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Mole SE, Cotman SL. Genetics of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (Batten disease). Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2237-41. [PMID: 26026925 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders that affect children and adults and are grouped together by similar clinical features and the accumulation of autofluorescent storage material. More than a dozen genes containing over 430 mutations underlying human NCLs have been identified. These genes encode lysosomal enzymes (CLN1, CLN2, CLN10, CLN13), a soluble lysosomal protein (CLN5), a protein in the secretory pathway (CLN11), two cytoplasmic proteins that also peripherally associate with membranes (CLN4, CLN14), and many transmembrane proteins with different subcellular locations (CLN3, CLN6, CLN7, CLN8, CLN12). For most NCLs, the function of the causative gene has not been fully defined. Most of the mutations in these genes are associated with a typical disease phenotype, but some result in variable disease onset, severity, and progression, including distinct clinical phenotypes. There remain disease subgroups with unknown molecular genetic backgrounds. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: "Current Research on the Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (Batten Disease)."
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Mole
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK; UCL Institute of Child Health and Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Susan L Cotman
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Haer-Wigman L, Newman H, Leibu R, Bax NM, Baris HN, Rizel L, Banin E, Massarweh A, Roosing S, Lefeber DJ, Zonneveld-Vrieling MN, Isakov O, Shomron N, Sharon D, Den Hollander AI, Hoyng CB, Cremers FPM, Ben-Yosef T. Non-syndromic retinitis pigmentosa due to mutations in the mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIC gene, heparan-alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase (HGSNAT). Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:3742-51. [PMID: 25859010 PMCID: PMC4459392 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP), the most common form of inherited retinal degeneration, is clinically and genetically heterogeneous and can appear as syndromic or non-syndromic. Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIC (MPS IIIC) is a lethal disorder, caused by mutations in the heparan-alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase (HGSNAT) gene and characterized by progressive neurological deterioration, with retinal degeneration as a prominent feature. We identified HGSNAT mutations in six patients with non-syndromic RP. Whole exome sequencing (WES) in an Ashkenazi Jewish Israeli RP patient revealed a novel homozygous HGSNAT variant, c.370A>T, which leads to partial skipping of exon 3. Screening of 66 Ashkenazi RP index cases revealed an additional family with two siblings homozygous for c.370A>T. WES in three Dutch siblings with RP revealed a complex HGSNAT variant, c.[398G>C; 1843G>A] on one allele, and c.1843G>A on the other allele. HGSNAT activity levels in blood leukocytes of patients were reduced compared with healthy controls, but usually higher than those in MPS IIIC patients. All patients were diagnosed with non-syndromic RP and did not exhibit neurological deterioration, or any phenotypic features consistent with MPS IIIC. Furthermore, four of the patients were over 60 years old, exceeding by far the life expectancy of MPS IIIC patients. HGSNAT is highly expressed in the mouse retina, and we hypothesize that the retina requires higher HGSNAT activity to maintain proper function, compared with other tissues associated with MPS IIIC, such as the brain. This report broadens the spectrum of phenotypes associated with HGSNAT mutations and highlights the critical function of HGSNAT in the human retina.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hadas Newman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Rina Leibu
- Alberto Moscona Department of Ophthalmology
| | | | - Hagit N Baris
- The Genetic Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine
| | - Leah Rizel
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eyal Banin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel and
| | - Amir Massarweh
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Susanne Roosing
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences
| | - Dirk J Lefeber
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Neurology, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ofer Isakov
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Noam Shomron
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dror Sharon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel and
| | - Anneke I Den Hollander
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology
| | | | - Frans P M Cremers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences
| | - Tamar Ben-Yosef
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel,
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Mysore N, Koenekoop J, Li S, Ren H, Keser V, Lopez-Solache I, Koenekoop RK. A Review of Secondary Photoreceptor Degenerations in Systemic Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 5:cshperspect.a025825. [PMID: 25475108 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Photoreceptor neuronal degenerations are common and incurable causes of human blindness with one in 2000 affected. Approximately, half of all patients are associated with known mutations in more than 200 disease genes. Most retinal degenerations are restricted to the retina (primary retinal degeneration) but photoreceptor degeneration can also be found in a wide variety of systemic and syndromic diseases. These are called secondary retinal degenerations. We review several well-known systemic diseases with retinal degenerations (RD). We discuss RD with hearing loss, RD with brain disease, and RD with musculoskeletal disease. We then postulate which retinal degenerations may also have previously undetected systemic features. Emerging new and exciting evidence is showing that ubiquitously expressed genes associated with multitissue syndromic disorders may also harbor mutations that cause isolated primary retinal degeneration. Examples are RPGR, CEP290, CLN3, MFSD5, and HK1 mutations that cause a wide variety of primary retinal degenerations with intact systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Mysore
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Human Genetics and Ophthalmology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada McGill Ocular Genetics Laboratory, Montreal, Quebec H3H 1P3, Canada
| | - Jamie Koenekoop
- McGill Ocular Genetics Laboratory, Montreal, Quebec H3H 1P3, Canada
| | - Shen Li
- McGill Ocular Genetics Laboratory, Montreal, Quebec H3H 1P3, Canada
| | - Huanan Ren
- McGill Ocular Genetics Laboratory, Montreal, Quebec H3H 1P3, Canada
| | - Vafa Keser
- McGill Ocular Genetics Laboratory, Montreal, Quebec H3H 1P3, Canada
| | | | - Robert K Koenekoop
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Human Genetics and Ophthalmology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada McGill Ocular Genetics Laboratory, Montreal, Quebec H3H 1P3, Canada Faculty of Medicine, Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec H3H 1P3, Canada
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