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Gan J, Zhang Y, Ke X, Tan C, Ren H, Dong H, Jiang J, Chen S, Zhuang Y, Zhang H. Dysregulation of PAK1 Is Associated with DNA Damage and Is of Prognostic Importance in Primary Esophageal Small Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:12035-50. [PMID: 26023713 PMCID: PMC4490427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160612035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary esophageal small cell carcinoma (PESCC) is a rare, but fatal subtype of esophageal carcinoma. No effective therapeutic regimen for it. P21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) is known to function as an integrator and an indispensable node of major growth factor signaling and the molecular therapy targeting PAK1 has been clinical in pipeline. We thus set to examine the expression and clinical impact of PAK1 in PESCC. The expression of PAK1 was detected in a semi-quantitative manner by performing immunohistochemistry. PAK1 was overexpressed in 22 of 34 PESCC tumors, but in only 2 of 18 adjacent non-cancerous tissues. Overexpression of PAK1 was significantly associated with tumor location (p = 0.011), lymph node metastasis (p = 0.026) and patient survival (p = 0.032). We also investigated the association of PAK1 with DNA damage, a driven cause for malignancy progression. γH2AX, a DNA damage marker, was detectable in 18 of 24 (75.0%) cases, and PAK1 expression was associated with γH2AX (p = 0.027). Together, PAK1 is important in metastasis and progression of PESCC. The contribution of PAK1 to clinical outcomes may be involved in its regulating DNA damage pathway. Further studies are worth determining the potentials of PAK1 as prognostic indicator and therapeutic target for PESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Gan
- Cancer Research Centre, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515063, China.
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Department of Information, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
| | - Xiurong Ke
- Cancer Research Centre, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515063, China.
- Department of Biotherapy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
| | - Chong Tan
- Department of General Surgery, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China.
| | - Hongzheng Ren
- Department of Pathology, Central Hospital of Kaifeng, Kaifeng 475000, China.
| | - Hongmei Dong
- Cancer Research Centre, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515063, China.
| | - Jiali Jiang
- Cancer Research Centre, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515063, China.
- Department of Biotherapy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
| | - Shaobin Chen
- Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
| | - Yixuan Zhuang
- Tumor Tissue Bank, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- Cancer Research Centre, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515063, China.
- Department of Biotherapy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
- Tumor Tissue Bank, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
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52
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Monteiro FL, Baptista T, Amado F, Vitorino R, Jerónimo C, Helguero LA. Expression and functionality of histone H2A variants in cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:3428-43. [PMID: 25003966 PMCID: PMC4116493 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of gene expression includes the replacement of canonical histones for non-allelic histone variants, as well as their multiple targeting by postranslational modifications. H2A variants are highly conserved between species suggesting they execute important functions that cannot be accomplished by canonical histones. Altered expression of many H2A variants is associated to cancer. MacroH2A variants are enriched in heterocromatic foci and are necessary for chromatin condensation. MacroH2A1.1 and macroH2A1.2 are two mutually exclusive isoforms. MacroH2A1.1 and macroH2A2 inhibit proliferation and are associated with better cancer prognosis; while macroH2A1.2 is associated to cancer progression. H2AX variant functions as a sensor of DNA damage and defines the cellular response towards DNA repair or apoptosis; therefore, screening approaches and therapeutic options targeting H2AX have been proposed. H2A.Z is enriched in euchromatin, acting as a proto-oncogene with established roles in hormone responsive cancers and overexpressed in endocrine-resistant disease. Other H2A family members have also been found altered in cancer, but their function remains unknown. Substantial progress has been made to understand histone H2A variants, their contribution to normal cellular function and to cancer development and progression. Yet, implementation of high resolution mass spectrometry is needed to further our knowledge on highly homologous H2A variants expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Liliana Monteiro
- Mass Specrometry Center, Organic Chemistry and Natural Products Unit (QOPNA), Department of Chemistry, Universidade de Aveiro., Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | - Luisa A Helguero
- Mass Specrometry Center, Organic Chemistry and Natural Products Unit (QOPNA), Dep. of Chemistry, Universidade de Aveiro., Aveiro, Portugal
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53
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Bussink J, Span PN. γ-H2AX Foci in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes to Quantify Radiation-Induced DNA Damage After 177Lu-DOTA-Octreotate Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:501-2. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.153841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Sone K, Piao L, Nakakido M, Ueda K, Jenuwein T, Nakamura Y, Hamamoto R. Critical role of lysine 134 methylation on histone H2AX for γ-H2AX production and DNA repair. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5691. [PMID: 25487737 PMCID: PMC4268694 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of phosphorylated histone H2AX (γ-H2AX) is associated with the local activation of DNA-damage repair pathways. Although γ-H2AX deregulation in cancer has previously been reported, the molecular mechanism involved and its relationship with other histone modifications remain largely unknown. Here we find that the histone methyltransferase SUV39H2 methylates histone H2AX on lysine 134. When H2AX was mutated to abolish K134 methylation, the level of γ-H2AX became significantly reduced. We also found lower γ-H2AX activity following the introduction of double-strand breaks in Suv39h2 knockout cells or on SUV39H2 knockdown. Tissue microarray analyses of clinical lung and bladder tissues also revealed a positive correlation between H2AX K134 methylation and γ-H2AX levels. Furthermore, introduction of K134-substituted histone H2AX enhanced radio- and chemosensitivity of cancer cells. Overall, our results suggest that H2AX methylation plays a role in the regulation of γ-H2AX abundance in cancer. γ-H2AX The Ser139 phosphorylated form of H2AX, γ-H2AX, is generated in response to DNA double-strand breaks and is involved in the repair process. Here, Sone et al. show that H2AX K134 methylation by SUV39H2 is crucial for the production of γ-H2AX, and that loss of methylation correlates with radio- and chemosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenbun Sone
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC2115, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Lianhua Piao
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC2115, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Makoto Nakakido
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC2115, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Koji Ueda
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Thomas Jenuwein
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC2115, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Ryuji Hamamoto
- 1] Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC2115, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA [2] Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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55
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Neumayer G, Belzil C, Gruss OJ, Nguyen MD. TPX2: of spindle assembly, DNA damage response, and cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3027-47. [PMID: 24556998 PMCID: PMC11114040 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1582-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
For more than 15 years, TPX2 has been studied as a factor critical for mitosis and spindle assembly. These functions of TPX2 are attributed to its Ran-regulated microtubule-associated protein properties and to its control of the Aurora A kinase. Overexpressed in cancers, TPX2 is being established as marker for the diagnosis and prognosis of malignancies. During interphase, TPX2 resides preferentially in the nucleus where its function had remained elusive until recently. The latest finding that TPX2 plays a role in amplification of the DNA damage response, combined with the characterization of TPX2 knockout mice, open new perspectives to understand the biology of this protein. This review provides an historic overview of the discovery of TPX2 and summarizes its cytoskeletal and signaling roles with relevance to cancer therapies. Finally, the review aims to reconcile discrepancies between the experimental and pathological effects of TPX2 overexpression and advances new roles for compartmentalized TPX2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Neumayer
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, T2N 4N1, Canada,
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56
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Gerić M, Gajski G, Garaj-Vrhovac V. γ-H2AX as a biomarker for DNA double-strand breaks in ecotoxicology. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 105:13-21. [PMID: 24780228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The visualisation of DNA damage response proteins enables the indirect measurement of DNA damage. Soon after the occurrence of a DNA double-strand break (DSB), the formation of γ-H2AX histone variants is to be expected. This review is focused on the potential use of the γ-H2AX foci assay in assessing the genotoxicity of environmental contaminants including cytostatic pharmaceuticals, since standard methods may not be sensitive enough to detect the damaging effect of low environmental concentrations of such drugs. These compounds are constantly released into the environment, potentially representing a threat to water quality, aquatic organisms, and, ultimately, human health. Our review of the literature revealed that this method could be used in the biomonitoring and risk assessment of aquatic systems affected by wastewater from the production, usage, and disposal of cytostatic pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Gerić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Goran Gajski
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vera Garaj-Vrhovac
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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57
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Oliveira-Costa JP, Oliveira LR, Zanetti R, Zanetti JS, da Silveira GG, Chavichiolli Buim ME, Zucoloto S, Ribeiro-Silva A, Soares FA. BRCA1 and γH2AX as independent prognostic markers in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncoscience 2014; 1:383-91. [PMID: 25594033 PMCID: PMC4278309 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) are believed to originate from sequential mutations that can develop as a consequence of genetic instability acquired over time. BRCA1 are linked to DNA recombination and repair processes, being of importance for its role in regulation of RAD51 and H2AX (γH2AX). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between BRCA1 expression status and evaluate its prognostic impact. We selected from 150 OSCC patients, and evaluated BRCA1 expression in OSCC by immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR, comparing its expression with homologous recombination markers (RAD51, γH2AX and p53), clinicopathological and survival data. Expression of BRCA1 was observed in 61 cases (43.88%) and was related to tumor size (T stage) (p=0.001), and gender (p=0.017). mRNA from BRCA1 showed a borderline relationship with perineural invasion (p=0.053). BRCA1 [p=0.030; HR: 2.334 (C.I.: 1.087-5.012)], γH2AX [p=0.045; HR: 0.467 (C.I.: 0.222-0.628)] and gender [p=0.001; HR: 10.386 [(C.I.: 2.679-10.623)] were independent prognostic factors for DSS. BRCA1 and γH2AX expression by OSCC cells are associated with reduced overall survival time, independent of other variables in patients, as well as gender, and our findings shed some light about DSB markers in OSCC and its role as prognostic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Paulo Oliveira-Costa
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil ; Department Anatomic Pathology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucinei Roberto Oliveira
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Vale do Rio Verde University (Unincor), Tres Coracoes, Brazil
| | - Roberto Zanetti
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Vale do Rio Verde University (Unincor), Tres Coracoes, Brazil
| | - Juliana Silva Zanetti
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Giorgia Gobbi da Silveira
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Sergio Zucoloto
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Ribeiro-Silva
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernando Augusto Soares
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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58
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Taylor K, Lemon JA, Boreham DR. Radiation-induced DNA damage and the relative biological effectiveness of 18F-FDG in wild-type mice. Mutagenesis 2014; 29:279-87. [PMID: 24870562 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geu016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically, the most commonly used positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer is the glucose analog 2-[(18)F] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ((18)F-FDG), however little research has been conducted on the biological effects of (18)F-FDG injections. The induction and repair of DNA damage and the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of radiation from (18)F-FDG relative to 662 keV γ-rays were investigated. The study also assessed whether low-dose radiation exposure from (18)F-FDG was capable of inducing an adaptive response. DNA damage to the bone marrow erythroblast population was measured using micronucleus formation and lymphocyte γH2A.X levels. To test the RBE of (18)F-FDG, mice were injected with a range of activities of (18)F-FDG (0-14.80 MBq) or irradiated with Cs-137 γ-rays (0-100 mGy). The adaptive response was investigated 24h after the (18)F-FDG injection by 1 Gy in vivo challenge doses for micronucleated reticulocyte (MN-RET) formation or 1, 2 and 4 Gy in vitro challenges doses for γH2A.X formation. A significant increase in MN-RET formation above controls occurred following injection activities of 3.70, 7.40 or 14.80 MBq (P < 0.001) which correspond to bone marrow doses of ~35, 75 and 150 mGy, respectively. Per unit dose, the Cs-137 radiation exposure induced significantly more damage than the (18)F-FDG injections (RBE = 0.79 ± 0.04). A 20% reduction in γH2A.X fluorescence was observed in mice injected with a prior adapting low dose of 14.80 MBq (18)F-FDG relative to controls (P < 0.019). A 0.74 MBq (18)F-FDG injection, which gives mice a dose approximately equal to a typical human PET scan, did not cause a significant increase in DNA damage nor did it generate an adaptive response. Typical (18)F-FDG injection activities used in small animal imaging (14.80 MBq) resulted in a decrease in DNA damage, as measured by γH2A.X formation, below spontaneous levels observed in control mice. The (18)F-FDG RBE was <1.0, indicating that the mixed radiation quality and/or low dose rate from PET scans is less damaging than equivalent doses of gamma radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Taylor
- Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Lemon
- Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Douglas R Boreham
- Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
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Bhardwaj A, Rosen D, Liu M, Liu Y, Hao Q, Ganesan N, Etzel CJ, Gullett A, Albarracin CT, Bedrosian I. Suppression of Akt-mTOR pathway-a novel component of oncogene induced DNA damage response barrier in breast tumorigenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97076. [PMID: 24811059 PMCID: PMC4014598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage has been thought to be directly associated with the neoplastic progression by enabling mutations in tumor suppressor genes and activating/and amplifying oncogenes ultimately resulting in genomic instability. DNA damage causes activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) that is an important cellular mechanism for maintaining genomic integrity in the face of genotoxic stress. While the cellular response to genotoxic stress has been extensively studied in cancer models, less is known about the cellular response to oncogenic stress in the premalignant context. In the present study, by using breast tissues samples from women at different risk levels for invasive breast cancer (normal, proliferative breast disease and ductal carcinoma in situ) we found that DNA damage is inversely correlated with risk of invasive breast cancer. Similarly, in MCF10A based in vitro model system where we recapitulated high DNA damage conditions as seen in patient samples by stably cloning in cyclin E, we found that high levels of oncogene induced DNA damage, by triggering inhibition of a major proliferative pathway (AKT), inhibits cell growth and causes cells to die through autophagy. These data suggest that AKT-mTOR pathway is a novel component of oncogene induced DNA damage response in immortalized 'normal-like' breast cells and its suppression may contribute to growth arrest and arrest of the breast tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Bhardwaj
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daniel Rosen
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Qiang Hao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nivetha Ganesan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Carol J. Etzel
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ashley Gullett
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Constance T. Albarracin
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Isabelle Bedrosian
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: .
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60
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αB-crystallin expression is correlated with phospho-ERK1/2 expression in human breast cancer. Int J Biol Markers 2013; 28:e365-70. [PMID: 23722303 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.5000032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
αB-crystallin is regarded as a biomarker for triple-negative and/or basal-like breast cancer. In normal breast cells, overexpression of αB-crystallin leads to neoplastic-like changes, which likely relate to enhanced expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pERK1/2). In this study, we investigated whether αB-crystallin expression is correlated to pERK1/2 expression in breast cancer. In a balanced tissue microarray the expression of αB-crystallin and pERK1/2 kinase were determined immunohistochemically, together with the triple-negativity and basal-like markers CK5/6 and SMA and the signaling molecules pAKT, pmTOR, EGFR, and IGF-1R. αB-crystallin expression significantly correlated with triple negativity and basal-like markers CK5/6 and SMA (Pearson Chi-square test p=0.004, p=0.001, and p<0.001, respectively). A significant correlation was also observed with pERK1/2 expression (p=0.002). siRNA-mediated knockdown of αB-crystallin in the triple-negative breast cell line MDA-MB468 did not show an effect on pERK1/2 expression levels, indicating that lowering the level of αB-crystallin does not reduce pERK1/2 expression. Our results confirm that αB-crystallin can be used as a biomarker for triple-negative and/or basal-like breast cancer. The expression of αB-crystallin correlates with pERK1/2 expression in breast cancer tissue suggesting that therapies targeting αB-crystallin might be considered for treatment of triple-negative or basal-like breast cancer.
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61
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Xie C, Xu LY, Yang Z, Cao XM, Li W, Lu NH. Expression of γH2AX in various gastric pathologies and its association with Helicobacter pylori infection. Oncol Lett 2013; 7:159-163. [PMID: 24348841 PMCID: PMC3861580 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of H2AX at Ser 139 (γH2AX) is a biomarker of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). The present study aimed to explore the association between γH2AX levels and gastric pathology and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. Gastric biopsies were obtained from 302 H. pylori-negative and -positive patients, including those with chronic gastritis (CG), intestinal metaplasia (IM), dysplasia (Dys) and gastric cancer (GC). Proteins were extracted from five gastric epithelial cell lines and from 10 specimens of matched GC and adjacent normal tissues. The expression of γH2AX, a biomarker for the detection of DNA DSBs, in gastric tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The expression of γH2AX progressively increased in tissues according to pathological stage from CG to Dys, but was slightly decreased in GC. H. pylori infection was associated with increased γH2AX expression, IM and Dys. Overexpression of γH2AX in GC was found to correlate with tumor location, gross appearance, differentiation, depth of invasion, TNM stage and lymph node metastasis. The results indicated that DSBs appear to be an early molecular event in gastric carcinogenesis, which may be associated with H. pylori infection. Moreover, immunohistochemical staining of γH2AX was found to correlate with a number of clinicopathological characteristics. The expression of γH2AX may serve as a valuable biomarker for the diagnosis and progression of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Li-Yao Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xi-Mei Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Nong-Hua Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Storci G, Bertoni S, De Carolis S, Papi A, Nati M, Ceccarelli C, Pirazzini C, Garagnani P, Ferrarini A, Buson G, Delledonne M, Fiorentino M, Capizzi E, Gruppioni E, Taffurelli M, Santini D, Franceschi C, Bandini G, Bonifazi F, Bonafé M. Slug/β-catenin-dependent proinflammatory phenotype in hypoxic breast cancer stem cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1688-1697. [PMID: 24036252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cell survival relies on the activation of inflammatory pathways, which is speculatively triggered by cell autonomous mechanisms or by microenvironmental stimuli. Here, we observed that hypoxic bone marrow stroma-derived transforming growth factor-β 1 promotes the growth of human breast cancer stem cells as mammospheres. The ensuing Slug-dependent serine 139 phosphorylation of the DNA damage sensor H2AX in breast cancer stem cells induces tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-8 mRNAs, whose stability is enhanced by cytoplasmic β-catenin. β-Catenin also up-regulates and binds miR-221, reducing the stability of the miR-221 targets Rad51 and ERα mRNAs. Our data show that the Slug/β-catenin-dependent activation of DNA damage signaling triggered by the hypoxic microenvironment sustains the proinflammatory phenotype of breast cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Storci
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Center for Applied Biomedical Research, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Sara Bertoni
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabrina De Carolis
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Center for Applied Biomedical Research, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessio Papi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Functional Genomics Center, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marina Nati
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Ceccarelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Pirazzini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Ferrarini
- Department of Biotechnologies, Functional Genomics Center, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Genny Buson
- Department of Biotechnologies, Functional Genomics Center, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Delledonne
- Department of Biotechnologies, Functional Genomics Center, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Fiorentino
- Pathology Unit, Addarii Institute of Oncology, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Capizzi
- Pathology Unit, Addarii Institute of Oncology, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Gruppioni
- Pathology Unit, Addarii Institute of Oncology, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mario Taffurelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Donatella Santini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bandini
- Institute of Haematology "L & A Seragnoli", St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Bonifazi
- Institute of Haematology "L & A Seragnoli", St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Bonafé
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Center for Applied Biomedical Research, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
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63
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Zhou L, Li K, Luo Y, Tian L, Wang M, Li C, Huang Q. Novel prognostic markers for patients with triple-negative breast cancer. Hum Pathol 2013; 44:2180-7. [PMID: 23845466 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer characterized by poor prognosis. Currently, no reliable markers have been identified as having a predictive role for the prognosis of TNBC patients. In this study, 119 breast cancer samples, including 31 TNBC and 89 non-TNBC subtypes, were collected. The protein levels of cleaved caspase-3 (CC3), aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), cyclooxygenase-2, Ki-67, H2A histone family member X, and phosphorylated protein kinase B protein were measured by immunohistochemical staining. The percentage of positive CC3 (P = .017), ALDH1 (P = .015), Ki-67 (P = .001), and H2A histone family member X (P = .016) staining was significantly higher in TNBC than in non-TNBC cases. Positive CC3 and ALDH1 staining significantly correlated with poor prognosis of breast cancer, the TNBC subtype and non-TNBC subtype. Positive cyclooxygenase-2 expression significantly correlated with the survival of patients with TNBC. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that CC3 and ALDH1 are independent prognostic factors for BC and non-TNBC. ALDH1 is a prognostic marker for TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai First People's Branch Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200081, China
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Djuzenova CS, Elsner I, Katzer A, Worschech E, Distel LV, Flentje M, Polat B. Radiosensitivity in breast cancer assessed by the histone γ-H2AX and 53BP1 foci. Radiat Oncol 2013; 8:98. [PMID: 23617930 PMCID: PMC3653697 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-8-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High expression of constitutive histone γ-H2AX, a sensitive marker of DNA damage, might be indicative of defective DNA repair pathway or genomic instability. 53BP1 (p53-binding protein 1) is a conserved checkpoint protein with properties of a DNA double-strand breaks sensor. This study explores the relationship between the clinical radiosensitivity of tumor patients and the expression/induction of γ-H2AX and 53BP1 in vitro. METHODS Using immunostaining, we assessed spontaneous and radiation-induced foci of γ-H2AX and 53 BP1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from unselected breast cancer (BC) patients (n=57) undergoing radiotherapy (RT). Cells from apparently healthy donors (n=12) served as references. RESULTS Non-irradiated cells from controls and unselected BC patients exhibited similar baseline levels of DNA damage assessed by γ-H2AX and 53BP1 foci. At the same time, the γ-H2AX assay of in vitro irradiated cells revealed significant differences between the control group and the group of unselected BC patients with respect to the initial (0.5 Gy, 30 min) and residual (2 Gy, 24 h post-radiation) DNA damage. The numbers of 53BP1 foci analyzed in 35 BC patients were significantly higher than in controls only in case of residual DNA damage. A weak correlation was found between residual foci of both proteins tested. In addition, cells from cancer patients with an adverse acute skin reaction (grade 3) to RT showed significantly increased radiation-induced γ-H2AX foci and their protracted disappearance compared to the group of BC patients with normal skin reaction (grade 0-1). The mean number of γ-H2AX foci after 5 clinical fractions was significantly higher than that before RT, especially in clinically radiosensitive patients. CONCLUSIONS The γ-H2AX assay may have potential for screening individual radiosensitivity of breast cancer patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION http://www.krebshilfe.de/wir-foerdern.html.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cholpon S Djuzenova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str, 11, Würzburg D-97080, Germany.
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Darzynkiewicz Z, Zhao H, Halicka HD, Rybak P, Dobrucki J, Wlodkowic D. DNA damage signaling assessed in individual cells in relation to the cell cycle phase and induction of apoptosis. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2012; 49:199-217. [PMID: 23137030 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2012.738808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Reviewed are the phosphorylation events reporting activation of protein kinases and the key substrates critical for the DNA damage signaling (DDS). These DDS events are detected immunocytochemically using phospho-specific Abs; flow cytometry or image-assisted cytometry provide the means to quantitatively assess them on a cell by cell basis. The multiparameter analysis of the data is used to correlate these events with each other and relate to the cell cycle phase, DNA replication and induction of apoptosis. Expression of γH2AX as a possible marker of induction of DNA double strand breaks is the most widely studied event of DDS. Reviewed are applications of this multiparameter approach to investigate constitutive DDS reporting DNA damage by endogenous oxidants byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation. Also reviewed are its applications to detect and explore mechanisms of DDS induced by variety of exogenous agents targeting DNA such as exogenous oxidants, ionizing radiation, radiomimetic drugs, UV light, DNA topoisomerase I and II inhibitors, DNA crosslinking drugs and variety of environmental genotoxins. Analysis of DDS induced by these agents provides often a wealth of information about mechanism of induction and the type of DNA damage (lesion) and is reviewed in the context of cell cycle phase specificity, DNA replication, and induction of apoptosis or cell senescence. Critically assessed is interpretation of the data as to whether the observed DDS events report induction of a particular type of DNA lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz
- Brander Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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Matthaios D, Foukas PG, Kefala M, Hountis P, Trypsianis G, Panayiotides IG, Chatzaki E, Pantelidaki E, Bouros D, Karakitsos P, Kakolyris S. γ-H2AX expression detected by immunohistochemistry correlates with prognosis in early operable non-small cell lung cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2012. [PMID: 23180966 PMCID: PMC3501397 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s36995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phosphorylation of the H2AX histone is an early indicator of DNA double-strand breaks and of the resulting DNA damage response. In the present study, we assessed the expression and prognostic significance of γ-H2AX in a cohort of 96 patients with operable non-small cell lung carcinoma. Methods Ninety-six paraffin-embedded specimens of non-small cell lung cancer patients were examined. All patients underwent radical thoracic surgery of primary tumor (lobectomy or pneumonectomy) and regional lymph node dissection. γ-H2AX expression was assessed by standard immunohistochemistry. Follow-up was available for all patients; mean duration of follow-up was 27.50 ± 14.07 months (range 0.2–57 months, median 24 months). Results Sixty-three patients (65.2%) died during the follow-up period. The mean survival time was 32.2 ± 1.9 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 28.5–35.8 months; median 30.0 months); 1-, 2- and 3-year survival rates were 86.5% ± 3.5%, 57.3% ± 5.1%, and 37.1% ± 5.4%, respectively. Low γ-H2AX expression was associated with a significantly better survival as compared with those having high γ-H2AX expression (35.3 months for low γ-H2AX expression versus 23.2 months for high γ-H2AX expression, P = 0.009; hazard ratio [HR] 1.95, 95% CI: 1.15–3.30). Further investigation with multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed that high expression of γ-H2AX remained an independent prognostic factor of shorter overall survival (HR 2.15, 95% CI: 1.22–3.79, P = 0.026). A combined p53/γ-H2AX analysis was performed, and we found that the p53 low/γ-H2AX low phenotype was associated with significantly better survival compared with all other phenotypes. Conclusion Our study is the first to demonstrate that expression of γ-H2AX detected by immunohistochemistry may represent an independent prognostic indicator of overall survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Further studies are needed to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Matthaios
- Department of Oncology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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