51
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GATA2/3-TFAP2A/C transcription factor network couples human pluripotent stem cell differentiation to trophectoderm with repression of pluripotency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E9579-E9588. [PMID: 29078328 PMCID: PMC5692555 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708341114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the molecular basis of BMP4-induced differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) toward progeny with trophectoderm characteristics, we produced transcriptome, epigenome H3K4me3, H3K27me3, and CpG methylation maps of trophoblast progenitors, purified using the surface marker APA. We combined them with the temporally resolved transcriptome of the preprogenitor phase and of single APA+ cells. This revealed a circuit of bivalent TFAP2A, TFAP2C, GATA2, and GATA3 transcription factors, coined collectively the "trophectoderm four" (TEtra), which are also present in human trophectoderm in vivo. At the onset of differentiation, the TEtra factors occupy multiple sites in epigenetically inactive placental genes and in OCT4 Functional manipulation of GATA3 and TFAP2A indicated that they directly couple trophoblast-specific gene induction with suppression of pluripotency. In accordance, knocking down GATA3 in primate embryos resulted in a failure to form trophectoderm. The discovery of the TEtra circuit indicates how trophectoderm commitment is regulated in human embryogenesis.
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52
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Jaber M, Sebban S, Buganim Y. Acquisition of the pluripotent and trophectoderm states in the embryo and during somatic nuclear reprogramming. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 46:37-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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53
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Miura S, Suzuki A. Generation of Mouse and Human Organoid-Forming Intestinal Progenitor Cells by Direct Lineage Reprogramming. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 21:456-471.e5. [PMID: 28943029 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal organoids hold great promise as a valuable tool for studying and treating intestinal diseases. The currently available sources of human intestinal organoids, tissue fragments or pluripotent stem cells, involve invasive procedures or complex differentiation protocols, respectively. Here, we show that a set of four transcription factors, Hnf4α, Foxa3, Gata6, and Cdx2, can directly reprogram mouse fibroblasts to acquire the identity of fetal intestine-derived progenitor cells (FIPCs). These induced FIPCs (iFIPCs) form spherical organoids that develop into adult-type budding organoids containing cells with intestinal stem cell properties. The resulting stem cells produce all intestinal epithelial cell lineages and undergo self-renewing cell divisions. After transplantation, the induced spherical and budding organoids can reconstitute colonic and intestinal epithelia, respectively. The same combination of four defined transcription factors can also induce human iFIPCs. This alternative approach for producing intestinal organoids may well facilitate application for disease analysis and therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuka Miura
- Division of Organogenesis and Regeneration, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Atsushi Suzuki
- Division of Organogenesis and Regeneration, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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54
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Home P, Kumar RP, Ganguly A, Saha B, Milano-Foster J, Bhattacharya B, Ray S, Gunewardena S, Paul A, Camper SA, Fields PE, Paul S. Genetic redundancy of GATA factors in the extraembryonic trophoblast lineage ensures the progression of preimplantation and postimplantation mammalian development. Development 2017; 144:876-888. [PMID: 28232602 PMCID: PMC5374352 DOI: 10.1242/dev.145318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
GATA transcription factors are implicated in establishing cell fate during mammalian development. In early mammalian embryos, GATA3 is selectively expressed in the extraembryonic trophoblast lineage and regulates gene expression to promote trophoblast fate. However, trophoblast-specific GATA3 function is dispensable for early mammalian development. Here, using dual conditional knockout mice, we show that genetic redundancy of Gata3 with paralog Gata2 in trophoblast progenitors ensures the successful progression of both pre- and postimplantation mammalian development. Stage-specific gene deletion in trophoblasts reveals that loss of both GATA genes, but not either alone, leads to embryonic lethality prior to the onset of their expression within the embryo proper. Using ChIP-seq and RNA-seq analyses, we define the global targets of GATA2/GATA3 and show that they directly regulate a large number of common genes to orchestrate stem versus differentiated trophoblast fate. In trophoblast progenitors, GATA factors directly regulate BMP4, Nodal and Wnt signaling components that promote embryonic-extraembryonic signaling cross-talk, which is essential for the development of the embryo proper. Our study provides genetic evidence that impairment of trophoblast-specific GATA2/GATA3 function could lead to early pregnancy failure. Summary: During trophoblast development in mice, GATA2 and GATA3 act synergistically by directly regulating a large number of common genes, and together are important to ensure trophoblast lineage progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Home
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Ram Parikshan Kumar
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Avishek Ganguly
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Biswarup Saha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Jessica Milano-Foster
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Bhaswati Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Soma Ray
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Sumedha Gunewardena
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Arindam Paul
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Sally A Camper
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Patrick E Fields
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Soumen Paul
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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55
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Latos PA, Hemberger M. From the stem of the placental tree: trophoblast stem cells and their progeny. Development 2017; 143:3650-3660. [PMID: 27802134 DOI: 10.1242/dev.133462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) retain the capacity to self-renew indefinitely and harbour the potential to differentiate into all trophoblast subtypes of the placenta. Recent studies have shown how signalling cascades integrate with transcription factor circuits to govern the fine balance between TSC self-renewal and differentiation. In addition, breakthroughs in reprogramming strategies have enabled the generation of TSCs from fibroblasts, opening up exciting new avenues that may allow the isolation of this stem cell type from other species, notably humans. Here, we review these recent advances in light of their importance for understanding placental pathologies and developing personalised medicine approaches for pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Anna Latos
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.,Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Myriam Hemberger
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK .,Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
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56
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Paul S, Home P, Bhattacharya B, Ray S. GATA factors: Master regulators of gene expression in trophoblast progenitors. Placenta 2017; 60 Suppl 1:S61-S66. [PMID: 28526138 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian reproduction is critically dependent on trophoblast cells, which ensure embryo implantation and placentation. Development of trophoblast cell lineages is a multi-step process and relies upon proper spatial and temporal gene expression, which is regulated by multiple transcription factors. However, most of the transcription factors that are implicated in trophoblast development regulate gene expression at a specific developmental stage or in a specific trophoblast subtype. In contrast, recent studies from our group and other laboratories indicate that conserved GATA family of transcription factors, GATA2 and GATA3, are important to regulate gene expression at multiple stages of trophoblast development. Furthermore, our conditional gene deletion studies revealed that functional redundancy of GATA2 and GATA3 ensures both self-renewal of trophoblast stem and progenitor cells and their differentiation to trophoblast cells of a matured placenta. Together these findings indicate that GATA2/GATA3 are the master orchestrators of gene expression in trophoblast cells and they fine tune gene regulatory network to establish distinct trophoblast cell types during placentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Paul
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Pratik Home
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Bhaswati Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Soma Ray
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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57
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Talbot NC, Sparks WO, Phillips CE, Ealy AD, Powell AM, Caperna TJ, Garrett WM, Donovan DM, Blomberg LA. Bovine trophectoderm cells induced from bovine fibroblasts with induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming factors. Mol Reprod Dev 2017; 84:468-485. [PMID: 28332752 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen independent induced bovine trophectroderm (iBT) cell lines were established by reprogramming bovine fetal liver-derived fibroblasts after viral-vector transduction with either six or eight factors, including POU5F1 (OCT4), KLF4, SOX2, MYC, NANOG, LIN28, SV40 large T antigen, and hTERT. Light- and electron-microscopy analysis showed that the iBT cells had epithelial cell morphology typical of bovine trophectoderm cells. Reverse-transcription-PCR assays indicated that all of the cell lines expressed interferon-tau (IFNT) at passages 1 or 2. At later passages (≥ passage 8), however, immunoblot and antiviral activity assays revealed that more than half of the iBT cell lines had stopped expressing IFNT. Messenger RNAs specific to trophectoderm differentiation and function were found in the iBT cell lines, and 2-dimensional-gel analysis for cellular proteins showed an expression pattern similar to that of trophectoderm cell lines derived from bovine blastocysts. Integration of some of the human reprogramming factors, including POU5F1, KLF4, SOX2, MYC, NANOG, and LIN28, were detected by PCR, but their transcription was mostly absent in the iBT cell lines. Gene expression assessment of endogenous bovine reprogramming factor orthologs revealed endogenous bLIN28 and bMYC transcripts in all; bSOX2 and bNANOG in none; and bKLF4 and bPOU5F1 in less than half of the iBT cell lines. These results demonstrate that bovine trophectoderm can be induced via reprogramming factor expression from bovine liver-derived fibroblasts, although other fibroblast populations-e.g., derived from fetal thigh tissue-may produce similar results, albeit at lower frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil C Talbot
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Wendy O Sparks
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Caitlin E Phillips
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Alan D Ealy
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Anne M Powell
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Thomas J Caperna
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Wesley M Garrett
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - David M Donovan
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Le Ann Blomberg
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland
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58
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Choi YJ, Lin CP, Risso D, Chen S, Kim TA, Tan MH, Li JB, Wu Y, Chen C, Xuan Z, Macfarlan T, Peng W, Lloyd KCK, Kim SY, Speed TP, He L. Deficiency of microRNA miR-34a expands cell fate potential in pluripotent stem cells. Science 2017; 355:science.aag1927. [PMID: 28082412 DOI: 10.1126/science.aag1927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) efficiently generate all embryonic cell lineages but rarely generate extraembryonic cell types. We found that microRNA miR-34a deficiency expands the developmental potential of mouse pluripotent stem cells, yielding both embryonic and extraembryonic lineages and strongly inducing MuERV-L (MERVL) endogenous retroviruses, similar to what is seen with features of totipotent two-cell blastomeres. miR-34a restricts the acquisition of expanded cell fate potential in pluripotent stem cells, and it represses MERVL expression through transcriptional regulation, at least in part by targeting the transcription factor Gata2. Our studies reveal a complex molecular network that defines and restricts pluripotent developmental potential in cultured ESCs and iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jin Choi
- Division of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94705, USA
| | - Chao-Po Lin
- Division of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94705, USA.
| | - Davide Risso
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sean Chen
- Division of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94705, USA
| | - Thomas Aquinas Kim
- Division of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94705, USA
| | - Meng How Tan
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jin Billy Li
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yalei Wu
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 180 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Caifu Chen
- Integrated DNA Technologies, 200 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Zhenyu Xuan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Todd Macfarlan
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Weiqun Peng
- Department of Physics, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - K C Kent Lloyd
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sang Yong Kim
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Terence P Speed
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.,Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Lin He
- Division of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94705, USA.
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59
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Chang CW, Parast MM. Human trophoblast stem cells: Real or not real? Placenta 2017; 60 Suppl 1:S57-S60. [PMID: 28087122 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal trophoblast differentiation is the root cause of many placenta-based pregnancy complications, including preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction. Human trophoblast differentiation is difficult to study due to the lack of a stem cell model. Such a multipotent "trophoblast stem" (TS) cell, with the ability to differentiate into all trophoblast subtypes, has been derived from mouse blastocysts, but attempts to derive similar human cells have failed. We consider here several possibilities for the TS cell niche in the human placenta. Aside from discussion of such a niche in the pre-implantation blastocyst, we discuss evidence for these TS cells residing in the post-implantation villous cytotrophoblast layer, or even in the non-trophoblast portions, of the human placenta. It is our hope that recognition of the niche would lead to successful derivation and in vitro establishment of such cells, which could then be disseminated widely to the placental biology community for advancing the field. Availability of self-renewing human TS cells, whose gene expression and environment could be manipulated, will provide a platform, not just for the study of pathophysiology of placental disease, but also for the discovery of diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for common pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wen Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mana M Parast
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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60
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61
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Winterhager E. Direct conversion of fibroblasts traces the way back to our first organ-the placenta. Stem Cell Investig 2016; 3:45. [PMID: 27777934 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2016.08.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elke Winterhager
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Imaging Center Essen, University Hospital Essen, Germany
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62
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Abstract
Trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) are derived from the early mouse embryo and can substantially contribute to placental development. Two studies by Kubaczka et al. (2015) and Benchetrit et al. (2015) in this issue of Cell Stem Cell now report reprogramming mouse fibroblasts into TSCs, surmounting the first lineage barrier established in development and providing new tools for researching placental specification and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Parenti
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Amy Ralston
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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63
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Yang Y, Parker GC, Puscheck EE, Rappolee DA. Direct reprogramming to multipotent trophoblast stem cells, and is pluripotency needed for regenerative medicine either? Stem Cell Investig 2016; 3:24. [PMID: 27487747 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2016.06.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- 1 CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Ob/Gyn, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, 2 Department of Physiology, 3 Department of Pediatrics and Children's Hospital of Michigan, 4 Institutes for Environmental Health Science, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA ; 5 Department of Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Graham C Parker
- 1 CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Ob/Gyn, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, 2 Department of Physiology, 3 Department of Pediatrics and Children's Hospital of Michigan, 4 Institutes for Environmental Health Science, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA ; 5 Department of Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Elizabeth E Puscheck
- 1 CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Ob/Gyn, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, 2 Department of Physiology, 3 Department of Pediatrics and Children's Hospital of Michigan, 4 Institutes for Environmental Health Science, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA ; 5 Department of Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Daniel A Rappolee
- 1 CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Ob/Gyn, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, 2 Department of Physiology, 3 Department of Pediatrics and Children's Hospital of Michigan, 4 Institutes for Environmental Health Science, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA ; 5 Department of Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
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64
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Kubaczka C, Schorle H. Protocol for the Direct Conversion of Murine Embryonic Fibroblasts into Trophoblast Stem Cells. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27500445 DOI: 10.3791/54277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) arise as a consequence of the first cell fate decision in mammalian development. They can be cultured in vitro, retaining the ability to self-renew and to differentiate into all subtypes of the trophoblast lineage, equivalent to the in vivo stem cell population giving rise to the fetal portion of the placenta. Therefore, TSCs offer a unique model to study placental development and embryonic versus extra-embryonic cell fate decision in vitro. From the blastocyst stage onwards, a distinct epigenetic barrier consisting of DNA methylation and histone modifications tightly separates both lineages. Here, we describe a protocol to fully overcome this lineage barrier by transient over-expression of trophoblast key regulators Tfap2c, Gata3, Eomes and Ets2 in murine embryonic fibroblasts. The induced trophoblast stem cells are able to self-renew and are almost identical to blastocyst derived trophoblast stem cells in terms of morphology, marker gene expression and methylation pattern. Functional in vitro and in vivo assays confirm that these cells are able to differentiate along the trophoblast lineage generating polyploid trophoblast giant cells and chimerizing the placenta when injected into blastocysts. The induction of trophoblast stem cells from somatic tissue opens new avenues to study genetic and epigenetic characteristics of this extra-embryonic lineage and offers the possibility to generate trophoblast stem cell lines without destroying the respective embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Kubaczka
- Department of Developmental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn Medical School
| | - Hubert Schorle
- Department of Developmental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn Medical School;
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65
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Rayon T, Menchero S, Rollán I, Ors I, Helness A, Crespo M, Nieto A, Azuara V, Rossant J, Manzanares M. Distinct mechanisms regulate Cdx2 expression in the blastocyst and in trophoblast stem cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27139. [PMID: 27256674 PMCID: PMC4891713 DOI: 10.1038/srep27139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The first intercellular differences during mammalian embryogenesis arise in the blastocyst, producing the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm. The trophectoderm is the first extraembryonic tissue and does not contribute to the embryo proper, its differentiation instead forming tissues that sustain embryonic development. Crucial roles in extraembryonic differentiation have been identified for certain transcription factors, but a comprehensive picture of the regulation of this early specification is still lacking. Here, we investigated whether the regulatory mechanisms involved in Cdx2 expression in the blastocyst are also utilized in the postimplantation embryo. We analyzed an enhancer that is regulated through Hippo and Notch in the blastocyst trophectoderm, unexpectedly finding that it is inactive in the extraembryonic structures at postimplantation stages. Further analysis identified other Cdx2 regulatory elements including a stem-cell specific regulatory sequence and an element that drives reporter expression in the trophectoderm, a subset of cells in the extraembryonic region of the postimplantation embryo and in trophoblast stem cells. The cross-comparison in this study of cis-regulatory elements employed in the blastocyst, stem cell populations and the postimplantation embryo provides new insights into early mammalian development and suggests a two-step mechanism in Cdx2 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rayon
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Menchero
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Rollán
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Ors
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anne Helness
- Epigenetics and Development Group; Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology; Faculty of Medicine; Imperial College London; London, W12 ONN UK
| | - Miguel Crespo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andres Nieto
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Véronique Azuara
- Epigenetics and Development Group; Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology; Faculty of Medicine; Imperial College London; London, W12 ONN UK
| | - Janet Rossant
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Miguel Manzanares
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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66
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Garg V, Morgani S, Hadjantonakis AK. Capturing Identity and Fate Ex Vivo: Stem Cells from the Mouse Blastocyst. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 120:361-400. [PMID: 27475857 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During mouse preimplantation development, three molecularly, morphologically, and spatially distinct lineages are formed, the embryonic epiblast, the extraembryonic primitive endoderm, and the trophectoderm. Stem cell lines representing each of these lineages have now been derived and can be indefinitely maintained and expanded in culture, providing an unlimited source of material to study the interplay of tissue-specific transcription factors and signaling pathways involved in these fundamental cell fate decisions. Here we outline our current understanding of the derivation, maintenance, and properties of these in vitro stem cell models representing the preimplantation embryonic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Garg
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, United States
| | - S Morgani
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - A-K Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, United States.
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67
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Bustin SA. Improving the reliability of peer-reviewed publications: We are all in it together. BIOMOLECULAR DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION 2016; 7:A1-5. [PMID: 27077047 PMCID: PMC4827640 DOI: 10.1016/j.bdq.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The current, and welcome, focus on standardization of techniques and transparency of reporting in the biomedical, peer-reviewed literature is commendable. However, that focus has been intermittent as well as lacklustre and so failed to tackle the alarming lack of reliability and reproducibly of biomedical research. Authors have access to numerous recommendations, ranging from simple standards dealing with technical issues to those regulating clinical trials, suggesting that improved reporting guidelines are not the solution. The elemental solution is for editors to require meticulous implementation of their journals' instructions for authors and reviewers and stipulate that no paper is published without a transparent, complete and accurate materials and methods section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Bustin
- Faculty of Medical Science, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford CM1 1SQ, UK
- The Gene Team Ltd., UK
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68
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Takaku M, Grimm SA, Shimbo T, Perera L, Menafra R, Stunnenberg HG, Archer TK, Machida S, Kurumizaka H, Wade PA. GATA3-dependent cellular reprogramming requires activation-domain dependent recruitment of a chromatin remodeler. Genome Biol 2016; 17:36. [PMID: 26922637 PMCID: PMC4769547 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-0897-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transcription factor-dependent cellular reprogramming is integral to normal development and is central to production of induced pluripotent stem cells. This process typically requires pioneer transcription factors (TFs) to induce de novo formation of enhancers at previously closed chromatin. Mechanistic information on this process is currently sparse. Results Here we explore the mechanistic basis by which GATA3 functions as a pioneer TF in a cellular reprogramming event relevant to breast cancer, the mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET). In some instances, GATA3 binds previously inaccessible chromatin, characterized by stable, positioned nucleosomes where it induces nucleosome eviction, alters local histone modifications, and remodels local chromatin architecture. At other loci, GATA3 binding induces nucleosome sliding without concomitant generation of accessible chromatin. Deletion of the transactivation domain retains the chromatin binding ability of GATA3 but cripples chromatin reprogramming ability, resulting in failure to induce MET. Conclusions These data provide mechanistic insights into GATA3-mediated chromatin reprogramming during MET, and suggest unexpected complexity to TF pioneering. Successful reprogramming requires stable binding to a nucleosomal site; activation domain-dependent recruitment of co-factors including BRG1, the ATPase subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex; and appropriate genomic context. The resulting model provides a new conceptual framework for de novo enhancer establishment by a pioneer TF. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-016-0897-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Takaku
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sara A Grimm
- Integrative Bioinformatics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Takashi Shimbo
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Lalith Perera
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity and Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Roberta Menafra
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculties of Science and Medicine, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Hendrik G Stunnenberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculties of Science and Medicine, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Trevor K Archer
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Shinichi Machida
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kurumizaka
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Paul A Wade
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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69
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Schubert C. Protocol for Placental Precursors. Biol Reprod 2015. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.135913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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