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Moderate Exercise Has Limited but Distinguishable Effects on the Mouse Microbiome. mSystems 2017; 2:mSystems00006-17. [PMID: 28845459 PMCID: PMC5566786 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00006-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is known to have a complex yet vital relationship with host health. While both exercise and the gut microbiome have been shown to impact human health independently, the direct effects of moderate exercise on the intestinal microbiota remain unclear. In this study, we compared gut microbial diversity and changes in inflammatory markers associated with exercise over an 8-week period in mice that performed either voluntary exercise (VE) (n = 10) or moderate forced exercise (FE) (n = 11) and mice that did not perform any exercise (n = 21). VE mice, but not FE mice, had increased food intake and lean body mass compared to sedentary mice. The levels of inflammatory markers associated with exercise were similar for mice in all three groups. Traditional microbial profiles comparing operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in samples (P > 0.1) and multivariate analysis of beta diversity via Adonis testing (P > 0.1) did not identify significantly altered taxonomic profiles in the voluntary or forced exercise group compared to the sedentary controls. However, a random forests machine learning model, which takes into account the relationships between bacteria in a community, classified voluntary exercisers and nonexercisers with 97% accuracy at 8 weeks. The top bacteria used by the model allowed us to identify known taxa (Bacteroides, S24-7, and Lactobacillus) and novel taxa (Rikenellaceae and Lachnospiraceae) associated with exercise. Although aerobic exercise in mice did not result in significant changes of abundance in gut microbes or in host inflammatory response, more sophisticated computational methods could identify some microbial shifts. More study is needed on the effects of various exercise intensities and their impact on the gut microbiome. IMPORTANCE The bacteria that live in our gut have a complex yet vital relationship with our health. Environmental factors that influence the gut microbiome are of great interest, as recent research demonstrates that these microbes, mostly bacteria, are important for normal host physiology. Diseases such as obesity, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, and colon cancer have also been linked to shifts in the microbiome. Exercise is known to have beneficial effects on these diseases; however, much less is known about its direct impact on the gut microbiome. Our results illustrate that exercise has a moderate but measurable effect on gut microbial communities in mice. These methods can be used to provide important insight into other factors affecting the microbiome and our health.
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Cramer H, Schäfer M, Schöls M, Köcke J, Elsenbruch S, Lauche R, Engler H, Dobos G, Langhorst J. Randomised clinical trial: yoga vs written self-care advice for ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017; 45:1379-1389. [PMID: 28378342 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perceived stress seems to be a risk factor for exacerbation of ulcerative colitis. Yoga has been shown to reduce perceived stress. AIMS To assess the efficacy and safety of yoga for improving quality of life in patients with ulcerative colitis. METHODS A total of 77 patients (75% women; 45.5 ± 11.9 years) with ulcerative colitis in clinical remission but impaired quality of life were randomly assigned to yoga (12 supervised weekly sessions of 90 min; n = 39) or written self-care advice (n = 38). Primary outcome was disease-specific quality of life (Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire). Secondary outcomes included disease activity (Rachmilewitz clinical activity index) and safety. Outcomes were assessed at weeks 12 and 24 by blinded outcome assessors. RESULTS The yoga group had significantly higher disease-specific quality of life compared to the self-care group after 12 weeks (Δ = 14.6; 95% confidence interval=2.6-26.7; P = 0.018) and after 24 weeks (Δ = 16.4; 95% confidence interval=2.5-30.3; P = 0.022). Twenty-one and 12 patients in the yoga group and in the self-care group, respectively, reached a clinical relevant increase in quality of life at week 12 (P = 0.048); and 27 and 17 patients at week 24 (P = 0.030). Disease activity was lower in the yoga group compared to the self-care group after 24 weeks (Δ = -1.2; 95% confidence interval=-0.1-[-2.3]; P = 0.029). Three and one patient in the yoga group and in the self-care group, respectively, experienced serious adverse events (P = 0.317); and seven and eight patients experienced nonserious adverse events (P = 0.731). CONCLUSIONS Yoga can be considered as a safe and effective ancillary intervention for patients with ulcerative colitis and impaired quality of life. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02043600.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Cramer
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Faculty of Medicine Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine (ARCCIM), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M Schäfer
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Faculty of Medicine Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Integrative Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - M Schöls
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Faculty of Medicine Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Integrative Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - J Köcke
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Faculty of Medicine Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Integrative Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - S Elsenbruch
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - R Lauche
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Faculty of Medicine Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine (ARCCIM), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - H Engler
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - G Dobos
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Faculty of Medicine Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - J Langhorst
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Faculty of Medicine Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Integrative Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Beneficial Effect of Voluntary Exercise on Experimental Colitis in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet: The Role of Irisin, Adiponectin and Proinflammatory Biomarkers. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9040410. [PMID: 28425943 PMCID: PMC5409749 DOI: 10.3390/nu9040410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders exhibited by two major phenotypic forms: Crohn‘s disease and ulcerative colitis. Although the aetiology of IBD is unknown, several factors coming from the adipose tissue and skeletal muscles, such as cytokines, adipokines and myokines, were suggested in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis; however, it has not been extensively studied whether voluntary exercise can ameliorate that disorder. We explored the effect of moderate exercise (i.e., voluntary wheel running) on the disease activity index (DAI), colonic blood flow (CBF), plasma irisin and adiponectin levels and real-time PCR expression of proinflammatory markers in mesenteric fat in mice with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) colitis fed a high-fat diet (HFD) compared to those on a standard chow diet (SD). Macroscopic and microscopic colitis in sedentary SD mice was accompanied by a significant fall in CBF, some increase in colonic tissue weight and a significant increase in the plasma levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) and IL-13 (p < 0.05). In sedentary HFD mice, colonic lesions were aggravated, colonic tissue weight increased and the plasma TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, IL-1β and leptin levels significantly increased. Simultaneously, a significant decrease in the plasma irisin and adiponectin levels was observed in comparison with SD mice (p < 0.05). Exercise significantly decreased macroscopic and microscopic colitis, substantially increased CBF and attenuated the plasma TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, IL-1β and leptin levels while raising the plasma irisin and the plasma and WAT concentrations of adiponectin in HFD mice (p < 0.05). We conclude that: (1) experimental colitis is exacerbated in HFD mice, possibly due to a fall in colonic microcirculation and an increase in the plasma and mesenteric fat content of proinflammatory biomarkers; and (2) voluntary physical activity can attenuate the severity of colonic damage in mice fed a HFD through the release of protective irisin and restoration of plasma adiponectin.
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Portela F, Dias CC, Caldeira P, Cravo M, Deus J, Gonçalves R, Lago P, Morna H, Peixe P, Ramos J, Sousa H, Tavares L, Vasconcelos H, Magro F, Ministro P. The who-when-why triangle of CAM use among Portuguese IBD patients. Dig Liver Dis 2017; 49:388-396. [PMID: 28117198 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2016.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of complementary and alternative medicines is increasing among chronic patients, particularly those afflicted with inflammatory bowel diseases. AIM This study aimed to address the prevalence of complementary and alternative medicines use among Portuguese inflammatory bowel diseases' patients. METHODS Patients were invited to fill an anonymous questionnaire concerning the use of complementary and alternative medicines. RESULTS Thirty-one per cent of the patients reported having used complementary and alternative medicines in the past, whereas 12% were using them by the time the questionnaire was administered. Fifty-nine per cent of the users did not share this information with their physician, whereas 14% and 8% discontinued their medication and periodical examination, respectively. Steroids prescription (OR=2.880) and a higher instruction level (OR=3.669) were predictors of complementary and alternative medicines use in this cohort. CONCLUSIONS Roughly a third of Portuguese IBD patients had used CAM. Steroid treatment and an academic degree are associated with CAM use. Given the potential side effects and interactions, patient information about the benefits and limitations of conventional and complementary treatments should be reinforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Portela
- Serviço de Gastrenterologia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Camila C Dias
- CIDES - Department of Health Information and Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; CINTESIS - Centre for Health Technology and Services Research, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Caldeira
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar do Algarve, Portugal
| | - Marilia Cravo
- Serviço de Gastrenterologia, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Loures, Portugal
| | - João Deus
- Serviço de Gastrenterologia, Hospital Fernandes da Fonseca, Amadora, Portugal
| | | | - Paula Lago
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar Porto-Hospital Santo António, Portugal
| | - Henrique Morna
- Serviço de Gastrenterologia, Hospital do Funchal, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Paula Peixe
- Serviço de Gastrenterologia, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jaime Ramos
- Serviço de Gastrenterologia, Hospital dos Capuchos, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Helena Sousa
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar do Algarve, Portugal; Biomedical Sciences and Medicine Department, University of Algarve, Portugal
| | - Lurdes Tavares
- Serviço de Gastrenterologia, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Fernando Magro
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; MedInUP - Centre for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Ministro
- Serviço Gastrenterologia, Centro Hospitalar de Tondela - Viseu, Viseu, Portugal
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The Role of Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase in Inflammatory Disorders of Gastrointestinal Tract. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:9074601. [PMID: 28316376 PMCID: PMC5339520 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9074601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, the role of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) as a crucial mucosal defence factor essential for maintaining gut homeostasis has been established. IAP is an important apical brush border enzyme expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract and secreted both into the intestinal lumen and into the bloodstream. IAP exerts its effects through dephosphorylation of proinflammatory molecules including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), flagellin, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) released from cells during stressful events. Diminished activity of IAP could increase the risk of disease through changes in the microbiome, intestinal inflammation, and intestinal permeability. Exogenous IAP exerts a protective effect against intestinal and systemic inflammation in a variety of diseases and represents a potential therapeutic agent in diseases driven by gut barrier dysfunction such as IBD. The intestinal protective mechanisms are impaired in IBD patients due to lower synthesis and activity of endogenous IAP, but the pathomechanism of this enzyme deficiency remains unclear. IAP has been safely administered to humans and the human recombinant form of IAP has been developed. This review was designed to provide an update in recent research on the involvement of IAP in intestinal inflammatory processes with focus on IBD in experimental animal models and human patients.
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Cheifetz AS, Gianotti R, Luber R, Gibson PR. Complementary and Alternative Medicines Used by Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:415-429.e15. [PMID: 27743873 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients and physicians often have many questions regarding the role of complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs), or nonallopathic therapies, for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). CAMs of various forms are used by more than half of patients with IBD during some point in their disease course. We summarize the available evidence for the most commonly used and discussed CAMs. We discuss evidence for the effects of herbs (such as cannabis and curcumin), probiotics, acupuncture, exercise, and mind-body therapy. There have been few controlled studies of these therapies, which have been limited by their small sample sizes; most studies have been uncontrolled. In addition, there has been a lack of quality control for herbal preparations. It has been a challenge to design rigorous, randomized, placebo-controlled trials, in part owing to problems of adequate blinding for psychological interventions, acupuncture, and exercise. These barriers have limited the acceptance of CAMs by physicians. However, such therapies might be used to supplement conventional therapies and help ease patient symptoms. We conclude that physicians should understand the nature of and evidence for CAMs for IBD so that rational advice can be offered to patients who inquire about their use. CAMs have the potential to aid in the treatment of IBD, but further research is needed to validate these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Cheifetz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert Gianotti
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Raphael Luber
- Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter R Gibson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Physical Activity Habits, Limitations, and Predictors in People with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Large Cross-sectional Online Survey. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22:2933-2942. [PMID: 27824653 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited evidence suggests that physical activity has beneficial effects in people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study aimed to determine the physical activity habits of adults with IBD, the limitations to physical activity they experience because of their disease, and the extent to which their physical activity is affected by various demographic, clinical, and psychological factors. METHODS Data were collected on 859 adult participants (52% with Crohn's disease, 75% women) through an online survey conducted between May and June 2016. Measures included physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire), psychological symptoms (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), fatigue (subitems of IBD fatigue scale), exercise perceptions (Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale), and disease activity. Regression analyses were used to identify predictors of physical activity. RESULTS Only 17% of respondents were categorized as "high active." Self-reported physical activity levels decreased, and fatigue and psychological scores increased, with increasing disease activity. Walking was the most common activity performed (57% of respondents) and running/jogging the most commonly avoided (34%). Many participants (n = 677) reported that IBD limited their physical activity, for reasons including abdominal/joint pain (70%), fatigue/tiredness (69%), disease flare-up (63%), and increased toilet urgency (61%). Physical activity was independently associated with depression, disease activity, and perceived barriers to exercise in people with Crohn's disease, and depression and age in people with ulcerative or indeterminate colitis (all P ≤ 0.038). CONCLUSIONS This survey highlights several important factors that should be considered by designers of future physical activity interventions for people with IBD.
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Levitova A, Hulejova H, Spiritovic M, Pavelka K, Senolt L, Husakova M. Clinical improvement and reduction in serum calprotectin levels after an intensive exercise programme for patients with ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:275. [PMID: 27887637 PMCID: PMC5124318 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The efficacy of exercise therapy for ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is well-documented, but dearth of information is for non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA). Biomarkers like serum calprotectin, interleukins IL-6, IL-17 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α may reflect the disease activity of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). In this study, we investigated clinical and laboratory parameters of both axSpA subgroups in response to intensive physical exercise. Methods Altogether, 46 patients with axSpA, characterised according to the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society criteria as having nr-axSpA or AS underwent 6-month exercise programme. Clinical outcomes of disease activity, Bath AS Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), AS Disease Activity Index (ASDAS-CRP), mobility, Bath AS Metrology Index (BASMI) and function, Bath AS Functional Index (BASFI) were evaluated at baseline and at the end of the exercise programme. Serum IL-6 and IL-17, TNF-α and calprotectin were measured via ELISA. The clinical and laboratory data of 29 control axSpA patients were used for the evaluation of the results. Results In all axSpA patients, the ASDAS-CRP (2.10 ± 0.12 to 1.84 ± 0.11, p <0.01) and BASMI (1.28 ± 0.14 to 0.66 ± 0.84, p <0.0001) improved after 6 months of exercise therapy. There was a significant improvement in the ASDAS-CRP in the nr-axSpA subgroup (2.01 ± 0.19 to 1.73 ± 0.16, p <0.05) and in the BASMI in both, the nr-axSpA and the AS subgroups (1.09 ± 0.12 to 0.47 ± 0.08, p <0.0001 and 1.43 ± 0.24 to 0.82 ± 0.23, p <0.0001, respectively). Both, ASDAS-CRP and BASDAI, were significantly improved in the exercise axSpA group compared to the control axSpA group (mean -0.26 vs. -0.13 and -0.49 vs. 0.12, respectively, all p <0.05). Only calprotectin was significantly reduced after the exercise programme in nr-axSpA and AS patients (from 2379.0 ± 243.20 to 1779.0 ± 138.30 μg/mL and from 2430.0 ± 269.70 to 1816.0 ± 148.20 μg/mL, respectively, all p <0.01). The change in calprotectin was more profound in the axSpA intervention group (mean -604.56) than in the control axSpA (mean -149.28, p <0.05). Conclusion This study demonstrated similar efficacy for an intensive exercise programme in both nr-axSpA and AS patients. A significant decrease in serum calprotectin levels in both subgroups of axSpA patients after the exercise programme reflected an improvement in the disease activity and spinal mobility. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-016-1180-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Levitova
- Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Rheumatology Institute, Prague, Czech Republic.,Charles University, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hulejova
- Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Rheumatology Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maja Spiritovic
- Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Rheumatology Institute, Prague, Czech Republic.,Charles University, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Pavelka
- Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Rheumatology Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Senolt
- Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Rheumatology Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Husakova
- Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Rheumatology Institute, Prague, Czech Republic.
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黄 永, 江 涛, 苏 海, 罗 毅, 侯 秋. [Gut microbiota and osteoporosis]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2016; 37:278-282. [PMID: 28219877 PMCID: PMC6779662 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.02.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The rapidly evolving aging society in China is associated with increased incidences of osteoporosis and fractures, which have become common health problems that threaten the quality of life of the elderly. Gut microbiota colonizing in the human intestinal tract form a mutual symbiotic relationship with the host and play an important role in the metabolism and immune regulation of the host. In recent years increasing studies have demonstrated that gut microbiota not only affect the digestive system but also contribute to the disease conditions involving the immune system, and have a close relationship with the occurrence and progression of osteoporosis. This review summarizes the progress and hotspots in recent researches of the associations among gut microbiota, the immune system, osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- 永铨 黄
- 广州中医药大学第二附属医院,广东 广州510006Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - 涛 江
- 广州中医药大学第二附属医院,广东 广州510006Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - 海涛 苏
- 广州中医药大学第二附属医院,广东 广州510006Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - 毅文 罗
- 广州中医药大学第三附属医院,广东 广州510360Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510360, China
| | - 秋科 侯
- 广州中医药大学第一附属医院,广东 广州510405First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
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