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Anthropometric indicators as predictors of total body fat and cardiometabolic risk factors in Chilean children at 4, 7 and 10 years of age. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 71:536-543. [PMID: 27827399 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE To compare the association between anthropometric indicators of global and central obesity as predictors of total body fat (TBF) and cardiometabolic risk factors in children. SUBJECTS/METHODS A total of 1044 children were evaluated at 4 years (n=320), 7 years (n=1044) and 10 years (n=483). The following anthropometric indices were determined: body mass index (BMI) for age (BAZ, WHO), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). To estimate TBF we used validated predictive equations. We measured blood sample concentrations of glucose, insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and High-density lipoprotein (HDL), adiponectin, C-reactive protein (CRP) and Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). RESULTS Adiposity and cardiometabolic markers, particularly those related to glucose metabolism increased from 4 years to 10 years. BAZ and WC were highly correlated to body fat at all ages (all r>0.8) but at 10 years WC was more strongly correlated than BAZ (r=0.94 WC vs r=0.88 BAZ, P<0.05); conversely, WHtR was significantly associated with body fat from 7 years (r=0.85) and 10 years (r=0.88). WHR was unrelated all over the period studied at all ages. Anthropometrical adiposity indicators became associated to cardiometabolic markers only from 7 years on with associations being slightly higher at 10 years, particularly for adiponectin and lipid markers. At all ages, BAZ, WC and WHtR performed similarly as cardiometabolic markers (P<0.05) while WHR was a slightly weaker marker. CONCLUSIONS Relationship between anthropometrical indicators of adiposity and cardiometabolic markers becomes stronger from 7 years onwards; BAZ, WC and WHtR perform similarly as markers of cardiometabolic risk at least until 10 years of age.
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Ali O, Cerjak D, Kent JW, James R, Blangero J, Carless MA, Zhang Y. Methylation of SOCS3 is inversely associated with metabolic syndrome in an epigenome-wide association study of obesity. Epigenetics 2016; 11:699-707. [PMID: 27564309 PMCID: PMC5048720 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2016.1216284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, mediate the interaction between gene and environment and may play an important role in the obesity epidemic. We assessed the relationship between DNA methylation and obesity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at 485,000 CpG sites across the genome in family members (8-90 y of age) using a discovery cohort (192 individuals) and a validation cohort (1,052 individuals) of Northern European ancestry. After Bonferroni-correction (Pα=0.05 = 1.31 × 10−7) for genome-wide significance, we identified 3 loci, cg18181703 (SOCS3), cg04502490 (ZNF771), and cg02988947 (LIMD2), where methylation status was associated with body mass index percentile (BMI%), a clinical index for obesity in children, adolescents, and adults. These sites were also associated with multiple metabolic syndrome (MetS) traits, including central obesity, fat depots, insulin responsiveness, and plasma lipids. The SOCS3 methylation locus was also associated with the clinical definition of MetS. In the validation cohort, SOCS3 methylation status was found to be inversely associated with BMI% (P = 1.75 × 10−6), waist to height ratio (P = 4.18 × 10−7), triglycerides (P = 4.01 × 10−4), and MetS (P = 4.01 × 10−7), and positively correlated with HDL-c (P = 4.57 × 10−8). Functional analysis in a sub cohort (333 individuals) demonstrated SOCS3 methylation and gene expression in PBMCs were inversely correlated (P = 2.93 × 10−4) and expression of SOCS3 was positively correlated with status of MetS (P = 0.012). We conclude that epigenetic modulation of SOCS3, a gene involved in leptin and insulin signaling, may play an important role in obesity and MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Ali
- a Department of Pediatrics , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , WI , USA
| | - Diana Cerjak
- b TOPS Obesity and Metabolic Research Center, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , WI , USA.,c Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , WI , USA
| | - Jack W Kent
- d Department of Genetics , Texas Biomedical Research Institute , San Antonio , TX , USA
| | - Roland James
- b TOPS Obesity and Metabolic Research Center, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , WI , USA.,c Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , WI , USA
| | - John Blangero
- e South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley , Brownsville , TX , USA
| | - Melanie A Carless
- d Department of Genetics , Texas Biomedical Research Institute , San Antonio , TX , USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- b TOPS Obesity and Metabolic Research Center, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , WI , USA.,c Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , WI , USA
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Martin-Calvo N, Moreno-Galarraga L, Martinez-Gonzalez MA. Association between Body Mass Index, Waist-to-Height Ratio and Adiposity in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8080512. [PMID: 27556485 PMCID: PMC4997425 DOI: 10.3390/nu8080512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is defined as an abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) has been suggested as the gold standard to define obesity, but because its use is complex and expensive, anthropometric measures such as body mass index (BMI) or the waist-to-height ratio (WtHr) have been used as alternatives. The aim of this study was to review the published literature and investigate the correlation of BMI and WtHr with body fat (BF) measured by DEXA in pediatric populations. References were sought in PubMed/Medline and Embase datasets. Five original articles, published between 2013 and 2015, were finally included in this review. Their sample size ranged from 83 to 5355, and the age of participants ranged from 4.9 to 19 years old. The most frequently reported association measurements were the coefficients of determination (R²), followed by correlation coefficients and least-squares regression coefficients. BF measured by DEXA was strongly correlated with both BMI (R² ranging from 0.32 to 0.91) and WtHr (R² ranging from 0.49 to 0.73). Thus, either BMI or WtHr may be useful to define obesity when more sophisticated techniques are not available. Our systematic review of the available literature found that neither index demonstrated superiority in assessing obesity in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Martin-Calvo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarre, Pamplona 31009, Spain.
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNa), Pamplona 31008, Spain.
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - Laura Moreno-Galarraga
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNa), Pamplona 31008, Spain.
- Department of Pediatrics, Complejo Hospital de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.
| | - Miguel Angel Martinez-Gonzalez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarre, Pamplona 31009, Spain.
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNa), Pamplona 31008, Spain.
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid 28029, Spain.
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