willesen J, Entee KM, Mejer Sørensen L, Tiret L, Seppälä EH, Lohi H, Chetboul V, Fredholm M, Lequarré AS, Ljungvall I. Interbreed variation in serum serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) concentration in healthy dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2018; 20:244-253. [PMID: 29921518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) has several biological functions. In different species, excessive 5-HT has been linked to valvular lesions, similar to those seen in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. Previous studies suggest higher 5-HT in healthy Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCSs), a breed highly affected by myxomatous mitral valve disease, compared to other breeds. OBJECTIVE To investigate potential interbreed variation in serum 5-HT in healthy dogs. ANIMALS 483 healthy dogs of nine breeds aged 1-7 years. METHODS Dogs were examined at five European centers. Absence of cardiovascular, organ-related, or systemic diseases was ensured by thorough clinical investigations including echocardiography. Serum was frozen and later analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Median 5-HT concentration was 252.5 (interquartile range = 145.5-390.6) ng/mL. Overall breed difference was found (p<0.0001), and 42% of pairwise breed comparisons were significant. Univariate regression analysis showed association between serum 5-HT concentration and breed, center of examination, storage time, and sex, with higher 5-HT in females. In multiple regression analysis, the final model had an adjusted R2 of 0.27 with breed (p<0.0001), center (p<0.0001), and storage time (p=0.014) remaining significant. Within centers, overall breed differences were found at 3/5 centers (p≤0.028), and pairwise comparisons within those centers showed breed differences in 42% of comparisons. Among the included breeds, Newfoundlands, Belgian Shepherds and CKCSs had highest 5-HT concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Interbreed variation in serum 5-HT concentration was found in healthy dogs aged 1-7 years. These differences should be taken into account when designing clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Höglund
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - J Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Hanås
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden; Evidensia Animal Clinic, 723 41 Västerås, Sweden
| | - A-C Merveille
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - V Gouni
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Inserm, U955, Equipe 3, Créteil Cedex, France
| | - M Wiberg
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Lundgren Willesen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Mc Entee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Liège, Belgium; Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - L Mejer Sørensen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L Tiret
- U955 IMRB, Team 10, Inserm, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPEC, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - E H Seppälä
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Finland
| | - H Lohi
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Finland
| | - V Chetboul
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Inserm, U955, Equipe 3, Créteil Cedex, France
| | - M Fredholm
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A-S Lequarré
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - I Ljungvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden
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Trofimova I, Sulis W. There is more to mental illness than negative affect: comprehensive temperament profiles in depression and generalized anxiety. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18:125. [PMID: 29747614 PMCID: PMC5946468 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1695-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temperament and mental illness are thought to represent varying degrees along the same continuum of neurotransmitter imbalances. A taxonomy of temperament could provide the basis for a new taxonomy of mental illness. Most popular models of temperament, being based heavily on emotionality traits, show very poor ability to discriminate between mental disorders. The main goal of this study was to examine whether a temperament model based on modern neurophysiology and possessing an extensive set of non-emotionality traits provides better discrimination between Major Depression (MD), Generalized Anxiety (GAD) and Comorbid MD and GAD, in comparison to emotionality-based temperament models. METHODS Using the Structure of Temperament Questionnaire, the temperament profiles of 687 individuals (396 clients of private psychiatric and psychological practice, and 291 control subjects) were compared across four adult age groups (18-24, 25-45, 46-65, 66-84). RESULTS MD and GAD appear to be accurately distinguished by the traits of Motor Endurance and Motor Tempo (much lower values in depression), and Neuroticism (much higher value in anxiety). Comorbids can be distinguished based on a significant decrease in the traits of Plasticity, Intellectual Endurance, Sensitivity to Probabilities, and increased Impulsivity. These effects seemed independent of age and gender. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest the benefits of including non-emotionality-related traits and the usefulness of a functional approach to both taxonomy of temperament and classification of mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Trofimova
- Collective Intelligence Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. .,, Hamilton, Canada.
| | - William Sulis
- Collective Intelligence Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada ,Cayuga, Canada
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Abstract
This article outlines personality traits such as psychopathy, narcissism, Machiavellianism, and sadism which, when elevated in health leaders, may have negative effects upon teams, the organizations they work for, and ultimately the public. The implications of such traits for specific core health leadership competency domains are explored as well as potential mitigation approaches to minimize and possibly redirect such personality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Lynn Nigro
- 1 Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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56
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Robbins TW. Opinion on monoaminergic contributions to traits and temperament. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:20170153. [PMID: 29483339 PMCID: PMC5832679 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This article critically reviews evidence relating temperamental traits and personality factors to the monoamine neurotransmitters, especially dopamine and serotonin. The genetic evidence is not yet considered to be conclusive and it is argued that basic neuroscience research on the neural basis of behaviour in experimental animals should be taken more into account. While questionnaire and lexical methodology including the 'Five Factor' theory has been informative (mostly for the traits relevant to social functioning, i.e. personality), biologically oriented approaches should be employed with more objective, theoretically grounded measures of cognition and behaviour, combined with neuroimaging and psychopharmacology, where appropriate. This strategy will enable specific functions of monoamines and other neuromodulators such as acetylcholine and neuropeptides (such as orexin) to be defined with respect to their roles in modulating activity in specific neural networks-leading to a more realistic definition of their interactive roles in complex, biologically based traits (i.e. temperament).This article is part of the theme issue 'Diverse perspectives on diversity: multi-disciplinary approaches to taxonomies of individual differences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Robbins
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
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57
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Trofimova I, Robbins TW, Sulis WH, Uher J. Taxonomies of psychological individual differences: biological perspectives on millennia-long challenges. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:20170152. [PMID: 29483338 PMCID: PMC5832678 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This Editorial highlights a unique focus of this theme issue on the biological perspectives in deriving psychological taxonomies coming from neurochemistry, neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, genetics, psychiatry, developmental and comparative psychology-as contrasted to more common discussions of socio-cultural concepts (personality) and methods (lexical approach). It points out the importance of the distinction between temperament and personality for studies in human and animal differential psychophysiology, psychiatry and psycho-pharmacology, sport and animal practices during the past century. It also highlights the inability of common statistical methods to handle nonlinear, feedback, contingent, dynamical and multi-level relationships between psychophysiological systems of consistent psychological traits discussed in this theme issue.This article is part of the theme issue 'Diverse perspectives on diversity: multi-disciplinary approaches to taxonomies of individual differences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Trofimova
- CILab, McMaster University, 92 Bowman St., Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 2T6
| | - T W Robbins
- University of Cambridge, Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - W H Sulis
- CILab, McMaster University, 92 Bowman St., Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 2T6
| | - J Uher
- University of Greenwich, Old Royal Naval College, Park Row, London SE10 9LS, UK
- London School of Economics, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, UK
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58
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Rusalov V. Functional systems theory and the activity-specific approach in psychological taxonomies. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:20170166. [PMID: 29483350 PMCID: PMC5832690 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This brief opinion contribution reflects on the application of Anokhin's functional systems theory in the development of models of temperament in Russian differential psychophysiology. It points to the benefits of using an activity-specific approach in temperament theory. This approach suggests separating traits related to physical, communicative and mental aspects of behaviour.This article is part of the theme issue 'Diverse perspectives on diversity: multi-disciplinary approaches to taxonomies of individual differences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Rusalov
- Druzhinin Laboratory of Abilities, Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Yaroslavskaya, 13-321, Moscow 129366, Russia
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59
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Trofimova I. Functionality versus dimensionality in psychological taxonomies, and a puzzle of emotional valence. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:20170167. [PMID: 29483351 PMCID: PMC5832691 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper applies evolutionary and functional constructivism approaches to the discussion of psychological taxonomies, as implemented in the neurochemical model Functional Ensemble of Temperament (FET). FET asserts that neurochemical systems developed in evolution to regulate functional-dynamical aspects of construction of actions: orientation, selection (integration), energetic maintenance, and management of automatic behavioural elements. As an example, the paper reviews the neurochemical mechanisms of interlocking between emotional dispositions and performance capacities. Research shows that there are no specific neurophysiological systems of positive or negative affect, and that emotional valence is rather an integrative product of many brain systems during estimations of needs and the capacities required to satisfy these needs. The interlocking between emotional valence and functional aspects of performance appears to be only partial since all monoamine and opioid receptor systems play important roles in non-emotional aspects of behaviour, in addition to emotionality. This suggests that the Positive/Negative Affect framework for DSM/ICD classifications of mental disorders oversimplifies the structure of non-emotionality symptoms of these disorders. Contingent dynamical relationships between neurochemical systems cannot be represented by linear statistical models searching for independent dimensions (such as factor analysis); nevertheless, these relationships should be reflected in psychological and psychiatric taxonomies.This article is part of the theme issue 'Diverse perspectives on diversity: multi-disciplinary approaches to taxonomies of individual differences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Trofimova
- CILab, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, 92 Bowman Street, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 2T6
- OISE, Department of Applied Psychology & Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Trofimova IN, Sulis W. A Study of the Coupling of FET Temperament Traits with Major Depression. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1848. [PMID: 27933018 PMCID: PMC5123189 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Temperament and mental illness have been linked to the same systems of behavioral regulation. A temperament model, carefully structured to respond to subtle differences within systems of behavior regulation, should exhibit distinct temperament patterns in the presence of mental illness. Previous comparisons of temperament profiles in mental disorders used mostly emotionality-related traits. In contrast, the Functional Ensemble of Temperament (FET) model differentiates not only between emotionality traits, but also between traits related to physical, verbal, and mental aspects of behavior and maps 12 functional aspects of behavior to temperament traits as well as to symptoms of mental illnesses. This article reports on the coupling of sex, age, and temperament traits with Major Depression (MD) using the FET framework. Method: Intake records of 467 subjects, ages 17-24, 25-45, 46-65, 66-84 were examined, with temperament assessed by the Structure of Temperament Questionnaire (based on the FET). Results: The presence of MD was associated with changes in mean temperament scores on 9 of the 12 traits. The results were in line with the DSM-5 criteria of fatigue (patients with MD reported a significant decrease in three types of endurance - motor-physical, social-verbal, and mental), of psychomotor retardation (a significant decrease in physical and social-verbal tempo) and of worthlessness (as low Self-Confidence). The results also showed that three new symptoms, high Impulsivity, high Neuroticism, and diminished Plasticity, should be considered as depressive symptoms in future versions of the DSM. As a significant negative result, no interaction of age or sex (with the exception of the Self-Confidence scale) with MD was found for temperament traits. Conclusion: The value of differentiating between physical, social, and mental aspects of behavior is demonstrated in the differential effects of major depression and gender. The value of differentiating between endurance, dynamical and orientation-related aspects of behavior is also demonstrated. The deleterious impact of MD on temperament scores appeared to be similar across all age groups. The appearance of high impulsivity, neuroticism, and low plasticity deserve further study as associated factors in future versions of the DSM/ICD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina N Trofimova
- Collective Intelligence Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton ON, Canada
| | - William Sulis
- Collective Intelligence Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton ON, Canada
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Trofimova I, Sulis W. Benefits of Distinguishing between Physical and Social-Verbal Aspects of Behavior: An Example of Generalized Anxiety. Front Psychol 2016; 7:338. [PMID: 27014146 PMCID: PMC4789559 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperament traits and mental illness have been linked to varying degrees of imbalances in neurotransmitter systems of behavior regulation. If a temperament model has been carefully structured to reflect weak imbalances within systems of behavior regulation, then in the presence of mental illness, these profiles should exhibit distinct patterns consistent with symptoms of mental illness. In contrast to other temperament models used in studies of anxiety disorders, the Functional Ensemble of Temperament (FET) model differentiates not only between emotionality traits, but also between traits related to physical, social-verbal and mental aspects of behavior. This paper analyzed the predictions of the FET model, which maps 12 functional aspects of behavior to symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) as described in the DSM/ICD. As an example, the paper describes a study of the coupling of sex, age and temperament traits with GAD using the FET framework. The intake records of 116 clients in treatment with confirmed diagnosis of GAD in a private psychological practice were compared using ANOVA against records of 146 healthy clients using their scores on the FET-based questionnaire, in age groups 17–24, 25–45, 46–65. Patients with GAD in all age groups reported significantly lower Social Endurance, Social Tempo, Probabilistic reasoning (but not in physical aspects of behavior) and higher Neuroticism than healthy individuals, however, no effects on the scales of Motor Endurance or Tempo were found. These findings show the benefits of differentiation between motor-physical and social-verbal aspects of behavior in psychological assessment of mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Trofimova
- Collective Intelligence Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - William Sulis
- Collective Intelligence Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
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