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Kruglikov IL, Scherer PE. Caveolin-1 as a target in prevention and treatment of hypertrophic scarring. NPJ Regen Med 2019; 4:9. [PMID: 31044089 PMCID: PMC6486604 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-019-0071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced expression of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is an important pathogenic factor in hypertrophic scarring (HTS). Such a reduction can be found in connection with the main known risk factors for HTS, including dark skin, female gender, young age, burn site and severity of the injury. The degree of overexpression of Cav-1 associated with different therapeutic options for HTS correlates with clinical improvements in HTS. This makes endo- or exogenous induction of Cav-1 not only an important therapeutic target for HTS, but also highlights its use as a preventive target to reduce or avoid HTS formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philipp E. Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549 USA
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52
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Nicu C, Hardman JA, Pople J, Paus R. Do human dermal adipocytes switch from lipogenesis in anagen to lipophagy and lipolysis during catagen in the human hair cycle? Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:432-435. [PMID: 30776154 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In murine skin, dermal white adipose tissue (DWAT) undergoes fluctuations in size across the hair cycle, whereas changes in size, function and metabolism of dermal adipocytes (DAs) during the human scalp hair cycle remain unexplored. Transmission electron microscopy results suggest that during anagen-catagen transition, human DAs co-opt the autophagy machinery to undergo lipophagy within their lipid droplets. Whole-mount staining of hair follicles (HFs) and surrounding DWAT for the autophagy marker LC3B confirms the increased presence of LC3B+ lipid droplets adjacent to catagen HFs; moreover, DWAT around catagen HFs engages in greater glycerol release compared to DWAT surrounding anagen HFs. Thus, we hypothesize that human DAs switch from lipogenesis during anagen to lipophagy together with lipolysis during catagen. We propose various experiments to further prove this hypothesis, whose systematic exploration should help to better characterize the functions of human DWAT and its communication with the HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Nicu
- Centre for Dermatology Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Jonathan Alan Hardman
- Centre for Dermatology Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Ralf Paus
- Centre for Dermatology Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.,Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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53
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Caveolin-1 as a pathophysiological factor and target in psoriasis. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2019; 5:4. [PMID: 30729030 PMCID: PMC6363785 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-019-0034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Low expression of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is typical in psoriatic lesions and overexpression of Cav-1 leads to a reduction of inflammation and suppression of epidermal hyperproliferation, thus ameliorating these two well-known hallmarks of psoriasis. At the same time, the interfacial layers of the white adipose tissue (WAT) adjacent to psoriatic lesions demonstrate much higher stiffness, which also points to a modification of Cav-1 expression in this tissue. These processes are connected with each other and regulated via exosomal exchange. Here we discuss the role of Cav-1 expression in inflammatory and hyperproliferative processes and analyze the ways to provide spatially different modulation of Cav-1 expression in the skin and WAT. Such modulation can be induced by different pharmacological and physical factors. These include application of mechanical stress and supra-physiological temperatures. Cav-1 should therefore be considered as an important target in treatment of psoriasis.
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54
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Kruglikov IL, Zhang Z, Scherer PE. The Role of Immature and Mature Adipocytes in Hair Cycling. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:93-105. [PMID: 30558832 PMCID: PMC6348020 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hair follicles (HFs) strongly interact with adipocytes within the dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT), suggesting a strong physiological dependence on the content of immature and mature adipocytes in this layer. This content is regulated by the proliferation and differentiation of adipocyte precursors, as well as by dedifferentiation of mature existing adipocytes. Spatially, long-range interactions between HFs and dWAT involve the exchange of extracellular vesicles which are differentially released by precursors, preadipocytes, and mature adipocytes. Different exogenous factors, including light irradiation, are likely to modify the release of adipocyte-derived exosomes in dWAT, which can lead to aberrations of the HF cycle. Consequently, dWAT should be considered as a potential target for the modulation of hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhuzhen Zhang
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA.
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55
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Pan Y, Jing J, Qiao L, Liu J, An L, Li B, Ren D, Liu W. MiRNA-seq reveals that miR-124-3p inhibits adipogenic differentiation of the stromal vascular fraction in sheep via targeting C/EBPα. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2018; 65:17-23. [PMID: 29860204 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding 20-25 nt RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by posttranscriptional repression of messenger RNA. There have been few investigations on the profiles and functions of miRNAs in ovine subcutaneous fat; their roles in the metabolism and deposition of subcutaneous fat also remain unclear. In this study, small RNA libraries were constructed for 2 important Chinese local sheep breeds, Small-tailed Han Sheep, and Shanxi Meat Sheep Dam Line, and used for high-throughput sequencing. Differentially expressed miRNAs were identified, revealing the effect of miR-124-3p on adipogenic differentiation by targeting C/EBPα. Our results provide both a comprehensive understanding of miRNA expression patterns in sheep subcutaneous fat and an insight into the specific roles of miRNAs in adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Pan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - J Jing
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - L Qiao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - J Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - L An
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - B Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - D Ren
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - W Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China.
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56
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Foxn1 in Skin Development, Homeostasis and Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071956. [PMID: 29973508 PMCID: PMC6073674 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intensive research effort has focused on cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate skin biology, including the phenomenon of scar-free skin healing during foetal life. Transcription factors are the key molecules that tune gene expression and either promote or suppress gene transcription. The epidermis is the source of transcription factors that regulate many functions of epidermal cells such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and migration. Furthermore, the activation of epidermal transcription factors also causes changes in the dermal compartment of the skin. This review focuses on the transcription factor Foxn1 and its role in skin biology. The regulatory function of Foxn1 in the skin relates to physiological (development and homeostasis) and pathological (skin wound healing) conditions. In particular, the pivotal role of Foxn1 in skin development and the acquisition of the adult skin phenotype, which coincides with losing the ability of scar-free healing, is discussed. Thus, genetic manipulations with Foxn1 expression, specifically those introducing conditional Foxn1 silencing in a Foxn1+/+ organism or its knock-in in a Foxn1−/− model, may provide future perspectives for regenerative medicine.
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Grigoraş A, Amalinei C, Balan RA, Giuşcă SE, Avădănei ER, Lozneanu L, Căruntu ID. Adipocytes spectrum - From homeostasia to obesity and its associated pathology. Ann Anat 2018; 219:102-120. [PMID: 30049662 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Firstly identified by anatomists, the fat tissue is nowadays an area of intense research due to increased global prevalence of obesity and its associated diseases. Histologically, there are four types of fat tissue cells which are currently recognized (white, brown, beige, and perivascular adipocytes). Therefore, in this study we are reviewing the most recent data regarding the origin, structure, and molecular mechanisms involved in the development of adipocytes. White adipocytes can store triglycerides as a consequence of lipogenesis, under the regulation of growth hormone or leptin and adiponectin, and release fatty acids resulted from lipolysis, under the regulation of the sympathetic nervous system, glucocorticoids, TNF-α, insulin, and natriuretic peptides. Brown adipocytes possess a mitochondrial transmembrane protein thermogenin or UCP1 which allows heat generation. Recently, thermogenic, UCP positive adipocytes have been identified in the subcutaneous white adipose tissue and have been named beige adipocytes. The nature of these cells is still controversial, as current theories are suggesting their origin either by transdifferentiation of white adipocytes, or by differentiation from an own precursor cell. Perivascular adipocytes surround most of the arteries, exhibiting a supportive role and being involved in the maintenance of intravascular temperature. Thoracic perivascular adipocytes resemble brown adipocytes, while abdominal ones are more similar to white adipocytes and, consequently, are involved in obesity-induced inflammatory reactions. The factors involved in the regulation of adipose stem cells differentiation may represent potential pathways to inhibit or to divert adipogenesis. Several molecules, such as pro-adipogenic factors (FGF21, BMP7, BMP8b, and Cox-2), cell surface proteins or receptors (Asc-1, PAT2, P2RX5), and hypothalamic receptors (MC4R) have been identified as the most promising targets for the development of future therapies. Further investigations are necessary to complete the knowledge about adipose tissue and the development of a new generation of therapeutic tools based on molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Grigoraş
- Department of Morphofunctional Sciences I, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania; Department of Histopathology, Institute of Legal Medicine, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Cornelia Amalinei
- Department of Morphofunctional Sciences I, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania; Department of Histopathology, Institute of Legal Medicine, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Raluca Anca Balan
- Department of Morphofunctional Sciences I, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Simona Eliza Giuşcă
- Department of Morphofunctional Sciences I, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Elena Roxana Avădănei
- Department of Morphofunctional Sciences I, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Ludmila Lozneanu
- Department of Morphofunctional Sciences I, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Irina-Draga Căruntu
- Department of Morphofunctional Sciences I, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania.
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Kruglikov IL, Scherer PE. Skin aging as a mechanical phenomenon: The main weak links. NUTRITION AND HEALTHY AGING 2018; 4:291-307. [PMID: 29951590 PMCID: PMC6004930 DOI: 10.3233/nha-170037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
From a mechanical point of view, human skin appears as a layered composite containing the stiff thin cover layer presented by the stratum corneum, below which are the more compliant layers of viable epidermis and dermis and further below the much more compliant adjacent layer of subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT). Upon exposure to a strain, such a multi-layer system demonstrates structural instabilities in its stiffer layers, which in its simplest form is the wrinkling. These instabilities appear hierarchically when the mechanical strain in the skin exceeds some critical values. Their appearance is mainly dependent on the mismatch in mechanical properties between adjacent skin layers or between the skin and sWAT, on the adhesive strength and thickness ratios between the layers, on their bending and tensile stiffness as well as on the value of the stress existing in single layers. Gradual reduction of elastic fibers in aging significantly reduces the skin's ability to bend, prompting an up to 4-fold reduction of its stability against wrinkling, thereby explaining the role of these fibers in skin aging. While chronological and extrinsic aging differently modify these parameters, they lead to the same end result, reducing the critical strain required for the onset of instabilities. Comparing of mechanical properties of the skin presented as a bi-, tri- or tetra-layer structure demonstrates the particular importance of the papillary dermis in skin aging and provides the arguments to consider the undulations on the dermal-epidermal and dermal-sWAT interfaces as the result of mechanical bifurcation, leading to structural instabilities inside of the skin. According to this model, anti-aging strategies should focus not as much on the reinforcement of the dermis, but rather aim to treat the elastic mismatch between different adjacent layers in the skin and sWAT as well as the adhesion between these layers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philipp E. Scherer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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59
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Kruglikov IL, Scherer PE. Adipocyte-myofibroblast transition as a possible pathophysiological step in androgenetic alopecia. Exp Dermatol 2018; 26:522-523. [PMID: 28482134 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Appearance of local fibrotic structures around and beneath hair follicles during their involution is a known hallmark of androgenetic alopecia (AGA). We hypothesise that this fibrosis can be connected with recently uncovered adipocyte-myofibroblast transition (AMT) involving the dermal adipocytes. This reflects that AMT is at least partially androgen-dependent, and we propose that AMT may play a role in AGA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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60
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Poblet E, Jimenez F, Escario-Travesedo E, Hardman J, Hernández-Hernández I, Agudo-Mena J, Cabrera-Galvan J, Nicu C, Paus R. Eccrine sweat glands associate with the human hair follicle within a defined compartment of dermal white adipose tissue. Br J Dermatol 2018; 178:1163-1172. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Poblet
- Department of Pathology; Reina Sofía University General Hospital and Murcia University; Murcia Spain
| | - F. Jimenez
- Mediteknia Clinic; University Fernando Pessoa Canarias; Medical Pathology Group; ULPGC; Gran Canaria Spain
| | | | - J.A. Hardman
- Centre for Dermatology Research; University of Manchester; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre & NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre; Manchester U.K
| | - I. Hernández-Hernández
- Mediteknia Clinic; University Fernando Pessoa Canarias; Medical Pathology Group; ULPGC; Gran Canaria Spain
| | - J.L. Agudo-Mena
- Dermatology Department; Albacete University General Hospital; Albacete Spain
| | - J.J. Cabrera-Galvan
- Department of Morphology; University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Gran Canaria Spain
| | - C. Nicu
- Centre for Dermatology Research; University of Manchester; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre & NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre; Manchester U.K
| | - R. Paus
- Centre for Dermatology Research; University of Manchester; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre & NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre; Manchester U.K
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61
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Abstract
Although the major white adipose depots evolved primarily to store energy, secrete hormones and thermo-insulate the body, multiple secondary depots developed additional specialized and unconventional functions. Unlike any other fat tissue, dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) evolved a large repertoire of novel features that are central to skin physiology, which we discuss in this Review. dWAT exists in close proximity to hair follicles, the principal appendages of the skin that periodically grow new hairs. Responding to multiple hair-derived signals, dWAT becomes closely connected to cycling hair follicles and periodically cycles itself. At the onset of new hair growth, hair follicles secrete activators of adipogenesis, while at the end of hair growth, a reduction in the secretion of activators or potentially, an increase in the secretion of inhibitors of adipogenesis, results in fat lipolysis. Hair-driven cycles of dWAT remodelling are uncoupled from size changes in other adipose depots that are controlled instead by systemic metabolic demands. Rich in growth factors, dWAT reciprocally signals to hair follicles, altering the activation state of their stem cells and modulating the pace of hair regrowth. dWAT cells also facilitate skin repair following injury and infection. In response to wounding, adipose progenitors secrete repair-inducing activators, while bacteria-sensing adipocytes produce antimicrobial peptides, thus aiding innate immune responses in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian F Guerrero-Juarez
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, 2011 Biological Sciences III, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, 845 Health Sciences Road, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, 2620 Biological Sciences III, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, 2011 Biological Sciences III, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, 845 Health Sciences Road, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, 2620 Biological Sciences III, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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62
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Abstract
Dietary triglyceride (TG) is the most efficient energy substrate. It is processed and stored at substantially lower metabolic cost than is protein or carbohydrate. In fed animals, circulating TGs are preferentially routed for storage to white adipose tissue (WAT) by angiopoietin-like proteins 3 (A3) and 8 (A8). Here, we show that mice lacking A3 and A8 (A3-/-A8-/- mice) have decreased fat mass and a striking increase in temperature (+1 °C) in the fed (but not fasted) state, without alterations in food intake or physical activity. Subcutaneous WAT (WAT-SQ) from these animals had morphologic and metabolic changes characteristic of beiging. O2 consumption rates (OCRs) and expression of genes involved in both fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid oxidation were increased in WAT-SQ of A3-/-A8-/- mice, but not in their epididymal or brown adipose tissue (BAT). The hyperthermic response to feeding was blocked by maintaining A3-/-A8-/- mice at thermoneutrality or by treating with a β3-adrenergic receptor (AR) antagonist. To determine if sympathetic stimulation was sufficient to increase body temperature in A3-/-A8-/- mice, WT and A3-/-A8-/- animals were maintained at thermoneutrality and then treated with a β3-AR agonist; treatment induced hyperthermia in A3-/-A8-/- , but not WT, mice. Antibody-mediated inactivation of both circulating A3 and A8 induced hyperthermia in WT mice. Together, these data indicate that A3 and A8 are essential for efficient storage of dietary TG and that disruption of these genes increases feeding-induced thermogenesis and energy utilization.
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63
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Abstract
Adipose tissue depots can exist in close association with other organs, where they assume diverse, often non-traditional functions. In stem cell-rich skin, bone marrow, and mammary glands, adipocytes signal to and modulate organ regeneration and remodeling. Skin adipocytes and their progenitors signal to hair follicles, promoting epithelial stem cell quiescence and activation, respectively. Hair follicles signal back to adipocyte progenitors, inducing their expansion and regeneration, as in skin scars. In mammary glands and heart, adipocytes supply lipids to neighboring cells for nutritional and metabolic functions, respectively. Adipose depots adjacent to skeletal structures function to absorb mechanical shock. Adipose tissue near the surface of skin and intestine senses and responds to bacterial invasion, contributing to the body's innate immune barrier. As the recognition of diverse adipose depot functions increases, novel therapeutic approaches centered on tissue-specific adipocytes are likely to emerge for a range of cancers and regenerative, infectious, and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Zwick
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Christian F Guerrero-Juarez
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, 845 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Valerie Horsley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, 845 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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64
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Watt SM, Pleat JM. Stem cells, niches and scaffolds: Applications to burns and wound care. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 123:82-106. [PMID: 29106911 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The importance of skin to survival, and the devastating physical and psychological consequences of scarring following reparative healing of extensive or difficult to heal human wounds, cannot be disputed. We discuss the significant challenges faced by patients and healthcare providers alike in treating these wounds. New state of the art technologies have provided remarkable insights into the role of skin stem and progenitor cells and their niches in maintaining skin homeostasis and in reparative wound healing. Based on this knowledge, we examine different approaches to repair extensive burn injury and chronic wounds, including full and split thickness skin grafts, temporising matrices and scaffolds, and composite cultured skin products. Notable developments include next generation skin substitutes to replace split thickness skin autografts and next generation gene editing coupled with cell therapies to treat genodermatoses. Further refinements are predicted with the advent of bioprinting technologies, and newly defined biomaterials and autologous cell sources that can be engineered to more accurately replicate human skin architecture, function and cosmesis. These advances will undoubtedly improve quality of life for patients with extensive burns and difficult to heal wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Watt
- Stem Cell Research, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9BQ, UK.
| | - Jonathan M Pleat
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, North Bristol NHS Trust and University of Bristol, Westbury on Trym, Bristol BS9 3TZ, UK.
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65
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Wollina U, Wetzker R, Abdel-Naser MB, Kruglikov IL. Role of adipose tissue in facial aging. Clin Interv Aging 2017; 12:2069-2076. [PMID: 29255352 PMCID: PMC5723114 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s151599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-dependent modification of the facial subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) connected with reduction of its volume, modification of collagen content and adhesion between dermal and adipose layers can significantly influence mechanical stability of the skin and cause the development of aging symptoms such as wrinkles. Typical aging appearance in facial skin is at least partly connected with special phenotypical features of facial preadipocytes and mature adipocytes. In this paper, we have discussed the possible roles of local inflammation, compartmental structure of facial sWAT and trans-differentiation processes such as beiging of white adipocytes and adipocyte-myofibroblast transition in facial skin aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Academic Teaching Hospital Dresden-Friedrichstadt, Dresden
| | - Reinhard Wetzker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, and Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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66
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Marangoni RG, Lu TT. The roles of dermal white adipose tissue loss in scleroderma skin fibrosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2017; 29:585-590. [PMID: 28800024 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000000437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Dermal white adipose tissue (DWAT) is distinct from subcutaneous white adipose tissue and is lost in scleroderma skin fibrosis. The roles of DWAT loss in scleroderma skin fibrosis have not been well understood, and here we discuss recent findings that begin to provide insight into the multiple mechanisms involved. RECENT FINDINGS The DWAT loss in part reflects the direct contribution of DWAT cells to the fibrotic tissue, with the reprogramming of adipocytes to myofibroblasts. The DWAT contains reparative adipose-derived stromal cells and expresses antifibrotic cytokines such as adiponectin, and the loss of these skin-protective mechanisms with DWAT loss further contributes to skin fibrosis and injury. SUMMARY Potentially, halting or reversing the transdifferentiation of adipocytes to myofibroblasts along with improving survival of reparative adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) and expression of antifibrotic cytokines may be effective therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta G Marangoni
- aDivision of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois bAutoimmunity and Inflammation Program and Pediatric Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery cMicrobiology and Immunology Department, Weill Cornell Medical School, New York, New York, USA
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67
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Abstract
Purpose of Review This review provides a summary of recent insights into the role of the local white adipose tissue (WAT) in systemic sclerosis. Recent Findings Adipocytes located in an interfacial WAT area adjacent to fibrotic lesions have an intermediate phenotype and special properties implicated in fibrotic pathology in systemic sclerosis (SSc). The important role of these cells is recognized in different pathologies, such as wound healing, psoriasis, breast cancer, and prostate cancer. Additionally, both immature and mature adipocytes are involved in the appearance of fibroblast-like cells but exhibit different phenotypes and synthetic properties. Summary Adipocytes from interfacial WAT adjacent to the fibrotic area in SSc are phenotypically different from bulk adipocytes and are involved in pathogenesis of SSc. Immature and mature adipocytes from this WAT layer differentiate into various types of fibroblast-like cells, making the local ratio of immature to mature adipocytes in interfacial WAT of particular importance in SSc pathogenesis.
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68
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Abstract
Macroscopic mechanical properties of human skin in vivo cannot be considered independent of adjacent subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT). The layered system skin/sWAT appears as the hierarchical structural composite in which single layers behave as fiber-reinforced structures. Effective macroscopic mechanical properties of such composites are mainly determined either by the properties of the skin or by those of the sWAT, dependent on the conditions of mechanical loading. Mechanical interactions between the skin and the adjacent sWAT associated with a mismatch in the mechanical moduli of these two layers can lead to production of the skin wrinkles. Reinforcement of the composite skin/sWAT can take place in different ways. It can be provided through reorientation of collagen fibers under applied loading, through production of new bonds between existing collagen fibers and through induction of additional collagen structures. Effectiveness of this type of reinforcement is strongly dependent on the type of mechanical loading. Different physical interventions induce the reinforcement of at least one of these two layers, thus increasing the effective macroscopic stiffness of the total composite. At the same time, the standalone reinforcement of the skin appears to be less effective to achieve a delay or a reduction of the apparent signs of skin aging relative to the reinforcement of the sWAT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philipp E. Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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69
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Marangoni RG, Masui Y, Fang F, Korman B, Lord G, Lee J, Lakota K, Wei J, Scherer PE, Otvos L, Yamauchi T, Kubota N, Kadowaki T, Asano Y, Sato S, Tourtellotte WG, Varga J. Adiponectin is an endogenous anti-fibrotic mediator and therapeutic target. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4397. [PMID: 28667272 PMCID: PMC5493638 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin fibrosis in systemic sclerosis (SSc) is accompanied by attrition of dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) and reduced levels of circulating adiponectin. Since adiponectin has potent regulatory effects on fibroblasts, we sought to assess adiponectin signaling in SSc skin biopsies, and evaluate fibrosis in mice with adiponectin gain- and loss-of-function mutations. Furthermore, we investigated the effects and mechanism of action of agonist peptides targeting adiponectin receptors in vitro and in vivo. We found that adiponectin pathway activity was significantly reduced in a subset of SSc skin biopsies. Mice lacking adiponectin mounted an exaggerated dermal fibrotic response, while transgenic mice with constitutively elevated adiponectin showed selective dWAT expansion and protection from skin and peritoneal fibrosis. Adiponectin receptor agonists abrogated ex vivo fibrotic responses in explanted normal and SSc fibroblasts and in 3D human skin equivalents, in part by attenuating focal adhesion complex assembly, and prevented and reversed experimentally-induced organ fibrosis in mice. These results implicate aberrant adiponectin pathway activity in skin fibrosis, identifying a novel function for this pleiotropic adipokine in regulation of tissue remodeling. Restoring adiponectin signaling in SSc patients therefore might represent an innovative pharmacological strategy for intractable organ fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta G Marangoni
- Northwestern Scleroderma Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Yuri Masui
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Feng Fang
- Northwestern Scleroderma Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Benjamin Korman
- Northwestern Scleroderma Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Gabriel Lord
- Northwestern Scleroderma Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Junghwa Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Katja Lakota
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jun Wei
- Northwestern Scleroderma Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Laszlo Otvos
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Toshimasa Yamauchi
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Naoto Kubota
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Takashi Kadowaki
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Asano
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Warren G Tourtellotte
- Department of Pathology and Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - John Varga
- Northwestern Scleroderma Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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70
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Hepler C, Gupta RK. The expanding problem of adipose depot remodeling and postnatal adipocyte progenitor recruitment. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 445:95-108. [PMID: 27743993 PMCID: PMC5346481 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The rising incidence of obesity and associated metabolic diseases has increased the urgency in understanding all aspects of adipose tissue biology. This includes the function of adipocytes, how adipose tissue expands in obesity, and how expanded adipose tissues in adults can impact physiology. Here, we highlight the growing appreciation for the importance of de novo adipocyte differentiation to adipose tissue expansion in adult humans and animals. We detail recent efforts to identify adipose precursor populations that contribute to the physiological postnatal recruitment of white, brown, and beige adipocytes in mice, and summarize new data that reveal the complexity of adipose tissue development in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Hepler
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rana K Gupta
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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71
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Dani C, Pfeifer A. The complexity of PDGFR signaling: regulation of adipose progenitor maintenance and adipocyte-myofibroblast transition. Stem Cell Investig 2017; 4:28. [PMID: 28529943 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2017.04.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Dani
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Faculté de Médecine 06107 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Alexander Pfeifer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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72
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Cappellano G, Ploner C. Dermal white adipose tissue renewal is regulated by the PDGFA/AKT axis. Stem Cell Investig 2017; 4:23. [PMID: 28447038 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2017.03.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cappellano
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Ploner
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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73
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Mota de Sá P, Richard AJ, Hang H, Stephens JM. Transcriptional Regulation of Adipogenesis. Compr Physiol 2017; 7:635-674. [PMID: 28333384 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adipocytes are the defining cell type of adipose tissue. Once considered a passive participant in energy storage, adipose tissue is now recognized as a dynamic organ that contributes to several important physiological processes, such as lipid metabolism, systemic energy homeostasis, and whole-body insulin sensitivity. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms involved in its development and function is of great importance. Adipocyte differentiation is a highly orchestrated process which can vary between different fat depots as well as between the sexes. While hormones, miRNAs, cytoskeletal proteins, and many other effectors can modulate adipocyte development, the best understood regulators of adipogenesis are the transcription factors that inhibit or promote this process. Ectopic expression and knockdown approaches in cultured cells have been widely used to understand the contribution of transcription factors to adipocyte development, providing a basis for more sophisticated in vivo strategies to examine adipogenesis. To date, over two dozen transcription factors have been shown to play important roles in adipocyte development. These transcription factors belong to several families with many different DNA-binding domains. While peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is undoubtedly the most important transcriptional modulator of adipocyte development in all types of adipose tissue, members of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein, Krüppel-like transcription factor, signal transducer and activator of transcription, GATA, early B cell factor, and interferon-regulatory factor families also regulate adipogenesis. The importance of PPARγ activity is underscored by several covalent modifications that modulate its activity and its ability to modulate adipocyte development. This review will primarily focus on the transcriptional control of adipogenesis in white fat cells and on the mechanisms involved in this fine-tuned developmental process. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:635-674, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Mota de Sá
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Allison J Richard
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Hardy Hang
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Stephens
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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74
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Kruglikov IL, Wollina U. Local effects of adipose tissue in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. PSORIASIS-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2017; 7:17-25. [PMID: 29387604 PMCID: PMC5774600 DOI: 10.2147/ptt.s122959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The structure and physiological state of the local white adipose tissue (WAT) located underneath the lesional psoriatic skin and inside of the joints affected by psoriatic arthritis play an important role in the pathophysiology of these diseases. WAT pads associated with inflammatory sites in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis are, correspondingly, dermal WAT and articular adipose tissue; these pads demonstrate inflammatory phenotypes in both diseases. Such local WAT inflammation could be the primary effect in the pathophysiology of psoriasis leading to the modification of the local expression of adipokines, a change in the structure of the basement membrane and the release of keratinocytes with consequent epidermal hyperproliferation during psoriasis. Similar articular adipose tissue inflammation can lead to the induction of structural modifications and synovial inflammation in the joints of patients with psoriatic arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Hospital Dresden-Friedrichstadt Academic Teaching Hospital of the Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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75
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Hanukoglu I, Boggula VR, Vaknine H, Sharma S, Kleyman T, Hanukoglu A. Expression of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and CFTR in the human epidermis and epidermal appendages. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 147:733-748. [PMID: 28130590 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1535-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A major function of the skin is the regulation of body temperature by sweat secretions. Sweat glands secrete water and salt, especially NaCl. Excreted water evaporates, cooling the skin surface, and Na+ ions are reabsorbed by the epithelial sodium channels (ENaC). Mutations in ENaC subunit genes lead to a severe multi-system (systemic) form of pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHA) type I, characterized by salt loss from aldosterone target organs, including sweat glands in the skin. In this study, we mapped the sites of localization of ENaC in the human skin by confocal microscopy using polyclonal antibodies generated against human αENaC. Our results reveal that ENaC is expressed strongly in all epidermal layers except stratum corneum, and also in the sebaceous glands, eccrine glands, arrector pili smooth muscle cells, and intra-dermal adipocytes. In smooth muscle cells and adipocytes, ENaC is co-localized with F-actin. No expression of ENaC was detected in the dermis. CFTR is strongly expressed in sebaceous glands. In epidermal appendages noted, except the eccrine sweat glands, ENaC is mainly located in the cytoplasm. In the eccrine glands and ducts, ENaC and CFTR are located on the apical side of the membrane. This localization of ENaC is compatible with ENaC's role in salt reabsorption. PHA patients may develop folliculitis, miliaria rubra, and atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions, due to sweat gland duct occlusion and inflammation of eccrine glands as a result of salt accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Hanukoglu
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, 40700, Israel.
| | - Vijay R Boggula
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, 40700, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hananya Vaknine
- Division of Pathology, E. Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Sachin Sharma
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, 40700, Israel
| | - Thomas Kleyman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aaron Hanukoglu
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, E. Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
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76
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Pham QL, Jang HJ, Kim KB. Anti‑wrinkle effect of fermented black ginseng on human fibroblasts. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:681-686. [PMID: 28098856 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermented black ginseng (FBG) is processed by the repeated steaming and drying of fresh ginseng followed by fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is known to possess anti‑oxidative effects. Skin wrinkle formation is associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions. The aim of this study was to determine whether FBG possesses anti‑wrinkle activity using human fibroblasts (HS68). According to the Korea Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) guidelines for the evaluation of the efficacy of functional anti‑wrinkle cosmetics, we attempted to elucidate the effects of FBG on type I procollagen, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‑1, MMP‑2, MMP‑9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‑2 (TIMP‑2). In addition, the eye irritation potential of FBG was examined using the EpiOcular‑EIT kit. Our results revealed that FBG was not cytotoxic at concentrations <10 µg/ml. It was considered as safe for the eyes at concentrations of up to 100 µg/ml. Treatment with FBG at concentrations from 0.3 to 10 µg/ml significantly (P<0.05) increased the type I procollagen expression levels from 117.61±1.51 to 129.95±4.47% in the human fibroblasts. By contrast, FBG significantly (P<0.05) decreased the MMP‑1 expression level from 18.41±4.95 to 27.41±3.96%. FBG at 3 µg/ml also increased the expression of TIMP‑2 up to 154.55%. However, FBG at 10 µg/ml decreased the expression levels of MMP‑2 and MMP‑9 to 45.15 and 66.65%, respectively. These results suggest that FBG has potential anti‑wrinkle effects as a potential ingredient in cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh Lien Pham
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jun Jang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Bong Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, Republic of Korea
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77
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Abstract
The ability to maintain and expand the pool of adipocytes in adults is integral to the regulation of energy balance, tissue/stem cell homeostasis, and disease pathogenesis. For decades, our knowledge of adipocyte precursors has relied on cellular models. The identity of native adipocyte precursors has remained unclear. Recent studies have identified distinct adipocyte precursor populations that are physiologically regulated and contribute to the development, maintenance, and expansion of adipocyte pools in mice. With new tools available, the properties of adipocyte precursors can now be defined, and the regulation and function of adipose plasticity in development and physiology can be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Hepler
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Lavanya Vishvanath
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Rana K Gupta
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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78
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Crewe C, An YA, Scherer PE. The ominous triad of adipose tissue dysfunction: inflammation, fibrosis, and impaired angiogenesis. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:74-82. [PMID: 28045400 DOI: 10.1172/jci88883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There are three dominant contributors to the pathogenesis of dysfunctional adipose tissue (AT) in obesity: unresolved inflammation, inappropriate extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and insufficient angiogenic potential. The interactions of these processes during AT expansion reflect both a linear progression as well as feed-forward mechanisms. For example, both inflammation and inadequate angiogenic remodeling can drive fibrosis, which can in turn promote migration of immune cells into adipose depots and impede further angiogenesis. Therefore, the relationship between the members of this triad is complex but important for our understanding of the pathogenesis of obesity. Here we untangle some of these intricacies to highlight the contributions of inflammation, angiogenesis, and the ECM to both "healthy" and "unhealthy" AT expansion.
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79
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Rosenbloom J, Macarak E, Piera-Velazquez S, Jimenez SA. Human Fibrotic Diseases: Current Challenges in Fibrosis Research. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1627:1-23. [PMID: 28836191 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7113-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human fibrotic diseases constitute a major health problem worldwide owing to the large number of affected individuals, the incomplete knowledge of the fibrotic process pathogenesis, the marked heterogeneity in their etiology and clinical manifestations, the absence of appropriate and fully validated biomarkers, and, most importantly, the current void of effective disease-modifying therapeutic agents. The fibrotic disorders encompass a wide spectrum of clinical entities including systemic fibrotic diseases such as systemic sclerosis (SSc), sclerodermatous graft vs. host disease, and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, as well as numerous organ-specific disorders including radiation-induced fibrosis and cardiac, pulmonary, liver, and kidney fibrosis. Although their causative mechanisms are quite diverse and in several instances have remained elusive, these diseases share the common feature of an uncontrolled and progressive accumulation of fibrotic tissue in affected organs causing their dysfunction and ultimate failure. Despite the remarkable heterogeneity in the etiologic mechanisms responsible for the development of fibrotic diseases and in their clinical manifestations, numerous studies have identified activated myofibroblasts as the common cellular element ultimately responsible for the replacement of normal tissues with nonfunctional fibrotic tissue. Critical signaling cascades, initiated primarily by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), but also involving numerous cytokines and signaling molecules which stimulate profibrotic reactions in myofibroblasts, offer potential therapeutic targets. Here, we briefly review the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of tissue fibrosis and point out some of the most important challenges to research in the fibrotic diseases and to the development of effective therapeutic approaches for this often fatal group of disorders. Efforts to further clarify the complex pathogenetic mechanisms of the fibrotic process should be encouraged to attain the elusive goal of developing effective therapies for these serious, untreatable, and often fatal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Rosenbloom
- The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Center for Fibrotic Diseases and The Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward Macarak
- The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Center for Fibrotic Diseases and The Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sonsoles Piera-Velazquez
- The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Center for Fibrotic Diseases and The Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sergio A Jimenez
- The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Center for Fibrotic Diseases and The Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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80
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Zhu Y, Gao Y, Tao C, Shao M, Zhao S, Huang W, Yao T, Johnson JA, Liu T, Cypess AM, Gupta O, Holland WL, Gupta RK, Spray DC, Tanowitz HB, Cao L, Lynes MD, Tseng YH, Elmquist JK, Williams KW, Lin HV, Scherer PE. Connexin 43 Mediates White Adipose Tissue Beiging by Facilitating the Propagation of Sympathetic Neuronal Signals. Cell Metab 2016; 24:420-433. [PMID: 27626200 PMCID: PMC5024720 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
"Beige" adipocytes reside in white adipose tissue (WAT) and dissipate energy as heat. Several studies have shown that cold temperature can activate pro-opiomelanocortin-expressing (POMC) neurons and increase sympathetic neuronal tone to regulate WAT beiging. WAT, however, is traditionally known to be sparsely innervated. Details regarding the neuronal innervation and, more importantly, the propagation of the signal within the population of "beige" adipocytes are sparse. Here, we demonstrate that beige adipocytes display an increased cell-to-cell coupling via connexin 43 (Cx43) gap junction channels. Blocking of Cx43 channels by 18α-glycyrrhetinic acid decreases POMC-activation-induced adipose tissue beiging. Adipocyte-specific deletion of Cx43 reduces WAT beiging to a level similar to that observed in denervated fat pads. In contrast, overexpression of Cx43 is sufficient to promote beiging even with mild cold stimuli. These data reveal the importance of cell-to-cell communication, effective in cold-induced WAT beiging, for the propagation of limited neuronal inputs in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhu
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Lilly Research Laboratories, Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Yong Gao
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, People's Republic of China
| | - Caroline Tao
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mengle Shao
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shangang Zhao
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ting Yao
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Joshua A Johnson
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tiemin Liu
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Aaron M Cypess
- Translational Physiology Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Olga Gupta
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - William L Holland
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rana K Gupta
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - David C Spray
- Departments of Neuroscience and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Herbert B Tanowitz
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Matthew D Lynes
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Joel K Elmquist
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kevin W Williams
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hua V Lin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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81
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Businaro R, Corsi M, Di Raimo T, Marasco S, Laskin DL, Salvati B, Capoano R, Ricci S, Siciliano C, Frati G, De Falco E. Multidisciplinary approaches to stimulate wound healing. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1378:137-142. [PMID: 27434638 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
New civil wars and waves of terrorism are causing crucial social changes, with consequences in all fields, including health care. In particular, skin injuries are evolving as an epidemic issue. From a physiological standpoint, although wound repair takes place more rapidly in the skin than in other tissues, it is still a complex organ to reconstruct. Genetic and clinical variables, such as diabetes, smoking, and inflammatory/immunological pathologies, are also important risk factors limiting the regenerative potential of many therapeutic applications. Therefore, optimization of current clinical strategies is critical. Here, we summarize the current state of the field by focusing on stem cell therapy applications in wound healing, with an emphasis on current clinical approaches being developed. These involve protocols for the ex vivo expansion of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells by means of a patented Good Manufacturing Practice-compliant platelet lysate. Combinations of multiple strategies, including genetic modifications and stem cells, biomimetic scaffolds, and novel vehicles, such as nanoparticles, are also discussed as future approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Businaro
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy.
| | - Mariangela Corsi
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Tania Di Raimo
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Sergio Marasco
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Bruno Salvati
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Capoano
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Serafino Ricci
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Legal Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Siciliano
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Elena De Falco
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
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Influence of the Dermis Thickness on the Results of the Skin Treatment with Monopolar and Bipolar Radiofrequency Currents. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1953203. [PMID: 27493952 PMCID: PMC4963602 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1953203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Electrically layered tissue structure significantly modifies distribution of radiofrequency (RF) current in the dermis and in the subcutaneous adipose tissue comparing to that in a homogeneous medium. On the basis of the simple model of RF current distribution in a two-layer skin containing dermis and subcutis, we assess the influence of the dermal thickness on the current density in different skin layers. Under other equal conditions, current density in the dermis is higher for the skin having thinner dermis. This contradicts the main paradigm of the RF theory stating that treatment results are mainly dependent on the maximal temperature reached in a target tissue, since the best short- and long-term clinical results of RF application to the skin were reported in the areas having thicker dermis. To resolve this contradiction, it is proposed that the long-term effect of RF can be realized through a structural modification of the subcutaneous fat depot adjacent to the treated skin area. Stimulation of these cells located near the interface dermis/subcutis will demand the concentration of applied RF energy in this area and will require the optimal arrangement of RF electrodes on the skin surface.
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83
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Kruglikov IL, Scherer PE. Skin aging: are adipocytes the next target? Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 8:1457-69. [PMID: 27434510 PMCID: PMC4993342 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) is increasingly appreciated as a special fat depot. The adipocytes in this depot exert a variety of unique effects on their surrounding cells and can undergo massive phenotypic changes. Significant modulation of dWAT content can be observed both in intrinsically and extrinsically aged skin. Specifically, skin that has been chronically photo-damaged displays a reduction of the dWAT volume, caused by the replacement of adipocytes by fibrotic structures. This is likely to be caused by the recently uncovered process described as "adipocyte-myofibroblast transition" (AMT). In addition, contributions of dermal adipocytes to the skin aging processes are also indirectly supported by spatial correlations between the prevalence of hypertrophic scarring and the appearance of signs of skin aging in different ethnic groups. These observations could elevate dermal adipocytes to prime targets in strategies aimed at counteracting skin aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philipp E. Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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84
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Fischer AW, Csikasz RI, von Essen G, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. No insulating effect of obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E202-13. [PMID: 27189935 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00093.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of obesity may be aggravated if obesity itself insulates against heat loss and thus diminishes the amount of food burnt for body temperature control. This would be particularly important under normal laboratory conditions where mice experience a chronic cold stress (at ≈20°C). We used Scholander plots (energy expenditure plotted against ambient temperature) to examine the insulation (thermal conductance) of mice, defined as the inverse of the slope of the Scholander curve at subthermoneutral temperatures. We verified the method by demonstrating that shaved mice possessed only half the insulation of nonshaved mice. We examined a series of obesity models [mice fed high-fat diets and kept at different temperatures, classical diet-induced obese mice, ob/ob mice, and obesity-prone (C57BL/6) vs. obesity-resistant (129S) mice]. We found that neither acclimation temperature nor any kind or degree of obesity affected the thermal insulation of the mice when analyzed at the whole mouse level or as energy expenditure per lean weight. Calculation per body weight erroneously implied increased insulation in obese mice. We conclude that, in contrast to what would be expected, obesity of any kind does not increase thermal insulation in mice, and therefore, it does not in itself aggravate the development of obesity. It may be discussed as to what degree of effect excess adipose tissue has on insulation in humans and especially whether significant metabolic effects are associated with insulation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert I Csikasz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Gabriella von Essen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; and
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Kruglikov IL, Scherer PE. Dermal adipocytes and hair cycling: is spatial heterogeneity a characteristic feature of the dermal adipose tissue depot? Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:258-62. [PMID: 26781768 PMCID: PMC4805479 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adipocytes are widely distributed in the dermis, in a unique fat depot referred to as dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT). In rodents, dWAT is present as widespread thin layers, whereas in pigs and humans, it is present in clusters referred to as 'dermal cones' around the pilosebaceous units. This distinct layer of fat cells located above the subcutaneous white adipose tissue is important for proper hair follicle (HF) cycling in rodents. Murine HFs produce spatially restricted synchronous patches after their second postnatal cycle which correlates with the spatial heterogeneity of murine dWAT. Similarly, the cycling of HFs in humans may also be related to the spatial distribution of dWAT, making the difference between murine and human HF cycling of more quantitative than of qualitative nature. This should allow the production of small spatially correlated HF patches in human skin, and we propose that this process can be regulated by paracrine signalling involving a number of signalling modules, including the hedgehog pathway. This pathway is an established player in HF cycling, but is also involved in the regulation of adipogenesis and may therefore be a key regulator of the process across species. We also suggest that the spatial heterogeneity of dWAT is connected not only to HF cycling, but may also be related to other physiological and pathological processes in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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