51
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De Bock M, Wang N, Decrock E, Bol M, Gadicherla AK, Culot M, Cecchelli R, Bultynck G, Leybaert L. Endothelial calcium dynamics, connexin channels and blood-brain barrier function. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 108:1-20. [PMID: 23851106 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Situated between the circulation and the brain, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the brain from circulating toxins while securing a specialized environment for neuro-glial signaling. BBB capillary endothelial cells exhibit low transcytotic activity and a tight, junctional network that, aided by the cytoskeleton, restricts paracellular permeability. The latter is subject of extensive research as it relates to neuropathology, edema and inflammation. A key determinant in regulating paracellular permeability is the endothelial cytoplasmic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) that affects junctional and cytoskeletal proteins. Ca(2+) signals are not one-time events restricted to a single cell but often appear as oscillatory [Ca(2+)]i changes that may propagate between cells as intercellular Ca(2+) waves. The effect of Ca(2+) oscillations/waves on BBB function is largely unknown and we here review current evidence on how [Ca(2+)]i dynamics influence BBB permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke De Bock
- Dept. of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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52
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Study of the histamine copper(II) chloride complex catalytic activity. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-013-1314-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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53
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Kallweit U, Aritake K, Bassetti CL, Blumenthal S, Hayaishi O, Linnebank M, Baumann CR, Urade Y. Elevated CSF histamine levels in multiple sclerosis patients. Fluids Barriers CNS 2013; 10:19. [PMID: 23659456 PMCID: PMC3656773 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-10-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Histamine is an ubiquitous inflammatory mediator of numerous physiological processes. Histamine and its receptors have been implicated in multiple sclerosis (MS) disease pathogenesis. We prospectively enrolled 36 MS patients and 19 age and gender-matched healthy volunteers for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) histamine analysis. Findings CSF histamine levels in MS patient samples were significantly higher (median: 35.6 pg/ml) than in controls (median: 5.5 pg/ml; Beta = 0.525, p < 0.001). In addition, histamine increased with age (Pearson’s correlation, p < 0.003). Conclusions Histamine may be an important factor for both the initiation and maintenance of chronic inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. Our observation encourages a deeper investigation of the role of histamine in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Kallweit
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, CH, Switzerland
| | - Kosuke Aritake
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Claudio L Bassetti
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, CH, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Blumenthal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Medicine, Triemli Hospital, Zurich, CH, Switzerland
| | - Osamu Hayaishi
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michael Linnebank
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, CH, Switzerland
| | - Christian R Baumann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, CH, Switzerland
| | - Yoshihiro Urade
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Osaka, Japan
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Funke U, Vugts DJ, Janssen B, Spaans A, Kruijer PS, Lammertsma AA, Perk LR, Windhorst AD. 11C-labeled and18F-labeled PET ligands for subtype-specific imaging of histamine receptors in the brain. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 56:120-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Danielle J. Vugts
- VU University Medical Center, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine; Location Radionuclide Center; De Boelelaan 1085c; 1081; HV; Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Bieneke Janssen
- VU University Medical Center, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine; Location Radionuclide Center; De Boelelaan 1085c; 1081; HV; Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | | | - Perry S. Kruijer
- BV Cyclotron VU; De Boelelaan 1081; 1081; HV; Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A. Lammertsma
- VU University Medical Center, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine; Location Radionuclide Center; De Boelelaan 1085c; 1081; HV; Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Lars R. Perk
- BV Cyclotron VU; De Boelelaan 1081; 1081; HV; Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Albert D. Windhorst
- VU University Medical Center, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine; Location Radionuclide Center; De Boelelaan 1085c; 1081; HV; Amsterdam; The Netherlands
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55
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Gebregiworgis T, Massilamany C, Gangaplara A, Thulasingam S, Kolli V, Werth MT, Dodds ED, Steffen D, Reddy J, Powers R. Potential of urinary metabolites for diagnosing multiple sclerosis. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:684-90. [PMID: 23369377 PMCID: PMC3631445 DOI: 10.1021/cb300673e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A definitive diagnostic test for multiple sclerosis (MS) does not exist; instead physicians use a combination of medical history, magnetic resonance imaging, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis (CSF). Significant effort has been employed to identify biomarkers from CSF to facilitate MS diagnosis; however, none of the proposed biomarkers have been successful to date. Urine is a proven source of metabolite biomarkers and has the potential to be a rapid, noninvasive, inexpensive, and efficient diagnostic tool for various human diseases. Nevertheless, urinary metabolites have not been extensively explored as a source of biomarkers for MS. We demonstrate that urinary metabolites have significant promise for monitoring disease-progression, and response to treatment in MS patients. NMR analysis of urine permitted the identification of metabolites that differentiate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)-mice (prototypic disease model for MS) from healthy and MS drug-treated EAE mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teklab Gebregiworgis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304
| | - Chandirasegaran Massilamany
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0905
| | - Arunakumar Gangaplara
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0905
| | - Sivasubramani Thulasingam
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0905
| | - Venkata Kolli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304
| | - Mark T. Werth
- Department of Chemistry, Nebraska Wesleyan University, Lincoln NE 68504
| | - Eric D. Dodds
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304
| | - David Steffen
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0905
| | - Jay Reddy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0905
| | - Robert Powers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304
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56
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Galeotti N, Sanna MD, Ghelardini C. Pleiotropic effect of histamine H4 receptor modulation in the central nervous system. Neuropharmacology 2013; 71:141-7. [PMID: 23583928 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The histamine H4 receptor (H4R) is expressed primarily on cells involved in inflammation and immune responses. Recently, it has been reported the functional expression of H4R within neurons of the central nervous system, but their role has been poorly understood. The present study aimed to elucidate the physiopathological role of cerebral H4R in animal models by the intracerebroventricular administration of the H4R agonist VUF 8430 (20-40 μg per mouse). Selectivity of results was confirmed by the prevention of the effects produced by the H4R antagonist JNJ 10191584 (3-9 mg/kg p.o.). Neuronal H4R activation induced acute thermal antinociception, indicating that neuronal histamine H4R might be involved in the production of antinociception in the absence of an inflammatory process. An anxiolytic-like effect of intensity comparable to that exerted by diazepam, used as reference drug, was produced in the light-dark box test. VUF 8430 reversed the scopolamine-induced amnesia in the passive avoidance test and showed anorexant activity in food deprived mice. Conversely, the H4R activation did not modify the immobility time in the tail suspension test. Rotarod performance test was employed to demonstrate that the effects observed following the administration of VUF 8430 and JNJ 10191584 were not due to impaired motor function of animals. Furthermore, both compounds did not alter spontaneous mobility and exploratory activity in the hole board test. These results show the antinociceptive, antiamnesic, anxiolytic and anorexant effects induced by neuronal H4R agonism, suggesting that H4 modulators may have broader utility further the control of inflammatory and immune processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Galeotti
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, I-50139 Florence, Italy.
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57
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High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of histamine in biological samples: The cerebrospinal fluid challenge – A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 774:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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58
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Pino-Ángeles A, Reyes-Palomares A, Melgarejo E, Sánchez-Jiménez F. Histamine: an undercover agent in multiple rare diseases? J Cell Mol Med 2013; 16:1947-60. [PMID: 22435405 PMCID: PMC3822965 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01566.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Histamine is a biogenic amine performing pleiotropic effects in humans, involving tasks within the immune and neuroendocrine systems, neurotransmission, gastric secretion, cell life and death, and development. It is the product of the histidine decarboxylase activity, and its effects are mainly mediated through four different G-protein coupled receptors. Thus, histamine-related effects are the results of highly interconnected and tissue-specific signalling networks. Consequently, alterations in histamine-related factors could be an important part in the cause of multiple rare/orphan diseases. Bearing this hypothesis in mind, more than 25 rare diseases related to histamine physiopathology have been identified using a computationally assisted text mining approach. These newly integrated data will provide insight to elucidate the molecular causes of these rare diseases. The data can also help in devising new intervention strategies for personalized medicine for multiple rare diseases.
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59
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Saligrama N, Noubade R, Case LK, del Rio R, Teuscher C. Combinatorial roles for histamine H1-H2 and H3-H4 receptors in autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1536-46. [PMID: 22678907 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system in which histamine (HA) and its receptors have been implicated in disease pathogenesis. HA exerts its effects through four different G protein-coupled receptors designated H(1)-H(4). We previously examined the effects of traditional single HA receptor (HR) knockouts (KOs) in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), the autoimmune model of MS. Our results revealed that H(1) R and H(2) R are propathogenic, while H(3) R and H(4) R are antipathogenic. This suggests that combinatorial targeting of HRs may be an effective disease-modifying therapy (DMT) in MS. To test this hypothesis, we generated H(1) H(2) RKO and H(3) H(4) RKO mice and studied them for susceptibility to EAE. Compared with wild-type (WT) mice, H(1) H(2) RKO mice developed a less severe clinical disease course, whereas the disease course of H(3) H(4) RKO mice was more severe. H(1) H(2) RKO mice also developed less neuropathology and disrupted blood brain barrier permeability compared with WT and H(3) H(4) RKO mice. Additionally, splenocytes from immunized H(1) H(2) RKO mice produced less interferon(IFN)-γ and interleukin(IL)-17. These findings support the concept that combined pharmacological targeting of HRs may be an appropriate ancillary DMT in MS and other immunopathologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresha Saligrama
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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60
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Hogan AM, Crean C, Barrett UM, Guihen E, Glennon JD. Histamine determination in human urine using sub-2 μm C18 column with fluorescence and mass spectrometric detection. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1087-93. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201101045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Marie Hogan
- Innovative Chromatography Group,; The Irish Separation Science Cluster (ISSC); Department of Chemistry and the Analytical & Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF); University College Cork; Cork; Ireland
| | - Conor Crean
- Innovative Chromatography Group,; The Irish Separation Science Cluster (ISSC); Department of Chemistry and the Analytical & Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF); University College Cork; Cork; Ireland
| | - Una Marie Barrett
- Innovative Chromatography Group,; The Irish Separation Science Cluster (ISSC); Department of Chemistry and the Analytical & Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF); University College Cork; Cork; Ireland
| | - Elizabeth Guihen
- Graduate Entry Medical School & MSSI; Faculty of Education & Health Sciences; University of Limerick; Limerick; Ireland
| | - Jeremy D Glennon
- Innovative Chromatography Group,; The Irish Separation Science Cluster (ISSC); Department of Chemistry and the Analytical & Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF); University College Cork; Cork; Ireland
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61
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Biswas S, Benedict SH, Lynch SG, LeVine SM. Potential immunological consequences of pharmacological suppression of gastric acid production in patients with multiple sclerosis. BMC Med 2012; 10:57. [PMID: 22676575 PMCID: PMC3386885 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticosteroids are standard treatment for patients with multiple sclerosis experiencing acute relapse. Because dyspeptic pain is a common side effect of this intervention, patients can be given a histamine receptor-2 antagonist, proton pump inhibitor or antacid to prevent or ameliorate this disturbance. Additionally, patients with multiple sclerosis may be taking these medications independent of corticosteroid treatment. Interventions for gastric disturbances can influence the activation state of the immune system, a principal mediator of pathology in multiple sclerosis. Although histamine release promotes inflammation, activation of the histamine receptor-2 can suppress a proinflammatory immune response, and blocking histamine receptor-2 with an antagonist could shift the balance more towards immune stimulation. Studies utilizing an animal model of multiple sclerosis indicate that histamine receptor-2 antagonists potentially augment disease activity in patients with multiple sclerosis. In contrast, proton pump inhibitors appear to favor immune suppression, but have not been studied in models of multiple sclerosis. Antacids, histamine receptor-2 antagonists and proton pump inhibitors also could alter the intestinal microflora, which may indirectly lead to immune stimulation. Additionally, elevated gastric pH can promote the vitamin B12 deficiency that patients with multiple sclerosis are at risk of developing. Here, we review possible roles of gastric acid inhibitors on immunopathogenic mechanisms associated with multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Biswas
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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62
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Passani MB, Ballerini C. Histamine and neuroinflammation: insights from murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Front Syst Neurosci 2012; 6:32. [PMID: 22563309 PMCID: PMC3342557 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2012.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory, neurodegenerative disease of the CNS whose pathogenesis remains largely unknown, and available therapies are rarely successful in reversing neurological deficits or stopping disease progression. Ongoing studies on MS and the widely used murine model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are focused on the many components of this complex and heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease in the hope of providing a mechanism-based characterization of MS that will afford successful strategies to limit and repair the neuronal damage. Recently, histamine has been postulated to have a key regulatory role in EAE and MS pathogenesis. Histamine is a mediator of inflammation and immune responses, exerting its many actions through four G protein-coupled receptors (H1,2,3,4R) that signal through distinct intracellular pathways and have different therapeutic potentials as they vary in expression, isoform distribution, signaling properties, and function. Immune cells involved in MS/EAE, including dendritic cells (DCs) and T lymphocytes, express H1R, H2R and H4R, and histamine may have varying and counteracting effects on a particular cell type, depending on the receptor subtypes being activated. Here, we review evidence of the complex and controversial role of histamine in the pathogenesis of MS and EAE and evaluate the therapeutic potential of histaminergic ligands in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria B Passani
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia Preclinica e Clinica, Universita' di Firenze Firenze, Italy
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63
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Constantinescu CS, Farooqi N, O'Brien K, Gran B. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1079-106. [PMID: 21371012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 994] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most commonly used experimental model for the human inflammatory demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis (MS). EAE is a complex condition in which the interaction between a variety of immunopathological and neuropathological mechanisms leads to an approximation of the key pathological features of MS: inflammation, demyelination, axonal loss and gliosis. The counter-regulatory mechanisms of resolution of inflammation and remyelination also occur in EAE, which, therefore can also serve as a model for these processes. Moreover, EAE is often used as a model of cell-mediated organ-specific autoimmune conditions in general. EAE has a complex neuropharmacology, and many of the drugs that are in current or imminent use in MS have been developed, tested or validated on the basis of EAE studies. There is great heterogeneity in the susceptibility to the induction, the method of induction and the response to various immunological or neuropharmacological interventions, many of which are reviewed here. This makes EAE a very versatile system to use in translational neuro- and immunopharmacology, but the model needs to be tailored to the scientific question being asked. While creating difficulties and underscoring the inherent weaknesses of this model of MS in straightforward translation from EAE to the human disease, this variability also creates an opportunity to explore multiple facets of the immune and neural mechanisms of immune-mediated neuroinflammation and demyelination as well as intrinsic protective mechanisms. This allows the eventual development and preclinical testing of a wide range of potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cris S Constantinescu
- Division of Clinical Neurology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.
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64
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Jadidi-Niaragh F, Mirshafiey A. The deviated balance between regulatory T cell and Th17 in autoimmunity. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2012; 34:727-39. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2011.619987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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65
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del Rio R, Noubade R, Saligrama N, Wall EH, Krementsov DN, Poynter ME, Zachary JF, Thurmond RL, Teuscher C. Histamine H4 receptor optimizes T regulatory cell frequency and facilitates anti-inflammatory responses within the central nervous system. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:541-7. [PMID: 22147765 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Histamine is a biogenic amine that mediates multiple physiological processes, including immunomodulatory effects in allergic and inflammatory reactions, and also plays a key regulatory role in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, the autoimmune model of multiple sclerosis. The pleiotropic effects of histamine are mediated by four G protein-coupled receptors, as follows: Hrh1/H(1)R, Hrh2/H(2)R, Hrh3/H(3)R, and Hrh4/H(4)R. H(4)R expression is primarily restricted to hematopoietic cells, and its role in autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS has not been studied. In this study, we show that, compared with wild-type mice, animals with a disrupted Hrh4 (H(4)RKO) develop more severe myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)(35\x{2013}55)-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Mechanistically, we also show that H(4)R plays a role in determining the frequency of T regulatory (T(R)) cells in secondary lymphoid tissues, and regulates T(R) cell chemotaxis and suppressor activity. Moreover, the lack of H(4)R leads to an impairment of an anti-inflammatory response due to fewer T(R) cells in the CNS during the acute phase of the disease and an increase in the proportion of Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana del Rio
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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66
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Jadidi-Niaragh F, Mirshafiey A. Th17 cell, the new player of neuroinflammatory process in multiple sclerosis. Scand J Immunol 2011; 74:1-13. [PMID: 21338381 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by recurrent episodes of demyelination and axonal lesion mediated by CD4(+) T cells with a proinflammatory Th1 and Th17 phenotype, macrophages, and soluble inflammatory mediators. Identification of Th17 cells led to breaking the dichotomy of Th1/Th2 axis in immunopathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as MS, and its experimental model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Th17 cells are characterized by expression of retinoic acid-related orphan receptor (ROR)γt and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) factors. Th17-produced cytokine profile including interleukin (IL)-17, IL-6, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, which have proinflammatory functions, suggests it as an important factor in immunopathogenesis of MS, because the main feature of MS pathophysiology is the neuroinflammatory reaction. The blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption is an early and central event in MS pathogenesis. Autoreactive Th17 cells can migrate through the BBB by the production of cytokines such as IL-17 and IL-22, which disrupt tight junction proteins in the central nervous system (CNS) endothelial cells. Consistent with this observation and regarding the wide range production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines by Th17 cells, it is expected that Th17 cell to be as a potent pathogenic factor in disease immunopathophysiology. Th17-mediated inflammation is characterized by neutrophil recruitment into the CNS and neurons killing. However, the majority of our knowledge about the role of Th17 in MS pathogenesis is resulted in investigation into EAE animal models. In this review, we intend to focus on the newest information regarding the precise role of Th17 cells in immunopathogenesis of MS, and its animal model, EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jadidi-Niaragh
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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67
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Larochelle C, Alvarez JI, Prat A. How do immune cells overcome the blood-brain barrier in multiple sclerosis? FEBS Lett 2011; 585:3770-80. [PMID: 21550344 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts the movement of soluble mediators and leukocytes from the periphery to the central nervous system (CNS). Leukocyte entry into the CNS is nonetheless an early event in multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory disorder of the CNS. Whether BBB dysfunction precedes immune cell infiltration or is the consequence of perivascular leukocyte accumulation remains enigmatic, but leukocyte migration modifies BBB permeability. Immune cells of MS subjects express inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enzymes that can facilitate their migration to the CNS by influencing BBB function, either directly or indirectly. In this review, we describe how immune cells from the peripheral blood overcome the BBB and promote CNS inflammation in MS through BBB disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Larochelle
- Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory, Center of Excellence in Neuromics, CRCHUM, Notre-Dame Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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68
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Jadidi-Niaragh F, Mirshafiey A. Regulatory T-cell as orchestra leader in immunosuppression process of multiple sclerosis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2011; 33:545-67. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2010.513391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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69
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Igel P, Dove S, Buschauer A. Histamine H4 receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:7191-9. [PMID: 21044842 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery 10 years ago the histamine H(4) receptor (H(4)R) has attracted attention as a potential drug target, for instance, for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic diseases. Potent and selective ligands including agonists are required as pharmacological tools to study the role of the H(4)R in vitro and in vivo. Many H(4)R agonists, which were identified among already known histamine receptor ligands, show only low or insufficient H(4)R selectivity. In addition, the investigation of numerous H(4)R agonists in animal models is hampered by species-dependent discrepancies regarding potencies and histamine receptor selectivities of the available compounds, especially when comparing human and rodent receptors. This article gives an overview about structures, potencies, and selectivities of various compounds showing H(4)R agonistic activity and summarizes the structure-activity relationships of selected compound classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Igel
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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