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Bento-Pereira C, Dinkova-Kostova AT. Activation of transcription factor Nrf2 to counteract mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:785-802. [PMID: 32681666 DOI: 10.1002/med.21714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, for which no disease-modifying therapies are available to date. Although understanding of the precise aetiology of PD is incomplete, it is clear that age, genetic predisposition and environmental stressors increase the risk. At the cellular level, oxidative stress, chronic neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and aberrant protein aggregation have been implicated as contributing factors. These detrimental processes are counteracted by elaborate networks of cellular defence mechanisms, one of which is orchestrated by transcription factor nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2; gene name NFE2L2). A wealth of preclinical evidence suggests that Nrf2 activation is beneficial in cellular and animal models of PD. In this review, we summarise the current understanding of mitochondrial dysfunction in PD, the role of Nrf2 in mitochondrial function and explore the potential of Nrf2 as a therapeutic target for mitochondrial dysfunction in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bento-Pereira
- Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK.,Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Klein P, Friedman A, Hameed MQ, Kaminski RM, Bar-Klein G, Klitgaard H, Koepp M, Jozwiak S, Prince DA, Rotenberg A, Twyman R, Vezzani A, Wong M, Löscher W. Repurposed molecules for antiepileptogenesis: Missing an opportunity to prevent epilepsy? Epilepsia 2020; 61:359-386. [PMID: 32196665 PMCID: PMC8317585 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of epilepsy is a great unmet need. Acute central nervous system (CNS) insults such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), cerebrovascular accidents (CVA), and CNS infections account for 15%-20% of all epilepsy. Following TBI and CVA, there is a latency of days to years before epilepsy develops. This allows treatment to prevent or modify postinjury epilepsy. No such treatment exists. In animal models of acquired epilepsy, a number of medications in clinical use for diverse indications have been shown to have antiepileptogenic or disease-modifying effects, including medications with excellent side effect profiles. These include atorvastatin, ceftriaxone, losartan, isoflurane, N-acetylcysteine, and the antiseizure medications levetiracetam, brivaracetam, topiramate, gabapentin, pregabalin, vigabatrin, and eslicarbazepine acetate. In addition, there are preclinical antiepileptogenic data for anakinra, rapamycin, fingolimod, and erythropoietin, although these medications have potential for more serious side effects. However, except for vigabatrin, there have been almost no translation studies to prevent or modify epilepsy using these potentially "repurposable" medications. We may be missing an opportunity to develop preventive treatment for epilepsy by not evaluating these medications clinically. One reason for the lack of translation studies is that the preclinical data for most of these medications are disparate in terms of types of injury, models within different injury type, dosing, injury-treatment initiation latencies, treatment duration, and epilepsy outcome evaluation mode and duration. This makes it difficult to compare the relative strength of antiepileptogenic evidence across the molecules, and difficult to determine which drug(s) would be the best to evaluate clinically. Furthermore, most preclinical antiepileptogenic studies lack information needed for translation, such as dose-blood level relationship, brain target engagement, and dose-response, and many use treatment parameters that cannot be applied clinically, for example, treatment initiation before or at the time of injury and dosing higher than tolerated human equivalent dosing. Here, we review animal and human antiepileptogenic evidence for these medications. We highlight the gaps in our knowledge for each molecule that need to be filled in order to consider clinical translation, and we suggest a platform of preclinical antiepileptogenesis evaluation of potentially repurposable molecules or their combinations going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Klein
- Mid-Atlantic Epilepsy and Sleep Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alon Friedman
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, and Brain and Cognitive Science, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Departments of Medical Neuroscience and Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Mustafa Q. Hameed
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rafal M. Kaminski
- Neurosymptomatic Domains Section, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guy Bar-Klein
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Henrik Klitgaard
- Neurosciences Therapeutic Area, UCB Pharma, Braine-l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Mathias Koepp
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Sergiusz Jozwiak
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - David A. Prince
- Neurology and the Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care, Milan, Italy
| | - Michael Wong
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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El-Missiry MA, Othman AI, Amer MA, Sedki M, Ali SM, El-Sherbiny IM. Nanoformulated ellagic acid ameliorates pentylenetetrazol-induced experimental epileptic seizures by modulating oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis in the brains of male mice. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:385-399. [PMID: 31728888 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the neuroprotective and antiepileptic efficacy of ellagic acid (EA) encapsulated in calcium-alginate nanoparticles (Ca2+-ALG NPs) in pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizures in male mice. EA was encapsulated in ALG NPs using a nanospray drying method followed by ionotropic crosslinking with Ca2+. Characterization of the developed Ca2+-crosslinked EA-ALG NPs showed spherical, high stability NPs; successful loading of EA within crosslinked ALG NPs; and sustained release of EA. Male Swiss albino mice were divided into ten groups as follows; Group I- (control), Group II (50 mg EA /kg) - (EA), Group III polyethylene glycol (PEG), Group IV EA NPs (50 mg/kg) - (EA NP), Group (50 mg/kg alginate) V void V NPs - (void NPs), Group VI: (37.5 PTZ mg/kg) -(PTZ), Group VII: PTZ and EA - (PTZ-EA). Group VIII: animals received PTZ and PEG concurrently (PTZ-PEG). Group IX; animals received PTZ and void NPs concurrently - (PTZ-void). Group X: animals received PTZ and EA NPs concurrently (PTZ-EA NPs). PTZ was used to induce experimental epilepsy. Ca2+-ALG NPs prevented seizures throughout the experimental period and had a more prominent effect than free EA did. Ca2+-ALG NPs prevented increased glutamate, decreased GABA concentrations and ameliorated increased amyloid-β and homocysteine levels in the serum and brain. Ca2+-EA-ALG NPs were superior to free EA in improving increased IL-6 and TNF-α. Ca2+-ALG NPs ameliorated PTZ-induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by decreased 4HNE levels and enhanced GSH, GR and GPx levels in the brain. These changes were accompanied by amelioration of apoptosis and its regulating proteins, including Cytochrome C, P53, Bax, Bcl2 and caspase-3 and caspase-9, and protected against DNA damage. Histological examination of the hippocampus confirmed that the neuroprotective effect of Ca2+-EA-ALG NPs was superior and more effective than that of free EA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azza I Othman
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Maher A Amer
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Sedki
- Nanomaterials Laboratory, Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Giza, 12578, Egypt
| | - Sara M Ali
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M El-Sherbiny
- Nanomaterials Laboratory, Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Giza, 12578, Egypt.
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Chen X, Bao G, Liu F. Inhibition of USP15 Prevent Glutamate-Induced Oxidative Damage by Activating Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway in HT22 Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 40:999-1010. [PMID: 31933062 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00789-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been identified as the significant mediator in epilepsy, which is a chronic disorder in central nervous system. About 30% of epilepsy patients are refractory to antiepileptic drug treatment. However, the underlying mechanism of oxidative damage in epilepsy needs further investigation. In our study, we first find that ubiquitin-specific peptidase 15 (USP15) expression was upregulated in a pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) kindled rat model of epilepsy. Silencing USP15 protected against glutamate-mediated neuronal cell death, and inhibited the high expression levels of cleaved caspase-3. Knockout of USP15 significantly reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in HT22 cells under the exposure to glutamate treatment. Furthermore, USP15 inhibition induced nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor2 (Nrf2) nuclear translocation and promoted protein expression level of heme oxygenase (HO-1). Taken together, our findings first reveal a role of USP15 in the pathogenesis of epilepsy, and silencing USP15 in vitro protects against glutamate-mediated cytotoxicity in HT22 cells. Pharmacological inhibition of USP15 may alleviate epileptic seizures via fighting against oxidative damage, providing a novel antiepileptic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Guanshui Bao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201999, China.
| | - Fangfang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201999, China
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Abstract
Epilepsy is frequently a severe and sinister symptom in primary mitochondrial diseases, a group of more than 350 different genetic disorders characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction and extreme clinical and biochemical heterogeneity. Mitochondrial epilepsy is notoriously difficult to manage, principally because the vast majority of primary mitochondrial diseases currently lack effective therapies. Treating the underlying mitochondrial disorder is likely to be a more effective strategy than using traditional antiepileptic drugs. This review, initially presented at the 7th London-Innsbruck Colloquium on Status Epilepticus and Acute Seizures at the Francis Crick Institute in London, summarizes the currently available and emerging therapies for mitochondrial epilepsy. Potentially treatable mitochondrial diseases include disorders of coenzyme Q10 biosynthesis and a group of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I subunit and assembly factor defects that respond to riboflavin (vitamin B2). Approaches that have been adopted in actively recruiting clinical trials include redox modulation, harnessing mitochondrial biogenesis, using rapamycin to target mitophagy, nucleoside supplementation, and gene and cell therapies. Most of the clinical trials are at an early stage (Phase 1 or 2) and none of the currently active trials is specifically targeting mitochondrial epilepsy. This article is part of the Special Issue "Proceedings of the 7th London-Innsbruck Colloquium on Status Epilepticus and Acute Seizures".
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Zhang Y, Zhang M, Zhu W, Yu J, Wang Q, Zhang J, Cui Y, Pan X, Gao X, Sun H. Succinate accumulation induces mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation and promotes status epilepticus in the kainic acid rat model. Redox Biol 2019; 28:101365. [PMID: 31707354 PMCID: PMC6854095 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Though succinate accumulation is associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and neuronal injury, which play critical roles in epilepsy, it is unclear whether succinate accumulation contributes to the onset of epilepsy or seizures. We sought to investigate changes in succinate, oxidative stress, and mito-SOX levels, as well as mitophagy and neuronal change, in different status epilepticus (SE) rat models. Our results demonstrate that KA-induced SE was accompanied by increased levels of succinate, oxidative stress, and mito-SOX, as well as mitophagy and neuronal degeneration. The similarly increased levels of succinate, oxidative stress, and mito-SOX were also found in pilocarpine-induced SE. Moreover, the reduction of succinate accumulation by the inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate/aspartate shuttle (MAS), or purine nucleotide cycle (PNC) served to reduce succinate, oxidative stress, and mito-SOX levels, thereby preventing oxidative stress-related neuronal damage and lessening seizure severity. Interestingly, simulating succinate accumulation with succinic acid dimethyl ester may induce succinate accumulation and increased oxidative stress and mito-SOX levels, as well as behavior and seizures in electroencephalograms similar to those observed in rats exposed to KA. Our results indicate that succinate accumulation may contribute to the increased oxidative stress/mitochondrial ROS levels, neuronal degeneration, and SE induced by KA administration. Furthermore, we found that succinate accumulation was mainly due to the inverse catalysis of SDH from fumarate, which was supplemented by the MAS and PNC pathways. These results reveal new insights into the mechanisms underlying SE and that reducing succinate accumulation may be a clinically useful therapeutic target in SE. KA- or pilocarpine-induced SE was accompanied by succinate accumulation. Succinate accumulation caused elevated ROS/mito-ROS levels and neuronal injury. Inverse catalysis of SDH from fumarate mainly caused succinate accumulation. Inhibiting succinate accumulation relieved oxidative stress level, neuronal injury, and seizure. Simulating succinate accumulation induced elevated oxidative stress level and seizure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Mengdi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250062, China
| | - Jie Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Qiaoyun Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Jinjin Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Yaru Cui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Xiaohong Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Xue Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Hongliu Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
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