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Rapamycin Inhibits ALDH Activity, Resistance to Oxidative Stress, and Metastatic Potential in Murine Osteosarcoma Cells. Sarcoma 2013; 2013:480713. [PMID: 23476113 PMCID: PMC3586506 DOI: 10.1155/2013/480713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignancy of bone. Mortality is determined by the presence of metastatic disease, but little is known regarding the biochemical events that drive metastases. Two murine OS cell lines, K7M2 and K12, are related but differ significantly in their metastatic potentials: K7M2 is highly metastatic whereas K12 displays much less metastatic potential. Using this experimental system, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway has been implicated in OS metastasis. We also discovered that aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH, a stem cell marker) activity is higher in K7M2 cells than K12 cells. Rapamycin treatment reduces the expression and enzymatic activity of ALDH in K7M2 cells. ALDH inhibition renders these cells more susceptible to apoptotic death when exposed to oxidative stress. Furthermore, rapamycin treatment reduces bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene expression and inhibits K7M2 proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro. Inhibition of ALDH with disulfiram correlated with decreased mTOR expression and activity. In conclusion, we provide evidence for interaction between mTOR activity, ALDH activity, and metastatic potential in murine OS cells. Our work suggests that mTOR and ALDH are therapeutic targets for the treatment and prevention of OS metastasis.
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Dkk-3, a secreted wnt antagonist, suppresses tumorigenic potential and pulmonary metastasis in osteosarcoma. Sarcoma 2013; 2013:147541. [PMID: 23476112 PMCID: PMC3582188 DOI: 10.1155/2013/147541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone malignancy with a high propensity for local invasion and distant metastasis. Despite current multidisciplinary treatments, there has not been a drastic change in overall prognosis within the past 2 decades. Dickkopf-3 protein (Dkk-3/REIC) has been known to inhibit canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and its expression has been shown to be downregulated in OS cell lines. Using in vivo and in vitro studies, we demonstrated that Dkk-3-transfected 143B cells inhibited tumorigenesis and metastasis in an orthotopic xenograft model of OS. Inoculation of Dkk-3-transfected 143B cell lines into nude mice showed significant decreased tumor growth and less metastatic pulmonary nodules (88.7%) compared to the control vector. In vitro experiments examining cellular motility and viability demonstrated less anchorage-independent growth and decreased cellular motility for Dkk-3-transfected 143B and SaOS2 cell lines compared to the control vector. Downstream expressions of Met, MAPK, ALK, and S1004A were also downregulated in Dkk-3-transfected SaOS2 cells, suggesting the ability of Dkk-3 to inhibit tumorigenic potential of OS. Together, these data suggest that Dkk-3 has a negative impact on the progression of osteosarcoma. Reexpressing Dkk-3 in Dkk-3-deficient OS tumors may prove to be of benefit as a preventive or therapeutic strategy.
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Davicioni E, Wai DH, Anderson MJ. Diagnostic and Prognostic Sarcoma Signatures. Mol Diagn Ther 2012; 12:359-74. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03256302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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The role of osteoclasts and tumour-associated macrophages in osteosarcoma metastasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1826:434-42. [PMID: 22846337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone tumour in the paediatric age group. Treatment-refractory pulmonary metastasis continues to be the major complication of OS, reducing the 5-year survival rate for these patients to 10-20%. The mechanisms underlying the metastatic process in OS are still unclear, but undoubtedly, a greater understanding of the factors and interactions involved in its regulation will open new and much needed opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Recent published data have identified a new role for bone-specific macrophages (osteoclasts) and tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs), in OS metastasis. In this review we discuss the contribution of TAMs and osteoclasts in the establishment and maintenance of secondary metastatic lesions, and their novel role in the prevention of metastatic disease in a primary bone cancer such as osteosarcoma.
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Thompson L, Wang S, Tawfik O, Templeton K, Tancabelic J, Pinson D, Anderson HC, Keighley J, Garimella R. Effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1 α,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 on differentiation and apoptosis of human osteosarcoma cell lines. J Orthop Res 2012; 30:831-44. [PMID: 22042758 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a malignant bone tumor predominantly affecting children and adolescents. OS has a 60% survival rate with current treatments; hence, there is a need to identify novel adjuncts to chemotherapeutic regimens. In this pilot study, we investigated the dose-response to 1α,25-dihdroxyvitamin D(3) (1,α 25(OH)(2) D(3)) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) (25(OH)D(3)) by human OS cell lines, SaOS-2, and 143B. We hypothesized that 1,α 25(OH)(2) D(3) and 25(OH)D(3) would stimulate differentiation and induce apoptosis in OS cells in a dose-dependent manner. Human OS cell lines, SaOS-2, and 143B, were treated with 1,α 25(OH)(2)D(3) or 25(OH)D(3) or an ethanol control, respectively, at concentrations ranging from 1 to 1,000 nM. Ki67 (a marker of cellular proliferation) immunocytochemistry revealed no significant changes in the expression of Ki-67 or MIB-1 in 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) or 25(OH)D(3) treated SaOS-2 or 143B cells. Both control and 1α,25(OH)(2) D(3) treated SaOS-2 and 143B cells expressed vitamin D receptor (VDR). Markers of osteoblastic differentiation in 143B cells and SaOS-2 cells were induced by both 25(OH)D(3) and 1α,25(OH)(2) D, and evident by increases in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, osteocalcin (OCN) mRNA expression, and mineralization of extra-cellular matrix (ECM) by alizarin red staining. An increasing trend in apoptosis in response to 25(OH)D(3), in both SaOS-2 and 143B cells was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. With 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) treatment, apoptosis was evident at higher concentrations only. These preliminary findings suggest that OS cells express VDR and respond to 25(OH)D(3) and 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) by undergoing differentiation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Thompson
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Osborne TS, Khanna C. A review of the association between osteosarcoma metastasis and protein translation. J Comp Pathol 2012; 146:132-42. [PMID: 22297074 PMCID: PMC3496179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The malignant transformation of mesenchymal cells within the bone leads to the development of osteosarcoma (OS), but the genetic underpinnings of these events are not understood. From a clinical perspective, primary tumour management can be achieved successfully in most patients. However, the development of metastasis to the lungs represents the most common cause of death in OS patients. A clearer understanding of metastasis biology is required to improve cancer mortality and improve outcomes. Modelling the genetics, biology and therapy of OS can be accomplished through research involving a number of species. Most notable is the naturally occurring form of OS that develops in dogs. Through a cross-species and comparative approach important questions can be asked within specific and suitable models to advance our understanding of this disease and its common metastatic outcome. A comparative perspective on the problem of OS metastasis that utilizes a cross-species approach may offer unique opportunities to assist in this prioritization and generate new hypotheses related to this important clinical problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Osborne
- Tumor and Metastasis Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
Accurate diagnosis of bone-forming tumors, including correct subclassification of osteogenic sarcoma is critical for determination of appropriate clinical management and prediction of patient outcome. The morphologic spectrum of osteogenic sarcoma is extensive, however, and its histologic mimics are numerous. This review focuses on the major differential diagnoses of the specific subtypes of osteosarcoma, presents summaries of various diagnoses, and provides tips to overcoming pitfalls in diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana L Gonzalez
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 3rd Floor, Medical Center North, C-3321, Nashville, TN 37232-2561, USA
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Krukemeyer MG, Krenn V, Jakobs M, Wagner W. Magnetic drug targeting in a rhabdomyosarcoma rat model using magnetite-dextran composite nanoparticle-bound mitoxantrone and 0.6 tesla extracorporeal magnets − sarcoma treatment in progress. J Drug Target 2011; 20:185-93. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2011.622399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Ciernik IF, Niemierko A, Harmon DC, Kobayashi W, Chen YL, Yock T, Ebb DH, Choy E, Raskin KA, Liebsch N, Hornicek FJ, DeLaney TF. Proton-based radiotherapy for unresectable or incompletely resected osteosarcoma. Cancer 2011; 117:4522-30. [PMID: 21448934 PMCID: PMC3716000 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.26037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A study was undertaken to assess clinical outcome and the role of proton therapy for local control of osteosarcoma (OSA). METHODS All patients who received proton therapy or mixed photon-proton radiotherapy from 1983 to 2009 at the Massachusetts General Hospital were reviewed. Criteria for proton therapy were the need for high dose in the context of highly conformal radiotherapy of unresected or partially resected OSA, positive postoperative margins, postoperative imaging studies with macroscopic disease, or incomplete resection as defined by the surgeon. The primary endpoint was local control of the site treated; secondary endpoints were disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), long-term toxicity, and prognostic factors associated with clinical outcome. RESULTS Fifty-five patients with a median age of 29 years (range, 2-76 years) were offered proton therapy. The mean dose was 68.4 gray (Gy; standard deviation, 5.4 Gy). Of the total dose, 58.2% (range, 11%-100%) was delivered with protons. Local control after 3 and 5 years was 82% and 72%, respectively. The distant failure rate was 26% after 3 and 5 years. The 5-year DFS was 65%, and the 5-year OS was 67%. The extent of surgical resection did not correlate with outcome. Risk factors for local failure were ≥ 2 grade disease (P < .0001) and total treatment length (P = .008). Grade 3 to 4 late toxicity was seen in 30.1 % of patients. One patient died from treatment-associated acute lymphocytic leukemia, and 1 from secondary carcinoma of the maxilla. CONCLUSIONS Proton therapy to deliver high radiotherapy doses allows locally curative treatment for some patients with unresectable or incompletely resected OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Frank Ciernik
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Center for Clinical Research, Zurich University Hospital, Switzerland
| | - Andrzej Niemierko
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA
| | - David C. Harmon
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA
| | - Wendy Kobayashi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Yen-Lin Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Torunn Yock
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA
| | - David H. Ebb
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA
| | - Edwin Choy
- Division of Orthopaedic Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Kevin A. Raskin
- Division of Orthopaedic Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA
| | - Norbert Liebsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Francis J. Hornicek
- Division of Orthopaedic Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA
| | - Thomas F. DeLaney
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA
- Francis H. Burr Proton Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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61
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Scott MC, Sarver AL, Gavin KJ, Thayanithy V, Getzy DM, Newman RA, Cutter GR, Lindblad-Toh K, Kisseberth WC, Hunter LE, Subramanian S, Breen M, Modiano JF. Molecular subtypes of osteosarcoma identified by reducing tumor heterogeneity through an interspecies comparative approach. Bone 2011; 49:356-67. [PMID: 21621658 PMCID: PMC3143255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneous and chaotic nature of osteosarcoma has confounded accurate molecular classification, prognosis, and prediction for this tumor. The occurrence of spontaneous osteosarcoma is largely confined to humans and dogs. While the clinical features are remarkably similar in both species, the organization of dogs into defined breeds provides a more homogeneous genetic background that may increase the likelihood to uncover molecular subtypes for this complex disease. We thus hypothesized that molecular profiles derived from canine osteosarcoma would aid in molecular subclassification of this disease when applied to humans. To test the hypothesis, we performed genome wide gene expression profiling in a cohort of dogs with osteosarcoma, primarily from high-risk breeds. To further reduce inter-sample heterogeneity, we assessed tumor-intrinsic properties through use of an extensive panel of osteosarcoma-derived cell lines. We observed strong differential gene expression that segregated samples into two groups with differential survival probabilities. Groupings were characterized by the inversely correlated expression of genes associated with 'G2/M transition and DNA damage checkpoint' and 'microenvironment-interaction' categories. This signature was preserved in data from whole tumor samples of three independent dog osteosarcoma cohorts, with stratification into the two expected groups. Significantly, this restricted signature partially overlapped a previously defined, predictive signature for soft tissue sarcomas, and it unmasked orthologous molecular subtypes and their corresponding natural histories in five independent data sets from human patients with osteosarcoma. Our results indicate that the narrower genetic diversity of dogs can be utilized to group complex human osteosarcoma into biologically and clinically relevant molecular subtypes. This in turn may enhance prognosis and prediction, and identify relevant therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milcah C. Scott
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Aaron L. Sarver
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Katherine J. Gavin
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Venugopal Thayanithy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Robert A. Newman
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gary R. Cutter
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - William C. Kisseberth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, USA
| | - Lawrence E. Hunter
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Subbaya Subramanian
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Matthew Breen
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jaime F. Modiano
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, USA
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McQueen P, Ghaffar S, Guo Y, Rubin EM, Zi X, Hoang BH. The Wnt signaling pathway: implications for therapy in osteosarcoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2011; 11:1223-32. [PMID: 21916576 DOI: 10.1586/era.11.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone malignancy, with a high propensity for local invasion, early metastasis and relapse. While the molecular mechanisms behind osteosarcoma development and metastasis have not yet been fully elucidated, research has highlighted an important role for Wnt signaling. Several Wnt ligands, receptors and coreceptors are highly expressed in osteosarcoma cell lines, while Wnt inhibitors are downregulated. As a result, research has begun to identify mechanisms with which to inhibit Wnt signaling. The use of Wnt pathway inhibitors and the targeting of c-Met, a Wnt regulated proto-oncogene, may be two possible mechanisms for treatment of osteosarcoma. In addition, as the Wnt signaling pathway is a regulator of stem cells, reagents that function as Wnt inhibitors are currently under investigation as inhibitors of cancer stem cell proliferation. Research involving the Wnt signaling pathway and cancer stem cells holds promise for novel treatment options in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter McQueen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
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Liu X, Choy E, Hornicek FJ, Yang S, Yang C, Harmon D, Mankin H, Duan Z. ROCK1 as a potential therapeutic target in osteosarcoma. J Orthop Res 2011; 29:1259-66. [PMID: 21387396 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignancy of bone. Patients with localized disease are routinely treated with surgery and chemotherapy. Unfortunately, many of these patients eventually relapse even after high-dose pre- and postoperative chemotherapy. Upon recurrence of the tumor locally or distantly, they have limited treatment options that are usually unsuccessful. Our prior studies screening lentiviral shRNA libraries, searching for kinases involved in osteosarcoma cell growth and proliferation have identified the Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) as a possible hit. We show in this study that ROCK1 is highly expressed in various tumor cell lines and tumor tissues from osteosarcoma patients. ROCK1 knockdown by synthetic siRNA decreases cell proliferation, viability and induces apoptosis in osteosarcoma cell lines KHOS and U-2OS. Finally, we established the relationship between expression levels of ROCK1 and clinical prognosis in osteosarcoma patients by using immunohistochemistry. There were significant differences in overall survival between cohorts of patients with ROCK1 levels categorized as high-staining, moderate-staining, and low-staining. High levels of ROCK1 were associated with poor outcomes in clinical osteosarcoma. These findings suggest that knockdown of ROCK1 inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in osteosarcoma cell lines. ROCK1 may be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of osteosarcoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhe Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Podoplanin is regulated by AP-1 and promotes platelet aggregation and cell migration in osteosarcoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:1041-9. [PMID: 21801875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Podoplanin is a type-I transmembrane sialomucin-like protein, which is expressed in a wide range of cell types and is involved in platelet aggregation and tumor metastasis. Here, we investigated the function, regulation, and expression of podoplanin in osteosarcoma. Podoplanin expression was observed in three osteosarcoma cell lines (MG-63, HOS, and U-2 OS) with platelet aggregation-inducing ability, which was blocked by podoplanin small-interfering RNA or a neutralizing antibody. Overexpression of podoplanin in nonmetastatic Dunn osteosarcoma cells promoted cell migration without attenuating cell proliferation. Both podoplanin and TGF-β1 were up-regulated by c-Fos induction in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells, and were highly expressed in c-Fos transgenic mouse osteosarcomas and c-Fos-transformed osteosarcoma cell lines. Immunohistochemistry of human osteosarcoma tissue microarrays (n = 133) showed staining of tumor cells embedded in an excess of irregular neoplastic bone matrix in 100% of tumors undergoing so-called "normalization/maturation." Podoplanin was also expressed in osteosarcoma subtypes, with 65% of osteoblastic, 100% of chondroblastic, and 79% of fibroblastic tumors. CD44 and pERM immunohistochemistry showed coexpression with podoplanin in both mouse and human osteosarcoma. Podoplanin expression was significantly higher in metastatic osteosarcomas (n = 6) than in primary osteosarcomas (n = 10). Our data suggest that podoplanin, which is not expressed in normal osteoblasts but in osteocytes, is aberrantly expressed in transformed osteoblasts and in osteosarcoma, and is under AP-1 transcriptional control. Thus podoplanin is a candidate molecule for therapeutic targeting.
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PosthumaDeBoer J, Würdinger T, Graat HCA, van Beusechem VW, Helder MN, van Royen BJ, Kaspers GJL. WEE1 inhibition sensitizes osteosarcoma to radiotherapy. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:156. [PMID: 21529352 PMCID: PMC3103478 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of radiotherapy in osteosarcoma (OS) is controversial due to its radioresistance. OS patients currently treated with radiotherapy generally are inoperable, have painful skeletal metastases, refuse surgery or have undergone an intralesional resection of the primary tumor. After irradiation-induced DNA damage, OS cells sustain a prolonged G2 cell cycle checkpoint arrest allowing DNA repair and evasion of cell death. Inhibition of WEE1 kinase leads to abrogation of the G2 arrest and could sensitize OS cells to irradiation induced cell death. Methods WEE1 expression in OS was investigated by gene-expression data analysis and immunohistochemistry of tumor samples. WEE1 expression in OS cell lines and human osteoblasts was investigated by Western blot. The effect of WEE1 inhibition on the radiosensitivity of OS cells was assessed by cell viability and caspase activation analyses after combination treatment. The presence of DNA damage was visualized using immunofluorescence microscopy. Cell cycle effects were investigated by flow cytometry and WEE1 kinase regulation was analyzed by Western blot. Results WEE1 expression is found in the majority of tested OS tissue samples. Small molecule drug PD0166285 inhibits WEE1 kinase activity. In the presence of WEE1-inhibitor, irradiated cells fail to repair their damaged DNA, and show higher levels of caspase activation. The inhibition of WEE1 effectively abrogates the irradiation-induced G2 arrest in OS cells, forcing the cells into premature, catastrophic mitosis, thus enhancing cell death after irradiation treatment. Conclusion We show that PD0166285, a small molecule WEE1 kinase inhibitor, can abrogate the G2 checkpoint in OS cells, pushing them into mitotic catastrophe and thus sensitizing OS cells to irradiation-induced cell death. This suggests that WEE1 inhibition may be a promising strategy to enhance the radiotherapy effect in patients with OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jantine PosthumaDeBoer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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66
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Krukemeyer MG, Krenn V, Jakobs M, Wagner W. Mitoxantrone-iron oxide biodistribution in blood, tumor, spleen, and liver--magnetic nanoparticles in cancer treatment. J Surg Res 2011; 175:35-43. [PMID: 21470623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic drug targeting is a new treatment principle for tumors using cytostatics coupled to ferromagnetic nanoparticles and extracorporeal magnets. Higher concentrations in tumor tissue with lower systemic concentrations and without damage of healthy organs should be achieved. MATERIALS AND METHODS n = 42 adult Wag/Rij rats were transfected with rhabdomyosarcoma R(1)H in their right gastrocnemius muscle. In the biodistribution trial (n = 36) concentrations of mitoxantrone-iron oxide with and without an extracorporeal 0.6 tesla magnet and regular mitoxantrone were measured in plasma and tumor tissue for one- and two-dose administration. In the plasma iron trial (n = 6) iron concentrations were measured in plasma before, during, and up to 30 min after drug administration. Seven days after the trial liver, spleen and tumor samples were obtained and histologically assessed. RESULTS Mitoxantrone iron-oxide concentration in plasma was significantly (P < 0.05) lower when a magnet was placed over the tumor area and as low as uncoupled mitoxantrone. Mitoxantrone concentration in tumor tissue was always significantly higher with magnetic drug targeting when compared with uncoupled mitoxantrone. Two doses resulted in drug accumulation in tumor tissue. Plasma iron concentrations rose when the drug was first administered. Plasma levels fell below the starting level with a magnet applied. A rebound phenomenon with rising iron concentrations was observed after the magnet was removed. Tumors showed fresh necrosis and liver and spleen had detectable iron depositions but no necrosis 7 d after treatment. No allergies or toxic reactions were observed. CONCLUSIONS We showed that magnetic drug targeting achieves higher concentrations of cytostatics in tumor tissue compared with blood. During magnetic drug targeting, iron particles are quickly sliced and kept in the tumor area. Organs of the reticuloendothelial system are not affected by cytostatic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred G Krukemeyer
- Department of Radio-Oncology, Radiation Hospital, Paracelsus Hospitals, Osnabrück, Germany.
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67
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Rotationplasty as a limb salvage procedure for infected expandable prosthesis after resection of osteosarcoma. CURRENT ORTHOPAEDIC PRACTICE 2010. [DOI: 10.1097/bco.0b013e3181f365e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Desai D, Pandith S, Jeergal PA, Arathi K, Saini R. Fibroblastic variant of osteosarcoma: a challenge in diagnosis & management. Open Dent J 2010; 4:211-7. [PMID: 21243071 PMCID: PMC3020523 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601004010211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma of the jaws is a relative rare malignant bone tumor. Like, its counterpart in the long bones, osteosarcoma affecting the head and neck region shows distinct yet diverse clinical, histologic and prognostic characteristics. Its diagnosis is a challenge to histopathologists and is especially important in early stages to improve its prognosis. In the initial phase, it may present as nondescript swelling with an indolent growth rate, only to become overtly aggressive and malignant towards the later phase of the disease. This article reports on a case of an advanced osteosarcoma of the maxilla in a 42 year old woman who came for the evaluation of a swelling. The case was submitted for surgical intervention and was followed by one recurrence till the time of reporting. This case illustrates that immunohistochemical staining of Vimentin, S-100 and CD 68 markers are useful to confirm the histologic diagnosis of osteosarcoma, along with radiographic evaluation using CT scan and 3D imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinkar Desai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, A.J. Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore 575004, Karnataka, India
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69
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Cates JMM, Friedman DB, Seeley EH, Dupont WD, Schwartz HS, Holt GE, Caprioli RM, Young PP. Proteomic analysis of osteogenic sarcoma: association of tumour necrosis factor with poor prognosis. Int J Exp Pathol 2010; 91:335-49. [PMID: 20353421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2010.00711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant proportion of patients with osteogenic sarcoma die from lung metastasis within 5 years of diagnosis. Molecular signatures that predict pulmonary metastasis from primary osteogenic sarcoma and identify those patients at risk would be clinically useful as prognostic markers. Protein expression profiles of two clonally related murine osteogenic sarcoma cell lines with low (K12) and high (K7M2) metastatic potential were compared using two different proteomic technologies, two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and cell profiling by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Interrogation of a molecular pathways network database suggested several additional candidate molecules that potentially predict metastatic potential of primary osteogenic sarcoma. Two such proteins, macrophage migration inhibitory factor and tumour necrosis factor were selected for further validation studies. Western blots confirmed increased expression of both cytokines in K7M2 cells compared to K12 cells. Levels of migration inhibitory factor and tumour necrosis factor were semi-quantitatively measured in human osteogenic sarcoma samples by immunohistochemistry and were correlated with clinicopathologic parameters and patient outcomes. Multivariate survival analysis demonstrated that tumour necrosis factor expression in chemotherapy naïve osteogenic sarcoma is an independent prognostic factor for overall and metastasis-free survival. No significant differences in adverse outcomes were observed based on macrophage migration inhibitory factor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M M Cates
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Osteogenic sarcoma, also known as osteosarcoma, is a primary malignancy of the bone in which spindle cells produce osteoid. Although rare in the general population, these tumors are the most common primary malignancies of bone and the fifth most common primary malignancy of adolescence. This paper aims to provide a general overview on the presentation, radiographic evaluation, and treatment of osteosarcoma as it presents in the pediatric patient population. Particular focus is placed on the importance of a comprehensive team of physicians, including the pediatric oncologist and orthopedic surgeon, to ensure prompt diagnosis and treatment. RECENT FINDINGS Survival for osteosarcoma tumor has changed significantly due to advanced chemotherapeutic regimens; current data place 5-year survival rates at 60% or greater. In addition, limb-sparing surgery has largely supplanted amputation, though the effect of this change on functional outcomes is controversial. Recent studies have shown greatly improved long-term survival data using current therapeutic regimens at tertiary referral centers. SUMMARY Advancement in chemotherapeutic regimens has allowed improved survival and limb-sparing surgery in the treatment of osteosarcoma.
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Halldorsson A, Brooks S, Montgomery S, Graham S. Lung metastasis 21 years after initial diagnosis of osteosarcoma: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2009; 3:9298. [PMID: 20062787 PMCID: PMC2803821 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-3-9298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction To the best of our knowledge, this case report describes the longest disease-free interval between primary diagnosis and metastatic recurrence of an osteosarcoma. Case presentation A 35-year-old Caucasian American man presented with asymptomatic lung metastases 21 years after being diagnosed and treated for lower extremity osteosarcoma. He underwent curative lung resection, but 2 years thereafter developed metastatic disease in the scapula and tibia and, after resection and chemotherapy, is in remission 1 year later. Conclusion This case highlights the importance of long follow-up periods and continued surveillance of osteosarcoma patients after initial curative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Halldorsson
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Wang LF, Zhou Y, Xu YM, Qiu XC, Zhou BG, Wang F, Long H, Chen X, Yang TT, Ma BA, Fan QY, Yang AG. A caspase-6 and anti-HER2 antibody chimeric tumor-targeted proapoptotic molecule decreased metastasis of human osteosarcoma. Cancer Invest 2009; 27:774-80. [PMID: 19488908 DOI: 10.1080/07357900802427935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Human growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), overexpressed as a result of gene amplification, is detected in 20-40% of patients with breast, ovarian, endometrial, gastric, bladder, prostate, or lung cancers, correlated to metastasis of many tumors, and considered to be a poor prognostic indicator for these tumors. However, the data was controversial for HER2 overexpression and the prognosis of osteosarcoma, which is the most common primary malignant bone tumor, presents a therapeutic challenge in medical oncology due to its metastasis and poor response to current treatments. Previously, we reported that the immunocasp-6 gene fused by a HER2-specific single-chain antibody with domain II of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PEA) and the 5' end of the truncated active caspase-6 could selectively suppress the HER2-positive tumor growth. In this study, we extend its application. We first confirmed the higher HER2 expression on the surface of metastatic osteosarcoma SOSP-9607(E10) cells, which then be proved specifically addicted to immunocasp-6-induced cells killing in vitro. Thereafter, the efficacy of immunocasp-6 was tested in an osteosarcoma lung metastasis mouse model using intramuscular (i.m.) injections of liposome-encapsulated vectors. Our results showed that the expression of the immunocasp-6 gene not only significantly prolonged animal's survival, but also greatly inhibited tumor metastasis. Thereby, our strategy suggests an alternative approach to treating HER2/neu-positive osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Abstract
Osteosarcoma, the most common bone sarcoma, affects approximately 560 children and adolescents annually in the United States. The incidence of new diagnoses peaks in the second decade of life. Twenty percent of patients present with clinically detectable metastases, with micrometastases presumed to be present in many of the remaining patients. Treatment typically includes preoperative chemotherapy, surgical resection, and postoperative chemotherapy. Limb-salvage procedures with wide surgical margins are the mainstay of surgical intervention. Advances in chemotherapy protocols have led to a 5-year survival rate of 60% to 78%. Among the goals of future treatment regimens are improved chemotherapeutic agents with higher specificity and lower toxicity.
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74
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Mirabello L, Troisi RJ, Savage SA. Osteosarcoma incidence and survival rates from 1973 to 2004: data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Cancer 2009; 115:1531-43. [PMID: 19197972 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1560] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma, which is the most common primary bone tumor, occurs most frequently in adolescents, but there is a second incidence peak among individuals aged > 60 years. Most osteosarcoma epidemiology studies have been embedded in large analyses of all bone tumors or focused on cases occurring in adolescence. Detailed descriptions of osteosarcoma incidence and survival with direct comparisons among patients of all ages and ethnicities are not available. METHODS Frequency, incidence, and survival rates for 3482 patients with osteosarcoma from the National Cancer Institute's population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program between 1973 and 2004 were investigated by age (ages 0-24 years, 25-59 years, and 60 to > or = 85 years), race, sex, pathology subtype, stage, and anatomic site. RESULTS There were large differences in incidence and survival rates by age. There was a high percentage of osteosarcoma with Paget disease and osteosarcoma as a second or later cancer among the elderly. There was a high percentage of osteosarcoma among patients with Paget disease and osteosarcoma as a second or later cancer among the elderly. Tumor site differences among age groups were noted. Survival rates varied by anatomic site and disease stage and did not improve significantly from 1984 to 2004. CONCLUSIONS This comprehensive, population-based description of osteosarcoma, identified important differences in incidence, survival, pathologic subtype, and anatomic site among age groups, and quantified the impact of osteosarcoma in patients with Paget disease or as a second cancer on incidence and mortality rates. These findings may have implications in understanding osteosarcoma biology and epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mirabello
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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75
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Fuchs B, Hoekzema N, Larson DR, Inwards CY, Sim FH. Osteosarcoma of the pelvis: outcome analysis of surgical treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2009; 467:510-8. [PMID: 18855090 PMCID: PMC2628496 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-008-0495-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Risk factors to explain the poor survival of patients with osteosarcoma of the pelvis are poorly understood. Therefore, we attempted to identify factors affecting survival and development of local recurrence and metastasis. We retrospectively reviewed 43 patients who had high-grade pelvic tumors and were treated surgically. Twenty lesions were chondroblastic, 10 fibroblastic, 11 osteoblastic, and one each was giant cell-rich and small cell osteosarcomas. At a median of 3.5 years (range, 0.3-21 years) postoperatively, 13 patients were alive with no evidence of disease. The overall and disease-free 5-year survival rates were 38% and 29%, respectively, at 5 years. Anatomic location, tumor size, and margin predicted survival. Fifteen patients (35%) had local recurrence. The 5-year cumulative incidence of recurrence with death as a competing risk factor was 34%. Location in the ilium and size of the tumor predicted local recurrence. Twenty-one (49%) of 43 patients had metastases develop. The cumulative incidence of metastasis with death as a competing risk factor was 48% at 5 years. Six patients who presented with metastasis had a worse survival than patients who had no evidence of metastasis at presentation (2-year survival, 33% versus 76%). If distant metastasis is diagnosed subsequent to primary treatment, aggressive therapy may be justified. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II, prognostic study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fuchs
- Division of Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Hoekzema
- Division of Orthopedic Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
USA
| | - Dirk R. Larson
- Department of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | | | - Franklin H. Sim
- Division of Orthopedic Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
USA
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Messerschmitt PJ, Rettew AN, Brookover RE, Garcia RM, Getty PJ, Greenfield EM. Specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors regulate human osteosarcoma cells in vitro. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2008; 466:2168-75. [PMID: 18607665 PMCID: PMC2493014 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-008-0338-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of specific tyrosine kinases are attractive lead compounds for development of targeted chemotherapies for many tumors, including osteosarcoma. We asked whether inhibition of specific tyrosine kinases would decrease the motility, colony formation, and/or invasiveness by human osteosarcoma cell lines (TE85, MNNG, 143B, SAOS-2, LM-7). An EGF-R inhibitor reduced motility of all five cell lines by 50% to 80%. In contrast, an IGF-1R inhibitor preferentially reduced motility by 42% in LM-7 cells and a met inhibitor preferentially reduced motility by 80% in MNNG cells. The inhibitors of EGF-R, IGF-1R, and met reduced colony formation by more than 80% in all tested cell lines (TE85, MNNG, 143B). The EGF-R inhibitor reduced invasiveness by 62% in 143B cells. The JAK inhibitor increased motility of SAOS-2 and LM7 cells without affecting colony formation or invasiveness. Inhibitors of HER-2, NGF-R, and PDGF-Rs did not affect motility, invasiveness, or colony formation. These results support the hypothesis that specific tyrosine kinases regulate tumorigenesis and/or metastasis in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Messerschmitt
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, 6th Floor Hanna House, Cleveland, OH 44118, USA.
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Osteosarcoma development and stem cell differentiation. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2008; 466:2114-30. [PMID: 18563507 PMCID: PMC2492997 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-008-0335-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common nonhematologic malignancy of bone in children and adults. The peak incidence occurs in the second decade of life, with a smaller peak after age 50. Osteosarcoma typically arises around the growth plate of long bones. Most osteosarcoma tumors are of high grade and tend to develop pulmonary metastases. Despite clinical improvements, patients with metastatic or recurrent diseases have a poor prognosis. Here, we reviewed the current understanding of human osteosarcoma, with an emphasis on potential links between defective osteogenic differentiation and bone tumorigenesis. Existing data indicate osteosarcoma tumors display a broad range of genetic and molecular alterations, including the gains, losses, or arrangements of chromosomal regions, inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, and the deregulation of major signaling pathways. However, except for p53 and/or RB mutations, most alterations are not constantly detected in the majority of osteosarcoma tumors. With a rapid expansion of our knowledge about stem cell biology, emerging evidence suggests osteosarcoma should be regarded as a differentiation disease caused by genetic and epigenetic changes that interrupt osteoblast differentiation from mesenchymal stem cells. Understanding the molecular pathogenesis of human osteosarcoma could ultimately lead to the development of diagnostic and prognostic markers, as well as targeted therapeutics for osteosarcoma patients.
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Spreafico A, Schenone S, Serchi T, Orlandini M, Angelucci A, Magrini D, Bernardini G, Collodel G, Di Stefano A, Tintori C, Bologna M, Manetti F, Botta M, Santucci A. Antiproliferative and proapoptotic activities of new pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivative Src kinase inhibitors in human osteosarcoma cells. FASEB J 2008; 22:1560-71. [PMID: 18171692 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-9873com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most frequent primitive malignant tumor of the skeletal system, characterized by an extremely aggressive clinical course that still lacks an effective treatment. Src kinase seems to be involved in the osteosarcoma malignant phenotype. We show that the treatment of human osteosarcoma cell lines with a new pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivative Src inhibitor, namely SI-83, impaired cell viability, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 12 microM in nonstarved cells and a kinetic different from that known for the Src inhibitor PP2. Analysis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling, Hoechst, and flow cytometric assay showed that SI-83 induced apoptosis in SaOS-2 cells. Moreover, SI-83, by inhibiting Src phosphorylation, decreased in vivo osteosarcoma tumor mass in a mouse model. Finally, SI-83 showed selectivity for osteosarcoma, since it had a far lower effect in primary human osteoblasts. These results show that human osteosarcoma had Src-dependent proliferation and that modulation of Src activity may be a therapeutic target of this new compound with low toxicity for nonneoplastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Spreafico
- Università degli Studi di Siena, Dipartimento di Biologia Molecolare, via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Bone biology and physiology: implications for novel osteoblastic osteosarcoma treatments? Med Hypotheses 2007; 70:281-6. [PMID: 17683874 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Healthy bone undergoes a continuous cycle of bone resorption by osteoclasts and formation by osteoblasts. These processes are in turn regulated by developmental sequences involved in differentiation of bone marrow puripotent mesenchymal cells into osteoblasts and mononuclear hemaotpoitic stem cells into osteoclasts. A variety of growth factors and receptors are involved in these maturation sequences. Osteoblast proliferation and inhibition, for example, are highly dependent not only on such factors as bone morphogenic protein and core binding factor a1 (CBFa1), but on intracellular levels of calcium and cAMP. Therefore, agents that affect concentrations of these two compounds may hypothetically play a role in osteoblastic osteosarcoma treatment. Osteoblast proliferation is also under neural control; in particular, the activity of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and alpha adrenergic 1 receptors. Antagonists to these receptors may also hypothetically play a role in osteoblastic osteosarcoma therapy. This article reviews the basic science supporting the putative roles of common, relatively safe but disparate agents-ranging from caffeine and theophylline to dextromethorphan and econazole-in the potential treatment of osteoblastic osteosarcoma.
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80
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Goldman S, Echevarría ME, Fangusaro J. Pediatric brain metastasis from extraneural malignancies: a review. Cancer Treat Res 2007; 136:143-168. [PMID: 18078269 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-69222-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Goldman
- Children's Memorial Hospital, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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