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Weng CJ, Yen GC. Flavonoids, a ubiquitous dietary phenolic subclass, exert extensive in vitro anti-invasive and in vivo anti-metastatic activities. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2012; 31:323-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s10555-012-9347-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kim JH, Kim MS, Bak Y, Chung IM, Yoon DY. The Cadin-2-en-1β-ol-1β-D-glucuronopyranoside Suppresses TPA-Mediated Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Expression Through the ERK Signaling Pathway in MCF-7 Human Breast Adenocarcinoma Cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2012; 118:198-205. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.11196fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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Chen H, Ma H. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and liver fibrosis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:1156-1159. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i11.1156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The main pathological feature of hepatic fibrosis is extracellular matrix deposition. The fibrinolysis system plays an important role in extracellular matrix deposition in liver fibrosis. This review aims to elucidate the role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, an important component of the fibrinolysis system, in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis.
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Noh EM, Yi MS, Youn HJ, Lee BK, Lee YR, Han JH, Yu HN, Kim JS, Jung SH. Silibinin enhances ultraviolet B-induced apoptosis in mcf-7 human breast cancer cells. J Breast Cancer 2011; 14:8-13. [PMID: 21847388 PMCID: PMC3148510 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2011.14.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Chemotherapies for breast cancer generally have strong cellular cytotoxicity and severe side effects. Thus, significant emphasis has been placed on combinations of naturally occurring chemopreventive agents. Silibinin is a major bioactive flavonolignan extracted from milk thistle with chemopreventive activity in various organs including the skin, prostate, and breast. However, the mechanism underlying the inhibitory action of silibinin in breast cancer has not been completely elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the effect of silibinin in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and determined whether silibinin enhances ultraviolet (UV) B-induced apoptosis. Methods The effects of silibinin on MCF-7 cell viability were determined using the MTT assay. The effect of silibinin on PARP cleavage, as the hallmark of apoptotic cell death, and p53 protein expression in MCF-7 cells was analyzed using Western blot. The effect of silibinin on UVB-induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. Results A dose- and time-dependent reduction in viability was observed in MCF-7 cells treated with silibinin. Silibinin strongly induced apoptotic cell death in MCF-7 cells, and induction of apoptosis was associated with increased p53 expression. Moreover, silibinin enhanced UVB-induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Conclusion Silibinin induced a loss of cell viability and apoptotic cell death in MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, the combination of silibinin and UVB resulted in an additive effect on apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. These results suggest that silibinin might be an important supplemental agent for treating patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Mi Noh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
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Wu J, Hansen JM, Hao L, Taylor RN, Sidell N. Retinoic acid stimulation of VEGF secretion from human endometrial stromal cells is mediated by production of reactive oxygen species. J Physiol 2010; 589:863-75. [PMID: 21173077 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.200808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is involved in angiogenic functions that are necessary for successful embryonic implantation. We have shown that retinoic acid (RA), which is known to play a necessary role in early events in pregnancy, can combine with transcriptional activators of VEGF (e.g. TPA, TGF-β, IL-1β) to rapidly induce VEGF secretion from human endometrial stromal cells through a translational mechanism of action. We have now determined that this stimulation of VEGF by RA is mediated through an increased production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Results indicated that RA, but not TPA or TGF-β, directly increases ROS production in endometrial stromal cells and that the co-stimulating activity of RA on VEGF secretion can be mimicked by direct addition of H2O2. Importantly, co-treatment of RA with TPA or TGF-β further stimulated ROS production in a fashion that positively correlated with levels of VEGF secretion. The antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and glutathione monoethyl ester inhibited both RA + TPA and RA + TGF-β-stimulated secretion of VEGF, as well as RA-induced ROS production. Treatment of cells with RA resulted in a shift in the glutathione (GSH) redox potential to a more oxidative state, suggesting that the transduction pathway leading to increased VEGF secretion is at least partially mediated through the antioxidant capacity of GSH couples. The specificity of this action on GSH-sensitive signalling pathways is suggested by the determination that RA had no effect on the redox potential of thioredoxin. Together, these findings predict a redox-mediated mechanism for retinoid regulation of localized VEGF secretion in the human endometrium that may be necessary for the successful establishment of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Wu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 1639 Pierce Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Kim S, Lee HS, Lee SK, Kim SH, Hur SM, Kim JS, Kim JH, Choe JH, Shin I, Yang JH, Lee JE, Nam SJ. 12-O-Tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced growth arrest is increased by silibinin by the down-regulation of cyclin B1 and cdc2 and the up-regulation of p21 expression in MDA-MB231 human breast cancer cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 17:1127-32. [PMID: 20554189 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
TPA is a potent regulator of cell growth, including cell proliferation and differentiation. In this study, we determined the effect of silibinin on TPA-induced growth arrest in breast cancer cells. Silibinin increased growth arrest of the G2/M phase in a dose-dependent fashion. Silibinin decreased the basal level of cyclin B1 and cdc2 expression, which is involved in S phase and G2/M transition. In addition, TPA-induced G2/M phase arrest was increased by silibinin. Under the same conditions, TPA-induced down-regulation of cyclin B1 and cdc2 was decreased by silibinin. In contrast, TPA-induced p21 expression was further increased by silibinin. To determine the regulatory mechanism of TPA-induced growth arrest, we pretreated cells with various inhibitors, such as UO126, SB203580, and LY294002. Interestingly, TPA-induced growth arrest was significantly increased by LY294002, but not by UO126 and SB203580. In addition, TPA-induced down-regulation of cyclin B1 was inhibited by LY294002; however, the basal level of p21 was increased by TPA and TPA-induced p21 expression was further increased by LY294002. Finally, adenoviral constitutively active-Akt (Ad-CA-Akt) overexpression regulated the up-regulation of cyclin B1 and the down-regulation of p21. Therefore, we have demonstrated that silibinin has an additive effect on TPA-induced growth arrest through the PI-3-kinase/Akt-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmin Kim
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, South Korea
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Deep G, Agarwal R. Antimetastatic efficacy of silibinin: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential against cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2010; 29:447-63. [PMID: 20714788 PMCID: PMC3928361 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-010-9237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a major health problem around the world. Research efforts in the last few decades have been successful in providing better and effective treatments against both early stage and localized cancer, but clinical options against advanced metastatic stage/s of cancer remain limited. The high morbidity and mortality in most of the cancers are attributed to their metastatic spread to distant organs. Due to its extreme clinical relevance, metastasis has been extensively studied and is now understood as a highly complex biological event that involves multiple steps including acquisition of invasiveness by cancer cells, intravasation into circulatory system, survival in the circulation, arrest in microvasculature, extravasation, and growth at distant organs. The increasing understanding of molecular underpinnings of these events has provided excellent opportunity to target metastasis especially through nontoxic and biologically effective nutraceuticals. Silibinin, a popular dietary supplement isolated from milk thistle seed extracts, is one such natural agent that has shown biological efficacy through pleiotropic mechanisms against a variety of cancers and is currently in clinical trials. Recent preclinical studies have also shown strong efficacy of silibinin to target cancer cell's migratory and invasive characteristics as well as their ability to metastasize to distant organs. Detailed mechanistic analyses revealed that silibinin targets signaling molecules involved in the regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, proteases activation, adhesion, motility, invasiveness as well as the supportive tumor-microenvironment components, thereby inhibiting metastasis. Overall, the long history of human use, remarkable nontoxicity, and preclinical efficacy strongly favor the clinical use of silibinin against advanced metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045
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Tranilast inhibits cell proliferation and migration and promotes apoptosis in murine breast cancer. Anticancer Drugs 2010; 21:351-61. [PMID: 20145538 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e328334992c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The malignant transformation of breast epithelium involves a number of cellular pathways, including those dependent on signaling from TGF beta. Tranilast [N-(3, 4-dimethoxycinnamonyl)-anthranilic acid] is a drug that is used in Japan to control allergic disorders in patients, and its mechanism of action involves TGF beta. In view of the multiple roles of TGF beta in tumor progression, we hypothesized in this study that tranilast impacts cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. Using the mouse breast cancer cell line 4T1, our studies showed that tranilast increases AKT1 phosphorylation and decreases ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Alterations in the cell cycle mediators' cyclin D1, p27, cyclin A, pRB, cyclin B, and Cdc2 were observed after exposure to tranilast, favoring cell arrest beyond the G1/S phase. Tranilast reduced tumor cell proliferation even when it was amplified by exogenous TGF beta. TGF beta-neutralizing antibody did not cause a significant decrease in cell proliferation. Tranilast treatment upregulates p53, induces PARP cleavage in vitro, consistent with a promotion of tumor cell apoptosis. TGF beta-neutralizing antibody downregulates endoglin and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-9 levels in vitro indicating that the tranilast effect is mediated through TGF beta modulation. Tranilast treatment results in the inhibition of cell migration and invasion. Western blot analysis of tumor lysates from tranilast-treated mice shows decreased levels of TGF beta1, endoglin, and significantly higher levels of p53 and cleaved PARP. Cleaved caspase 3 expression is significantly elevated in tranilast-treated mouse breast tumors. To conclude, tranilast induces cellular and molecular changes in murine breast cancer that can be exploited in preclinical therapeutic trials.
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Melanogenesis inhibitors from the desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica in B16 melanoma cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:2337-2345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Due to the failure and severe toxicity of cancer chemotherapy, silibinin, a natural flavonoid from the seeds of milk thistle, has recently received more attention for its potential anticancer and nontoxic roles in animals and humans. Silibinin has clearly demonstrated inhibition of multiple cancer cell signaling pathways, including growth inhibition, inhibition of angiogenesis, chemosensitization, and inhibition of invasion and metastasis. Cumulative evidence implicates that silibinin is a potential agent for cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Our aim is to discuss the recent progress of silibinin in regulating multiple anticancer proliferative signaling pathways; the review covers literature mainly from the past 3 - 5 years. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN One of the strategies for tumor therapy is eradication of cancer cells through targeting specific cell-proliferative pathways. This review highlights the current knowledge of silibinin in regulating multiple cellular proliferative pathways in cancer cells, including receptor tyrosine kinases, androgen receptor, STATs, NF-kappaB, cell cycle regulatory and apoptotic signaling pathways. TAKE HOME MESSAGE The molecular mechanisms of silibinin-mediated antiproliferative effects are mainly via receptor tyrosine kinases, androgen receptor, STATs, NF-kappaB, cell cycle regulatory and apoptotic signaling pathways in various cancer cells. Targeting inhibition of proliferative pathways through silibinin treatment may provide a new approach for improving chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- The First Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Department of Urology, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
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Sidell N, Feng Y, Hao L, Wu J, Yu J, Kane MA, Napoli JL, Taylor RN. Retinoic acid is a cofactor for translational regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in human endometrial stromal cells. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 24:148-60. [PMID: 19910455 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endometrial angiogenesis play a critical role in successful embryonic implantation. Despite many studies of the effects of estrogen and progesterone on VEGF expression, its focal regulation at the site of implantation is unknown. Retinoic acid (RA) has been reported to regulate VEGF in a variety of cell types. Because localized RA synthesis occurs within the periimplantation endometrium, we tested the possibility that RA regulates VEGF production in endometrial stromal cells. Using primary and telomerase-immortalized human endometrial stromal cells, we determined that RA alone did not alter constitutive levels of VEGF production, but markedly amplified secretion when the cells were cotreated with activators of VEGF gene transcription (12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate, TPA; TGF-beta; and IL-1beta). Whereas TPA or TGF-beta alone stimulated VEGF promoter activity and up-regulated mRNA levels, significant protein secretion was detected only after RA was added to the culture systems. Analysis of retinoids in secretory phase endometrial biopsies indicated that endogenous RA accumulated at concentrations sufficient to induce VEGF secretion. Polyribosome profile analysis showed that the addition of RA to transcriptional activators of VEGF shifted the translational suppressed VEGF mRNA transcripts into larger polyribosome complexes engaged in active translation. Although the precise mechanism(s) of the RA effect remains to be defined, it appears to be mediated by reactive oxygen species; the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine inhibited RA+TPA-stimulated secretion of VEGF by more than 80%. Together, our results demonstrate that in human endometrial stromal cells, RA can combine with transcriptional activators of VEGF to augment VEGF secretion through a translational mechanism of action mediated by reactive oxygen species. These findings suggest a link between the spatiotemporal changes of retinoid synthesis in the periimplantation stroma and the capacity to quickly up-regulate focal VEGF secretion needed to induce early angiogenic events of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Sidell
- Division of Research, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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Silibinin suppresses TNF-alpha-induced MMP-9 expression in gastric cancer cells through inhibition of the MAPK pathway. Molecules 2009; 14:4300-11. [PMID: 19924065 PMCID: PMC6255431 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14114300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Revised: 10/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is one of the pro-inflammatory cytokines highly expressed in Helicobacter pylori that inhibits gastric acid secretion. In this study we determined the effect of silibinin on TNF-α-induced MMP-9 expression in gastric cancer cell lines. MMP-9 mRNA and protein expression was dose-dependently increased by TNF-α in SNU216 and SNU668 gastric cancer cells. On the other hand, TNF-α-induced MMP-9 expression was dose-dependently suppressed by silibinin. To verify the regulatory mechanism of silibinin on TNF-α-induced MMP-9 expression, the gastric cancer cell lines were pretreated with silibinin prior to TNF-α. TNF-α-induced MMP-9 expression was inhibited by the MEK1/2 specific inhibitor, UO126. Finally, we investigated the effect of adenoviral constitutively active (CA)-MEK and CA-Akt on MMP-9 expression. The expression of MMP-9 was significantly increased by CA-MEK overexpression, but not by CA-Akt overexpression. Taken together, we suggest that silibinin down-regulates TNF-α-induced MMP-9 expression through inhibition of the MEK/ERK pathway in gastric cancer cells.
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