51
|
Bryonolic Acid, a Triterpenoid, Protect Against N-methyl-d-Aspartate-Induced Neurotoxicity in PC12 Cells. Molecules 2016; 21:418. [PMID: 27043504 PMCID: PMC6274240 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium overload is considered to be one of the mechanisms of cerebral ischemia. Ca(2+) influx and Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation are considered to be involved in N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-induced apoptosis process. This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of bryonolic acid (BA) in an NMDA-induced rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12) cells and the potential mechanism. PC12 was treated by NMDA to establish an excitotoxicity model. BA (110,100 and 1000 μM final concentration) was added to the medium 24 h prior to the addition of NMDA. Subsequently, a methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay and a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release were performed. Ca(2+) concentration was demonstrated using a scanning-dual wavelength fluorimetric method. In addition, protein and mRNA levels were determined via Western blot and real-time PCR. In the presence of BA, MTT assay and LDH assay showed that more cells were viable in comparison with the NMDA group. Moreover, the concentration of Ca(2+) decreased with the addition of BA in culture. Furthermore, BA could upregulate protein expressions of Bcl-2, p-CREB, and p-CaMKII and downregulate protein expression of Bax. The mRNA results showed that the pattern of mRNA expression were similar to their respective protein levels. All these results indicate that BA protected PC12 cells against NMDA-induced apoptosis by inhibiting Ca(2+) influx and regulating gene expression in the Ca(2+)-CaMKII-CREB signal pathway. Therefore, the present study supports the notion that BA may be a promising neuroprotective agent for the treatment of cerebral ischemia disease.
Collapse
|
52
|
Chang CH, Chen Y, Yew XX, Chen HX, Kim JX, Chang CC, Peng CC, Peng RY. Improvement of erinacine A productivity in Hericium erinaceus mycelia and its neuroprotective bioactivity against the glutamate-insulted apoptosis. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
53
|
Li W, Cheong YK, Wang H, Ren G, Yang Z. Neuroprotective Effects of Etidronate and 2,3,3-Trisphosphonate Against Glutamate-Induced Toxicity in PC12 Cells. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:844-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1761-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
54
|
Wang X, Wang L, Jiang R, Yuan Y, Yu Q, Li Y. Exendin-4 antagonizes Aβ1-42-induced suppression of long-term potentiation by regulating intracellular calcium homeostasis in rat hippocampal neurons. Brain Res 2015; 1627:101-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
55
|
Bradford AB, McNutt PM. Importance of being Nernst: Synaptic activity and functional relevance in stem cell-derived neurons. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:899-921. [PMID: 26240679 PMCID: PMC4515435 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i6.899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional synaptogenesis and network emergence are signature endpoints of neurogenesis. These behaviors provide higher-order confirmation that biochemical and cellular processes necessary for neurotransmitter release, post-synaptic detection and network propagation of neuronal activity have been properly expressed and coordinated among cells. The development of synaptic neurotransmission can therefore be considered a defining property of neurons. Although dissociated primary neuron cultures readily form functioning synapses and network behaviors in vitro, continuously cultured neurogenic cell lines have historically failed to meet these criteria. Therefore, in vitro-derived neuron models that develop synaptic transmission are critically needed for a wide array of studies, including molecular neuroscience, developmental neurogenesis, disease research and neurotoxicology. Over the last decade, neurons derived from various stem cell lines have shown varying ability to develop into functionally mature neurons. In this review, we will discuss the neurogenic potential of various stem cells populations, addressing strengths and weaknesses of each, with particular attention to the emergence of functional behaviors. We will propose methods to functionally characterize new stem cell-derived neuron (SCN) platforms to improve their reliability as physiological relevant models. Finally, we will review how synaptically active SCNs can be applied to accelerate research in a variety of areas. Ultimately, emphasizing the critical importance of synaptic activity and network responses as a marker of neuronal maturation is anticipated to result in in vitro findings that better translate to efficacious clinical treatments.
Collapse
|
56
|
Fan ZY, Liu XG, Guo RZ, Dong X, Gao W, Li P, Yang H. Pharmacokinetic studies of ginkgolide K in rat plasma and tissues after intravenous administration using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 988:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
57
|
Kritis AA, Stamoula EG, Paniskaki KA, Vavilis TD. Researching glutamate - induced cytotoxicity in different cell lines: a comparative/collective analysis/study. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:91. [PMID: 25852482 PMCID: PMC4362409 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although glutamate is one of the most important excitatory neurotransmitters of the central nervous system, its excessive extracellular concentration leads to uncontrolled continuous depolarization of neurons, a toxic process called, excitotoxicity. In excitotoxicity glutamate triggers the rise of intracellular Ca2+ levels, followed by up regulation of nNOS, dysfunction of mitochondria, ROS production, ER stress, and release of lysosomal enzymes. Excessive calcium concentration is the key mediator of glutamate toxicity through over activation of ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. In addition, glutamate accumulation can also inhibit cystine (CySS) uptake by reversing the action of the CySS/glutamate antiporter. Reversal of the antiporter action reinforces the aforementioned events by depleting neurons of cysteine and eventually glutathione’s reducing potential. Various cell lines have been employed in the pursuit to understand the mechanism(s) by which excitotoxicity affects the cells leading them ultimately to their demise. In some cell lines glutamate toxicity is exerted mainly through over activation of NMDA, AMPA, or kainate receptors whereas in other cell lines lacking such receptors, the toxicity is due to glutamate induced oxidative stress. However, in the greatest majority of the cell lines ionotropic glutamate receptors are present, co-existing to CySS/glutamate antiporters and metabotropic glutamate receptors, supporting the assumption that excitotoxicity effect in these cells is accumulative. Different cell lines differ in their responses when exposed to glutamate. In this review article the responses of PC12, SH-SY5Y, HT-22, NT-2, OLCs, C6, primary rat cortical neurons, RGC-5, and SCN2.2 cell systems are systematically collected and analyzed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aristeidis A Kritis
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Eleni G Stamoula
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Krystallenia A Paniskaki
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Theofanis D Vavilis
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki Greece
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Acetylated chitosan oligosaccharides act as antagonists against glutamate-induced PC12 cell death via Bcl-2/Bax signal pathway. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:1267-89. [PMID: 25775423 PMCID: PMC4377983 DOI: 10.3390/md13031267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs), depolymerized products of chitosan composed of β-(1→4) d-glucosamine units, have broad range of biological activities such as antitumour, antifungal, and antioxidant activities. In this study, peracetylated chitosan oligosaccharides (PACOs) and N-acetylated chitosan oligosaccharides (NACOs) were prepared from the COSs by chemcal modification. The structures of these monomers were identified using NMR and ESI-MS spectra. Their antagonist effects against glutamate-induced PC12 cell death were investigated. The results showed that pretreatment of PC12 cells with the PACOs markedly inhibited glutamate-induced cell death in a concentration-dependent manner. The PACOs were better glutamate antagonists compared to the COSs and the NACOs, suggesting the peracetylation is essential for the neuroprotective effects of chitosan oligosaccharides. In addition, the PACOs pretreatment significantly reduced lactate dehydrogenase release and reactive oxygen species production. It also attenuated the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Further studies indicated that the PACOs inhibited glutamate-induced cell death by preventing apoptosis through depressing the elevation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and caspase-3 activation. These results suggest that PACOs might be promising antagonists against glutamate-induced neural cell death.
Collapse
|
59
|
Pyrroloquinoline quinone against glutamate‐induced neurotoxicity in cultured neural stem and progenitor cells. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 42:37-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
|
60
|
Electrochemically reduced water protects neural cells from oxidative damage. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:869121. [PMID: 25383141 PMCID: PMC4212634 DOI: 10.1155/2014/869121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aging-related neurodegenerative disorders are closely associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stresses and their incidence tends to increase with aging. Brain is the most vulnerable to reactive species generated by a higher rate of oxygen consumption and glucose utilization compared to other organs. Electrochemically reduced water (ERW) was demonstrated to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) in several cell types. In the present study, the protective effect of ERW against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) was investigated in several rodent neuronal cell lines and primary cells. ERW was found to significantly suppress H2O2 (50–200 μM) induced PC12 and SFME cell deaths. ERW scavenged intracellular ROS and exhibited a protective effect against neuronal network damage caused by 200 μM H2O2 in N1E-115 cells. ERW significantly suppressed NO-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells despite the fact that it did not have the ability to scavenge intracellular NO. ERW significantly suppressed both glutamate induced Ca2+ influx and the resulting cytotoxicity in primary cells. These results collectively demonstrated for the first time that ERW protects several types of neuronal cells by scavenging ROS because of the presence of hydrogen and platinum nanoparticles dissolved in ERW.
Collapse
|
61
|
Transport of ginkgolides with different lipophilicities based on an hCMEC/D3 cell monolayer as a blood–brain barrier cell model. Life Sci 2014; 114:93-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
62
|
Wu CH, Lai XJ, Cheng CJ, Yu YC, Chang CY. Applications of digital holographic microscopy in therapeutic evaluation of Chinese herbal medicines. APPLIED OPTICS 2014; 53:G192-7. [PMID: 25322130 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.00g192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic use of Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) is a new approach to treat neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. The detection of soma volume and neurite outgrowth of living neurons is a highly relevant biomarker related to various application fields, including therapy efficacy and drug safety evaluation. Through the use of digital holographic microscopy (DHM), we may evaluate the therapeutic effect of CHMs in curing neurodegeneration. Panax ginseng has been used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine for centuries. In this study, DHM is applied to monitor the three-dimensional morphology change of retinoic acid-induced human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells during Panax ginseng treatment. We demonstrate the capability of DHM to detect noninvasively SH-SY5Y cell apoptosis and rescue through the measurement of neuronal volume and neurite outgrowth regulation without any labeling reagent. Through DHM, we observed the phase images of the rapidly shrinking cells with decreasing soma volume and shortening neurite outgrowth during glutamate treatments. Then shrinkage in glutamate-induced cells is significantly alleviated during Panax ginseng treatment. The results through DHM are consistent with the result from MTT assay for assessing cell viability during Panax ginseng treatment. Thus, we suggest that application of DHM for measuring soma volume and neurite outgrowth of living neurons may be one appropriate therapeutic evaluation for CHMs.
Collapse
|
63
|
Tian X, Sui S, Huang J, Bai JP, Ren TS, Zhao QC. Neuroprotective effects of Arctium lappa L. roots against glutamate-induced oxidative stress by inhibiting phosphorylation of p38, JNK and ERK 1/2 MAPKs in PC12 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 38:189-198. [PMID: 24956398 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that glutamate-induced oxidative stress can lead to neuronal cell death involved in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. In this work, protective effects of ethyl acetate extract (EAE) of Arctium lappa L. roots against glutamate-induced oxidative stress in PC12 cells were evaluated. Also, the effects of EAE on antioxidant system, mitochondrial pathway, and signal transduction pathway were explored. Pretreatment with EAE significantly increased cell viability, activities of GSH-Px and SOD, mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced LDH leakage, ROS formation, and nuclear condensation in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, western blot results revealed that EAE increased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and inhibited the up-regulation of caspase-3, release of cytochrome c, phosphorylation of p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2). Therefore, our results indicate that EAE may be a promising neuroprotective agent for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases implicated with oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Tian
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang 110840, China
| | - Shuang Sui
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jun-Peng Bai
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tian-Shu Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang 110840, China
| | - Qing-Chun Zhao
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang 110840, China.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Pérez-Rodríguez R, Oliván AM, Roncero C, Morón-Oset J, González MP, Oset-Gasque MJ. Glutamate triggers neurosecretion and apoptosis in bovine chromaffin cells through a mechanism involving NO production by neuronal NO synthase activation. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 69:390-402. [PMID: 24486340 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous work from our group stated that nitric oxide (NO), via cytokines, induces apoptosis in chromaffin cells by a mechanism involving iNOS, nNOS, and NF-κB. In this paper the involvement of glutamate as a possible intracellular trigger of neurosecretion and NO-mediated apoptosis has been evaluated. We show that chromaffin cells express different ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors, this exerting different effects on the regulation of basal and glutamate-induced catecholamine secretion, via NO/cGMP. In addition, we studied the effects of endogenously generated NO, both basal and glutamate-stimulated, on apoptosis of chromaffin cells. Our results show that glutamate agonists are able to induce cell death and apoptosis in bovine chromaffin cells, parallel to an increase in NO production. Such effects were reversed by NOS inhibitors and glutamate receptor antagonists. Under basal conditions, iNOS inhibitors did not have any effect on apoptosis, whereas nNOS inhibitors induced apoptosis, indicating a neuroprotective effect of constitutive nNOS-generated NO. In contrast, glutamate-induced apoptosis was strongly reversed by nNOS inhibitors and weakly by iNOS inhibitors, thus indicating nNOS involvement in glutamate-mediated apoptosis. These results were confirmed by the fact that nNOS expression, but not iNOS, is specifically activated by glutamate. Finally, our results suggest the participation of PKG, PKA, PKC, and MAPK pathways in glutamate-mediated nNOS activation in chromaffin cells and point out the involvement of both PKA and PKC signaling pathways in the apoptotic effect of glutamate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Pérez-Rodríguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A M Oliván
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C Roncero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Morón-Oset
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M P González
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M J Oset-Gasque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Gastrodin Inhibits Glutamate-Induced Apoptosis of PC12 Cells via Inhibition of CaMKII/ASK-1/p38 MAPK/p53 Signaling Cascade. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 34:591-602. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0043-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
66
|
Tan M, Ouyang Y, Jin M, Chen M, Liu P, Chao X, Chen Z, Chen X, Ramassamy C, Gao Y, Pi R. Downregulation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and activation of JNK/c-Jun pathway are involved in homocysteic acid-induced cytotoxicity in HT-22 cells. Toxicol Lett 2013; 223:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
67
|
Kim EA, Choi J, Han AR, Choi SY, Hahn HG, Cho SW. Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of 2-cyclopropylimino-3-methyl-1,3-thiazoline hydrochloride on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in rat brain. Neurotoxicology 2013; 38:106-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
68
|
Gut IM, Beske PH, Hubbard KS, Lyman ME, Hamilton TA, McNutt PM. Novel application of stem cell-derived neurons to evaluate the time- and dose-dependent progression of excitotoxic injury. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64423. [PMID: 23691214 PMCID: PMC3653859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate receptor (GluR)-mediated neurotoxicity is implicated in a variety of disorders ranging from ischemia to neural degeneration. Under conditions of elevated glutamate, the excessive activation of GluRs causes internalization of pathologic levels of Ca2+, culminating in bioenergetic failure, organelle degradation, and cell death. Efforts to characterize cellular and molecular aspects of excitotoxicity and conduct therapeutic screening for pharmacologic inhibitors of excitogenic progression have been hindered by limitations associated with primary neuron culture. To address this, we evaluated glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in highly enriched glutamatergic neurons (ESNs) derived from murine embryonic stem cells. As of 18 days in vitro (DIV 18), ESNs were synaptically coupled, exhibited spontaneous network activity with neurotypic mEPSCs and expressed NMDARs and AMPARs with physiological current:voltage behaviors. Addition of 0.78–200 μM glutamate evoked reproducible time- and dose-dependent metabolic failure in 6 h, with a calculated EC50 value of 0.44 μM at 24 h. Using a combination of cell viability assays and electrophysiology, we determined that glutamate-induced toxicity was specifically mediated by NMDARs and could be inhibited by addition of NMDAR antagonists, increased extracellular Mg2+ or substitution of Ba2+ for Ca2+. Glutamate treatment evoked neurite fragmentation and focal swelling by both immunocytochemistry and scanning electron microscopy. Presentation of morphological markers of cell death was dose-dependent, with 0.78–200 μM glutamate resulting in apoptosis and 3000 μM glutamate generating a mixture of necrosis and apoptosis. Addition of neuroprotective small molecules reduced glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in a dose-dependent fashion. These data indicate that ESNs replicate many of the excitogenic mechanisms observed in primary neuron culture, offering a moderate-throughput model of excitotoxicity that combines the verisimilitude of primary neurons with the flexibility and scalability of cultured cells. ESNs therefore offer a physiologically relevant platform that exhibits characteristic NMDAR responses, and appears suitable to evaluate molecular mechanisms of glutamate-induced excitotoxicity and screen for candidate therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian M. Gut
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Phillip H. Beske
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kyle S. Hubbard
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Megan E. Lyman
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tracey A. Hamilton
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Patrick M. McNutt
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Han Y, Xu J, Li Z, Yang Z. Neuroprotective effect of leukemia inhibitory factor on antimycin A-induced oxidative injury in differentiated PC12 cells. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 50:577-85. [PMID: 23636893 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As a neurotrophic cytokine, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) has neuroendocrine effects and exerts neuroprotective effects on various neuron injuries both in vitro and in vivo. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether LIF can protect PC12 cells from antimycin A (AMA)-induced oxidative stress. LIF (0.5 and 1 ng/ml) increased PC12 cell viability and significantly attenuated AMA-induced cell death as demonstrated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Results from Hoechst 33342 staining and flow cytometry assay showed that AMA induced apoptosis significantly in PC12 cells, while pretreatment with LIF (0.5 and 1 ng/ml) can attenuate this injury. The presence of LIF partly prevented AMA-induced elevated reactive oxygen species level and decreased superoxide dismutase level, which indicated the antioxidative effects of LIF on the neuron oxidative injury. In conclusion, LIF might protect PC12 cells from the injury induced by AMA through the downregulation of oxidative stress, which may provide basic information of using LIF as a potential targeted therapy for oxidative injury in neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangguang Han
- College of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Chang CM, Chao CC. Protein kinase CK2 enhances Mcl-1 gene expression through the serum response factor-mediated pathway in the rat hippocampus. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:808-17. [PMID: 23553788 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The protein kinase CK2 (casein kinase 2) is a ubiquitous serine/threonine protein kinase that suppresses apoptosis. CK2 is composed of catalytic and regulatory subunits, and CK2-dependent phosphorylation is a global mechanism in the inhibition of caspase signaling pathways. The serum response factor (SRF) is an important regulator of cell growth and differentiation. Although CK2 has been shown to phosphorylate SRF in vitro, the biological relevance of this interaction remains largely unclear. We observed increased SRF phosphorylation and increased Mcl-1 gene expression in hippocampal CA1 neurons following transfection with a plasmid expressing the wild-type CK2α (CK2αWT) protein, whereas transfection with a plasmid expressing a catalytically inactive mutant of CK2α (CK2α156A) reduced Mcl-1 gene expression. Cotransfection with a plasmid expressing the inactive SRF99A mutant inhibited the CK2αWT-induced upregulation of Mcl-1 gene expression. The expression of either the CK2α156A or the SRF99A mutant also inhibited the glutamate-induced upregulation of Mcl-1 protein expression in PC12 cells. Our results suggest that CK2-mediated signaling represents a cellular mechanism that may aid in the development of alternative therapeutic strategies to attenuate apoptosis in hippocampal neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ming Chang
- Institute of Neurosciences, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Dewapriya P, Li YX, Himaya S, Pangestuti R, Kim SK. Neoechinulin A suppresses amyloid-β oligomer-induced microglia activation and thereby protects PC-12 cells from inflammation-mediated toxicity. Neurotoxicology 2013; 35:30-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
72
|
Tan JW, Tham CL, Israf DA, Lee SH, Kim MK. Neuroprotective effects of biochanin A against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells via apoptosis inhibition. Neurochem Res 2012; 38:512-8. [PMID: 23224778 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0943-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
L-Glutamate plays a crucial role in neuronal cell death, which is known to be associated with various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of biochanin A, a phytoestrogen compound found mainly in Trifolium pratense, against L-glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in a PC12 cell line. Exposure of the cells to 10 mM L-glutamate was found to significantly increase cell viability loss and apoptosis, whereas pretreatment with various concentrations of biochanin A attenuated the cytotoxic effects of L-glutamate. Specifically, the pretreatment led to not only decreases in the release of lactate dehydrogenase, the number of apoptotic cells, and the activity of caspase-3 but also an increase in the total glutathione level in the L-glutamate-treated PC12 cells. These results indicate that biochanin A may be able to exert neuroprotective effects against L-glutamate-induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, our findings also imply that biochanin A may act as an antiapoptotic agent in order to perform its protective function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wei Tan
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|