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Jung M, Lee DH. Abundance and diversity of gut-symbiotic bacteria, the genus Burkholderia in overwintering Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae) populations and soil in South Korea. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218240. [PMID: 31194818 PMCID: PMC6563995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Riptortus pedestris is a major agricultural pest on leguminous plants in South Korea and Japan. Recent studies have revealed that R. pedestris can form beneficial symbiosis with bacteria belonging to genus Burkholderia acquired from soil newly for every generation. Although their physiological interactions are relatively well-understood, infection rate and abundance of the Burkholderia in overwintering natural populations of R. pedestris remain unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize Burkholderia infection ratio and clade composition of overwintering R. pedestris populations as well as prevalence and diversity of the genus Burkholderia in soil by conducting a two-year field survey. From the field survey, we found 29 overwintering R. pedestris adults in forested areas nearby soybean fields. Diagnostic PCR analysis revealed that overall infection rate of the symbiotic Burkholderia was 93.1% from overwintering adults. Among the Burkholderia-infected R. pedestris, 70.4% of individuals harbored unclassified Burkholderia clades whereas 22.2% and 7.4% of R. pedestris harbor stinkbug-associated beneficial and environmental (SBE) group and Burkholderia cepacia and complex (BCC), respectively. All R. pedestris were infected with a single clade of Burkholderia. In soil, 56.2% of soil samples were Burkholderia positive, and unlike R. pedestris, multiple Burkholderia clades were detected from 62.2% of those samples. Clade composition of the genus Burkholderia in the samples with the bacteria was 91.1%, 60.0%, 31.1% and 8.8% for plant-associated beneficial and environment (PBE), BCC, SBE and unclassified clade, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhyung Jung
- Department of Life Sciences, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Doo-Hyung Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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Ohbayashi T, Itoh H, Lachat J, Kikuchi Y, Mergaert P. Burkholderia Gut Symbionts Associated with European and Japanese Populations of the Dock Bug Coreus marginatus (Coreoidea: Coreidae). Microbes Environ 2019; 34:219-222. [PMID: 31167992 PMCID: PMC6594735 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me19011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects of the heteropteran superfamilies Coreoidea and Lygaeoidea are consistently associated with symbionts of a specific group of the genus Burkholderia, called the “stinkbug-associated beneficial and environmental (SBE)” group. The symbiosis is maintained by the environmental transmission of symbionts. We investigated European and Japanese populations of the dock bug Coreus marginatus (Coreoidea: Coreidae). High nymphal mortality in reared aposymbiotic insects suggested an obligate host-symbiont association in this species. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that all 173 individuals investigated were colonized by Burkholderia, which were further assigned to different subgroups of the SBE in a region-dependent pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Ohbayashi
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, UMR9198, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, CEA
| | - Hideomi Itoh
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hokkaido Center
| | - Joy Lachat
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, UMR9198, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, CEA
| | - Yoshitomo Kikuchi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hokkaido Center.,Computational Bio Big Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBDOIL), AIST, Hokkaido Center
| | - Peter Mergaert
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, UMR9198, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, CEA
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53
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Oishi S, Moriyama M, Koga R, Fukatsu T. Morphogenesis and development of midgut symbiotic organ of the stinkbug Plautia stali (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2019; 5:16. [PMID: 31164991 PMCID: PMC6544922 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-019-0134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diverse insects are intimately associated with microbial symbionts, which play a variety of biological roles in their adaptation to and survival in the natural environment. Such insects often possess specialized organs for hosting the microbial symbionts. What developmental processes and mechanisms underlie the formation of the host organs for microbial symbiosis is of fundamental biological interest but poorly understood. Here we investigate the morphogenesis of the midgut symbiotic organ and the process of symbiont colonization therein during the developmental course of the stinkbug Plautia stali. Upon hatching, the midgut is a simple and smooth tube. Subsequently, symbiont colonization to the posterior midgut occurs, and thickening and folding of the midgut epithelium proceed during the first instar period. By the second instar, rudimentary crypts have formed, and their inner cavities are colonized by the symbiotic bacteria. From the second instar to the fourth instar, while the alimentary tract grows and the posterior midgut is established as the symbiotic organ with numerous crypts, the anterior midgut and the posterior midgut are structurally and functionally isolated by a strong constriction in the middle. By the early fifth instar, the midgut symbiotic organ attains the maximal length, but toward the mid fifth instar, the basal region of each crypt starts to constrict and narrow, which deforms the midgut symbiotic organ as a whole into a shorter, thicker and twisted shape. By the late fifth instar to adulthood, the crypts are constricted off, by which the symbiotic bacteria are confined in the crypt cavities and isolated from the midgut main tract, and concurrently, the strong midgut constriction in the middle becomes loose and open, by which the food flow from the anterior midgut to the posterior midgut recovers. This study provides the most detailed and comprehensive descriptions ever reported on the morphogenesis of the symbiotic organ and the process of symbiont colonization in an obligatory insect-bacterium gut symbiotic system. Considering that P. stali is recently emerging as a useful model system for experimentally studying the intimate insect-microbe gut symbiosis, the knowledge obtained in this study establishes the foundation for the further development of this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayumi Oishi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8566 Japan
| | - Minoru Moriyama
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8566 Japan
- Computational Bio Big Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8566 Japan
| | - Ryuichi Koga
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8566 Japan
| | - Takema Fukatsu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8566 Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572 Japan
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54
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Forthman M, Miller CW, Kimball RT. Phylogenomic analysis suggests Coreidae and Alydidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) are not monophyletic. ZOOL SCR 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Forthman
- Entomology & Nematology Department University of Florida Gainesville Florida
| | - Christine W. Miller
- Entomology & Nematology Department University of Florida Gainesville Florida
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55
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Ohbayashi T, Futahashi R, Terashima M, Barrière Q, Lamouche F, Takeshita K, Meng XY, Mitani Y, Sone T, Shigenobu S, Fukatsu T, Mergaert P, Kikuchi Y. Comparative cytology, physiology and transcriptomics of Burkholderia insecticola in symbiosis with the bean bug Riptortus pedestris and in culture. ISME JOURNAL 2019; 13:1469-1483. [PMID: 30742016 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0361-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the symbiosis of the bean bug Riptortus pedestris with Burkholderia insecticola, the bacteria occupy an exclusive niche in the insect midgut and favor insect development and reproduction. In order to understand how the symbiotic bacteria stably colonize the midgut crypts and which services they provide to the host, we compared the cytology, physiology, and transcriptomics of free-living and midgut-colonizing B. insecticola. The analyses revealed that midgut-colonizing bacteria were smaller in size and had lower DNA content, they had increased stress sensitivity, lost motility, and an altered cell surface. Transcriptomics revealed what kinds of nutrients are provided by the bean bug to the Burkholderia symbiont. Transporters and metabolic pathways of diverse sugars such as rhamnose and ribose, and sulfur compounds like sulfate and taurine were upregulated in the midgut-colonizing symbionts. Moreover, pathways enabling the assimilation of insect nitrogen wastes, i.e. allantoin and urea, were also upregulated. The data further suggested that the midgut-colonizing symbionts produced all essential amino acids and B vitamins, some of which are scarce in the soybean food of the host insect. Together, these findings suggest that the Burkholderia symbiont is fed with specific nutrients and also recycles host metabolic wastes in the insect gut, and in return, the bacterial symbiont provides the host with essential nutrients limited in the insect food, contributing to the rapid growth and enhanced reproduction of the bean bug host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Ohbayashi
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, UMR9198, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryo Futahashi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mia Terashima
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Quentin Barrière
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, UMR9198, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Florian Lamouche
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, UMR9198, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Kazutaka Takeshita
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Xian-Ying Meng
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yasuo Mitani
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Teruo Sone
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- NIBB Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Takema Fukatsu
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Peter Mergaert
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, UMR9198, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Yoshitomo Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. .,Computational Bio Big Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), AIST, Sapporo, Japan. .,Bioproduction Research Institute, AIST, Sapporo, Japan.
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56
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Shu L, Brock DA, Geist KS, Miller JW, Queller DC, Strassmann JE, DiSalvo S. Symbiont location, host fitness, and possible coadaptation in a symbiosis between social amoebae and bacteria. eLife 2018; 7:e42660. [PMID: 30596477 PMCID: PMC6336404 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent symbioses, particularly facultative ones, are well suited for unravelling the evolutionary give and take between partners. Here we look at variation in natural isolates of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum and their relationships with bacterial symbionts, Burkholderia hayleyella and Burkholderia agricolaris. Only about a third of field-collected amoebae carry a symbiont. We cured and cross-infected amoebae hosts with different symbiont association histories and then compared host responses to each symbiont type. Before curing, field-collected clones did not vary significantly in overall fitness, but infected hosts produced morphologically different multicellular structures. After curing and reinfecting, host fitness declined. However, natural B. hayleyella hosts suffered fewer fitness costs when reinfected with B. hayleyella, indicating that they have evolved mechanisms to tolerate their symbiont. Our work suggests that amoebae hosts have evolved mechanisms to tolerate specific acquired symbionts; exploring host-symbiont relationships that vary within species may provide further insights into disease dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Shu
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and EngineeringSun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Department of BiologyWashington UniversitySt LouisUnited States
| | - Debra A Brock
- Department of BiologyWashington UniversitySt LouisUnited States
| | | | - Jacob W Miller
- Department of Biological SciencesSouthern Illinois UniversityEdwardsvilleUnited States
| | - David C Queller
- Department of BiologyWashington UniversitySt LouisUnited States
| | | | - Susanne DiSalvo
- Department of Biological SciencesSouthern Illinois UniversityEdwardsvilleUnited States
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57
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Telang A, Skinner J, Nemitz RZ, McClure AM. Metagenome and Culture-Based Methods Reveal Candidate Bacterial Mutualists in the Southern House Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:1170-1181. [PMID: 29668956 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are intensely studied as vectors of disease-causing pathogens, but we know relatively less about microbes that naturally reside in mosquitoes. Profiling resident bacteria in mosquitoes can help identify bacterial groups that can be exploited as a strategy of controlling mosquito populations. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing and traditional culture-based methods were used to identify bacterial assemblages in Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) in a tissue- and stage-specific design. In parallel, wild host Cx. quinquefasciatus was compared with our domestic strain. 16S rRNA genes survey finds that Cx. quinquefasciatus has taxonomically restricted bacterial communities, with 90% of its bacterial microbiota composed of eight distinctive bacterial groups: Nocardioidaceae (Actinomycetales), Microbacteriaceae (Actinomycetales), Flavobacteriaceae, Rhizobiales, Acetobacteraceae, Rickettsiaceae, Comamondaceae (Burkholderiales), and Enterobacteriaceae. Taking into account both metagenome- and culture-based methods, we suggest three bacterial groups, Acetobacteraceae, Flavobacteriaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae, as candidates for mutualists in Cx. quinquefasciatus. Members of these three bacterial families have been studied as mutualists, or even as symbionts, in other insect groups, so it is quite possible they play similar roles in mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Telang
- Biology Program, University of South Florida Sarasota-Manatee, Sarasota, FL
| | - Jessica Skinner
- Biology Program, University of South Florida Sarasota-Manatee, Sarasota, FL
| | - Robert Z Nemitz
- Biology Program, University of South Florida Sarasota-Manatee, Sarasota, FL
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58
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Koehler S, Gaedeke R, Thompson C, Bongrand C, Visick K, Ruby E, McFall-Ngai M. The model squid-vibrio symbiosis provides a window into the impact of strain- and species-level differences during the initial stages of symbiont engagement. Environ Microbiol 2018; 21:10.1111/1462-2920.14392. [PMID: 30136358 PMCID: PMC6386636 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Among horizontally acquired symbioses, the mechanisms underlying microbial strain- and species-level specificity remain poorly understood. Here, confocal-microscopy analyses and genetic manipulation of the squid-vibrio association revealed quantitative differences in a symbiont's capacity to interact with the host during initial engagement. Specifically, dominant strains of Vibrio fischeri, 'D-type', previously named for their dominant, single-strain colonization of the squid's bioluminescent organ, were compared with 'S-type', or 'sharing', strains, which can co-colonize the organ. These D-type strains typically: (i) formed aggregations of 100s-1000s of cells on the light-organ surface, up to 3 orders of magnitude larger than those of S-type strains; (ii) showed dominance in co-aggregation experiments, independent of inoculum size or strain proportion; (iii) perturbed larger areas of the organ's ciliated surface; and, (iv) appeared at the pore of the organ approximately 4×s more quickly than S-type strains. At least in part, genes responsible for biofilm synthesis control the hyperaggregation phenotype of a D-type strain. Other marine vibrios produced relatively small aggregations, while an array of marine Gram-positive and -negative species outside of the Vibrionaceae did not attach to the organ's surface. These studies provide insight into the impact of strain variation on early events leading to establishment of an environmentally acquired symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Koehler
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Roxane Gaedeke
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Cecilia Thompson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Clotilde Bongrand
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Karen Visick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Edward Ruby
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Margaret McFall-Ngai
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
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59
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Burkholderia insecticola sp. nov., a gut symbiotic bacterium of the bean bug Riptortus pedestris. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2018; 68:2370-2374. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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60
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Abstract
In this review, we explore the state-of-the-art of sand fly relationships with microbiota, viruses and Leishmania, with particular emphasis on the vector immune responses. Insect-borne diseases are a major public health problem in the world. Phlebotomine sand flies are proven vectors of several aetiological agents including viruses, bacteria and the trypanosomatid Leishmania, which are responsible for diseases such as viral encephalitis, bartonellosis and leishmaniasis, respectively. All metazoans in nature coexist intimately with a community of commensal microorganisms known as microbiota. The microbiota has a fundamental role in the induction, maturation and function of the host immune system, which can modulate host protection from pathogens and infectious diseases. We briefly review viruses of public health importance present in sand flies and revisit studies done on bacterial and fungal gut contents of these vectors. We bring this information into the context of sand fly development and immune responses. We highlight the immunity mechanisms that the insect utilizes to survive the potential threats involved in these interactions and discuss the recently discovered complex interactions among microbiota, sand fly, Leishmania and virus. Additionally, some of the alternative control strategies that could benefit from the current knowledge are considered.
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61
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Abstract
Cicadas are dependent on the essential bacterial symbionts Sulcia and Hodgkinia. The symbiont genomes are extremely streamlined for provisioning of essential amino acids and other nutrients. In some cicada lineages, Hodgkinia genomes are fragmented into numerous minicircles, which may represent a critical stage of genomic erosion close to collapse. What would happen subsequently? Our survey of the Japanese cicada diversity revealed that while Sulcia is conserved among all species, the majority of them have lost Hodgkinia and instead harbor yeast-like fungal associates. The fungal symbionts are phylogenetically intermingled with cicada-parasitizing Ophiocordyceps fungi, indicating recurrent symbiont replacements by entomopathogens in cicadas and providing insights into the mechanisms underlying the parasitism-symbiosis evolutionary continuum, compensation of symbiont genome erosion, and diversification of host-symbiont associations. Diverse insects are associated with ancient bacterial symbionts, whose genomes have often suffered drastic reduction and degeneration. In extreme cases, such symbiont genomes seem almost unable to sustain the basic cellular functioning, which comprises an open question in the evolution of symbiosis. Here, we report an insect group wherein an ancient symbiont lineage suffering massive genome erosion has experienced recurrent extinction and replacement by host-associated pathogenic microbes. Cicadas are associated with the ancient bacterial co-obligate symbionts Sulcia and Hodgkinia, whose streamlined genomes are specialized for synthesizing essential amino acids, thereby enabling the host to live on plant sap. However, our inspection of 24 Japanese cicada species revealed that while all species possessed Sulcia, only nine species retained Hodgkinia, and their genomes exhibited substantial structural instability. The remaining 15 species lacked Hodgkinia and instead harbored yeast-like fungal symbionts. Detailed phylogenetic analyses uncovered repeated Hodgkinia-fungus and fungus-fungus replacements in cicadas. The fungal symbionts were phylogenetically intermingled with cicada-parasitizing Ophiocordyceps fungi, identifying entomopathogenic origins of the fungal symbionts. Most fungal symbionts of cicadas were uncultivable, but the fungal symbiont of Meimuna opalifera was cultivable, possibly because it is at an early stage of fungal symbiont replacement. Genome sequencing of the fungal symbiont revealed its metabolic versatility, presumably capable of synthesizing almost all amino acids, vitamins, and other metabolites, which is more than sufficient to compensate for the Hodgkinia loss. These findings highlight a straightforward ecological and evolutionary connection between parasitism and symbiosis, which may provide an evolutionary trajectory to renovate deteriorated ancient symbiosis via pathogen domestication.
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62
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Boucias DG, Zhou Y, Huang S, Keyhani NO. Microbiota in insect fungal pathology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:5873-5888. [PMID: 29802479 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9089-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in the biochemical and genetic characterization of the host-pathogen interaction mediated by insect pathogenic fungi, with the most widely studied being the Ascomycetes (Hypocrealean) fungi, Metarhizium robertsii and Beauveria bassiana. However, few studies have examined the consequences and effects of host (insect) microbes, whether compatible or antagonistic, on the development and survival of entomopathogenic fungi. Host microbes can act on the insect cuticular surface, within the gut, in specialized insect microbe hosting structures, and within cells, and they include a wide array of facultative and/or obligate exosymbionts and endosymbionts. The insect microbiome differs across developmental stages and in response to nutrition (e.g., different plant hosts for herbivores) and environmental conditions, including exposure to chemical insecticides. Here, we review recent advances indicating that insect-pathogenic fungi have evolved a spectrum of strategies for exploiting or suppressing host microbes, including the production of antimicrobial compounds that are expressed at discrete stages of the infection process. Conversely, there is increasing evidence that some insects have acquired microbes that may be specialized in the production of antifungal compounds to combat infection by (entomopathogenic) fungi. Consideration of the insect microbiome in fungal insect pathology represents a new frontier that can help explain previously obscure ecological and pathological aspects of the biology of entomopathogenic fungi. Such information may lead to novel approaches to improving the efficacy of these organisms in pest control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drion G Boucias
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Shuaishuai Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Nemat O Keyhani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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63
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Itoh H, Hori T, Sato Y, Nagayama A, Tago K, Hayatsu M, Kikuchi Y. Infection dynamics of insecticide-degrading symbionts from soil to insects in response to insecticide spraying. THE ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:909-920. [PMID: 29343832 PMCID: PMC5864243 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-017-0021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance is a serious concern in modern agriculture, and an understanding of the underlying evolutionary processes is pivotal to prevent the problem. The bean bug Riptortus pedestris, a notorious pest of leguminous crops, acquires a specific Burkholderia symbiont from the environment every generation, and harbors the symbiont in the midgut crypts. The symbiont's natural role is to promote insect development but the insect host can also obtain resistance against the insecticide fenitrothion (MEP) by acquiring MEP-degrading Burkholderia from the environment. To understand the developing process of the symbiont-mediated MEP resistance in response to the application of the insecticide, we investigated here in parallel the soil bacterial dynamics and the infected gut symbionts under different MEP-spraying conditions by culture-dependent and culture-independent analyses, in conjunction with stinkbug rearing experiments. We demonstrate that MEP application did not affect the total bacterial soil population but significantly decreased its diversity while it dramatically increased the proportion of MEP-degrading bacteria, mostly Burkholderia. Moreover, we found that the infection of stinkbug hosts with MEP-degrading Burkholderia is highly specific and efficient, and is established after only a few times of insecticide spraying at least in a field soil with spraying history, suggesting that insecticide resistance could evolve in a pest bug population more quickly than was thought before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideomi Itoh
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Hori
- Environmental Management Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuya Sato
- Environmental Management Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nagayama
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Okinawa Prefecture Government Office, Naha, Japan
| | - Kanako Tago
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masahito Hayatsu
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Kikuchi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo, Japan.
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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64
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Panfilio KA, Angelini DR. By land, air, and sea: hemipteran diversity through the genomic lens. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 25:106-115. [PMID: 29602356 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Thanks to a recent spate of sequencing projects, the Hemiptera are the first hemimetabolous insect order to achieve a critical mass of species with sequenced genomes, establishing the basis for comparative genomics of the bugs. However, as the most speciose hemimetabolous order, there is still a vast swathe of the hemipteran phylogeny that awaits genomic representation across subterranean, terrestrial, and aquatic habitats, and with lineage-specific and developmentally plastic cases of both wing polyphenisms and flightlessness. In this review, we highlight opportunities for taxonomic sampling beyond obvious pest species candidates, motivated by intriguing biological features of certain groups as well as the rich research tradition of ecological, physiological, developmental, and particularly cytogenetic investigation that spans the diversity of the Hemiptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Panfilio
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Institute of Zoology: Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - David R Angelini
- Department of Biology, Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901, United States
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Letarov AV, Kulikov EE. Adsorption of bacteriophages on bacterial cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917130053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Park KE, Jang SH, Lee J, Lee SA, Kikuchi Y, Seo YS, Lee BL. The roles of antimicrobial peptide, rip-thanatin, in the midgut of Riptortus pedestris. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 78:83-90. [PMID: 28919360 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we have reported the structural determination of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), such as riptocin, rip-defensin, and rip-thanatin, from Riptortus pedestris. However, the biological roles of AMPs in the host midgut remain elusive. Here, we compared the expression levels of AMP genes in apo-symbiotic insects with those of symbiotic insects. Interestingly, the expression level of rip-thanatin was only significantly increased in the posterior midgut region of symbiotic insects. To further determine the role of rip-thanatin, we checked antimicrobial activity in vitro. Rip-thanatin showed high antimicrobial activity and had the same structural characteristics as other reported thanatins. To find the novel function of rip-thanatin, rip-thanatin was silenced by RNA interference, and the population of gut symbionts was measured. When rip-thanatin was silenced, the symbionts' titer was increased upon bacterial infection. These results suggest that rip-thanatin functions not only as an antimicrobial peptide but also in controlling the symbionts' titer in the host midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Eun Park
- Global Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Seong Han Jang
- Global Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Junbeom Lee
- Global Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Seung Ah Lee
- Global Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Yoshitomo Kikuchi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hokkaido Center, Sapporo, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Young-Su Seo
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Bok Luel Lee
- Global Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea.
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Itoh H, Tago K, Hayatsu M, Kikuchi Y. Detoxifying symbiosis: microbe-mediated detoxification of phytotoxins and pesticides in insects. Nat Prod Rep 2018; 35:434-454. [DOI: 10.1039/c7np00051k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Symbiotic microorganisms degrade natural and artificial toxic compounds, and confer toxin resistance on insect hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideomi Itoh
- Bioproduction Research Institute
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Hokkaido
- Sapporo 062-8517
- Japan
| | - Kanako Tago
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)
- Tsukuba 305-8604
- Japan
| | - Masahito Hayatsu
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)
- Tsukuba 305-8604
- Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Kikuchi
- Bioproduction Research Institute
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Hokkaido
- Sapporo 062-8517
- Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture
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Unforeseen swimming and gliding mode of an insect gut symbiont, Burkholderia sp. RPE64, with wrapping of the flagella around its cell body. ISME JOURNAL 2017; 12:838-848. [PMID: 29269839 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-017-0010-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A bean bug symbiont, Burkholderia sp. RPE64, selectively colonizes the gut crypts by flagella-mediated motility: however, the mechanism for this colonization remains unclear. Here, to obtain clues to this mechanism, we characterized the swimming motility of the Burkholderia symbiont under an advanced optical microscope. High-speed imaging of cells enabled the detection of turn events with up to 5-ms temporal resolution, indicating that cells showed reversal motions (θ ~ 180°) with rapid changes in speed by a factor of 3.6. Remarkably, staining of the flagellar filaments with a fluorescent dye Cy3 revealed that the flagellar filaments wrap around the cell body with a motion like that of a ribbon streamer in rhythmic gymnastics. A motility assay with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy revealed that the left-handed flagellum wound around the cell body and propelled it forward by its clockwise rotation. We also detected periodic-fluorescent signals of flagella on the glass surface, suggesting that flagella possibly contacted the solid surface directly and produced a gliding-like motion driven by flagellar rotation. Finally, the wrapping motion was also observed in a symbiotic bacterium of the bobtail squid, Aliivibrio fischeri, suggesting that this motility mode may contribute to migration on the mucus-filled narrow passage connecting to the symbiotic organ.
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PhaR, a Negative Regulator of PhaP, Modulates the Colonization of a Burkholderia Gut Symbiont in the Midgut of the Host Insect, Riptortus pedestris. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.00459-17. [PMID: 28341680 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00459-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Five genes encoding PhaP family proteins and one phaR gene have been identified in the genome of Burkholderia symbiont strain RPE75. PhaP proteins function as the surface proteins of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) granules, and the PhaR protein acts as a negative regulator of PhaP biosynthesis. Recently, we characterized one phaP gene to understand the molecular cross talk between Riptortus insects and Burkholderia gut symbionts. In this study, we constructed four other phaP gene-depleted mutants (ΔphaP1, ΔphaP2, ΔphaP3, and ΔphaP4 mutants), one phaR gene-depleted mutant, and a phaR-complemented mutant (ΔphaR/phaR mutant). To address the biological roles of four phaP family genes and the phaR gene during insect-gut symbiont interaction, these Burkholderia mutants were fed to the second-instar nymphs, and colonization ability and fitness parameters were examined. In vitro, the ΔphaP3 and ΔphaR mutants cannot make a PHA granule normally in a stressful environment. Furthermore, the ΔphaR mutation decreased the colonization ability in the host midgut and negatively affected the host insect's fitness compared with wild-type Burkholderia-infected insects. However, other phaP family gene-depleted mutants colonized well in the midgut of the fifth-instar nymph insects. However, in the case of females, the colonization rate of the ΔphaP3 mutant was decreased and the host's fitness parameters were decreased compared with the wild-type-infected host, suggesting that the environment of the female midgut may be more hostile than that of the male midgut. These results demonstrate that PhaR plays an important role in the biosynthesis of PHA granules and that it is significantly related to the colonization of the Burkholderia gut symbiont in the host insects' midgut.IMPORTANCE Bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biosynthesis is a complex process requiring several enzymes. The biological roles of PHA granule synthesis enzymes and the surface proteins of PHA granules during host-gut symbiont interactions are not fully understood. Here, we report the effects on colonization ability in the host midguts and the fitness of host insects after feeding Burkholderia mutant cells (four phaP-depleted mutants and one phaR-depleted mutant) to the host insects. Analyses of both synthesized PHA granule amounts and CFU numbers suggest that the phaR gene is closely related to synthesis of the PHA granule and the colonization of the Burkholderia gut symbiont in the host insect's midgut. Like our previous report, this study also supports the idea that the environment of the host midgut may not be favorable to symbiotic Burkholderia cells and that PHA granules may be required to adapt in the host midgut.
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