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Hamrang Z, Hussain M, Tingey K, Tracka M, Casas-Finet JR, Uddin S, van der Walle CF, Pluen A. Characterisation of Stress-Induced Aggregate Size Distributions and Morphological Changes of a Bi-Specific Antibody Using Orthogonal Techniques. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:2473-81. [PMID: 26053418 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A critical step in monoclonal antibody (mAb) screening and formulation selection is the ability of the mAb to resist aggregation following exposure to environmental stresses. Regulatory authorities welcome not only information on the presence of micron-sized particles, but often any information on sub-visible particles in the size range obtained by orthogonal sizing techniques. The present study demonstrates the power of combining established techniques such as dynamic light scattering (DLS) and micro-flow imaging (MFI), with novel analyses such as raster image correlation spectroscopy (RICS) that offer to bridge existent particle sizing gaps in this area. The influence of thermal and freeze-thaw stress treatments on particle size and morphology was assessed for a bi-specific antibody (mAb2). Aggregation of mAb2 was confirmed to be concentration- and treatment-dependent following thermal stress and freeze-thaw cycling. Particle size and count data show concentration- and treatment-dependent behaviour of aggregate counts, morphological descriptors and particle size distributions. Complementarity in particle size output was observed between all approaches utilised, where RICS bridged the analytical size gap (∼0.5-5 μm) between DLS and MFI. Overall, this study highlights the potential of orthogonal image analyses such as RICS (analytical size gap) and MFI (particle morphology) for formulation screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Hamrang
- Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Maryam Hussain
- Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Katie Tingey
- MedImmune, Formulation Science, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Malgorzata Tracka
- MedImmune, Formulation Science, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | | | - Shahid Uddin
- MedImmune, Formulation Science, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | | | - Alain Pluen
- Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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52
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Nicoud L, Owczarz M, Arosio P, Morbidelli M. A multiscale view of therapeutic protein aggregation: A colloid science perspective. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:367-78. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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53
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Young LM, Saunders JC, Mahood RA, Revill CH, Foster RJ, Tu LH, Raleigh DP, Radford SE, Ashcroft AE. Screening and classifying small-molecule inhibitors of amyloid formation using ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry. Nat Chem 2014; 7:73-81. [PMID: 25515893 PMCID: PMC4280571 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The search for therapeutic agents which bind specifically to precursor protein conformations and inhibit amyloid assembly is an important challenge. Identifying such inhibitors is difficult since many protein precursors of aggregation are partially folded or intrinsically disordered, ruling out structure-based design. Furthermore, inhibitors can act by a variety of mechanisms, including specific or non-specific binding, as well as colloidal inhibition. Here we report a high throughput method based on ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) that is capable of rapidly detecting small molecules that bind to amyloid precursors, identifying the interacting protein species, and defining the mode of inhibition. Using this method we have classified a variety of small molecules that are potential inhibitors of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) aggregation or amyloid-beta 1-40 (Aβ40) aggregation as either specific, non-specific, colloidal or non-interacting. We also demonstrate the ability of IMS-MS to screen for inhibitory small molecules in a 96-well plate format and use this to discover a new inhibitor of hIAPP amyloid assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia M Young
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Janet C Saunders
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Rachel A Mahood
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Charlotte H Revill
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Richard J Foster
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ling-Hsien Tu
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
| | - Daniel P Raleigh
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
| | - Sheena E Radford
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Alison E Ashcroft
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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54
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Feige MJ, Buchner J. Principles and engineering of antibody folding and assembly. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:2024-2031. [PMID: 24931831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are uniquely suited to serve essential roles in the human immune defense as they combine several specific functions in one hetero-oligomeric protein. Their constant regions activate effector functions and their variable domains provide a stable framework that allows incorporation of highly diverse loop sequences. The combination of non-germline DNA recombination and mutation together with heavy and light chain assembly allows developing variable regions that specifically recognize essentially any antigen they may encounter. However, this diversity also requires tailor-made mechanisms to guarantee that folding and association of antibodies is carefully this diversity also requires tailor-made mechanisms to guarantee that folding and association of antibodies is carefully controlled before the protein is secreted from a plasma cell. Accordingly, the generic immunoglobulin fold β-barrel structure of antibody domains has been fine-tuned during evolution to fit the different requirements. Work over the past decades has identified important aspects of the folding and assembly of antibody domains and chains revealing domain specific variations of a general scheme. The most striking is the folding of an intrinsically disordered antibody domain in the context of its partner domain as the basis for antibody assembly and its control on the molecular level in the cell. These insights have not only allowed a better understanding of the antibody folding process but also provide a wealth of opportunities for rational optimization of antibody molecules. In this review, we summarize current concepts of antibody folding and assembly and discuss how they can be utilized to engineer antibodies with improved performance for different applications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Recent advances in the molecular engineering of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias J Feige
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis 38105, TN, USA.
| | - Johannes Buchner
- CIPSM at the Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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55
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Hanke AT, Ottens M. Purifying biopharmaceuticals: knowledge-based chromatographic process development. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 32:210-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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56
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Telikepalli SN, Kumru OS, Kalonia C, Esfandiary R, Joshi SB, Middaugh CR, Volkin DB. Structural characterization of IgG1 mAb aggregates and particles generated under various stress conditions. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:796-809. [PMID: 24452866 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IgG1 mAb solutions were prepared with and without sodium chloride and subjected to different environmental stresses. Formation of aggregates and particles of varying size was monitored by a combination of size-exclusion chromatography, Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis, Micro-flow Imaging (MFI), turbidity, and visual assessments. Stirring and heating induced the highest concentration of particles. In general, the presence of NaCl enhanced this effect. The morphology of the particles formed from mAb samples exposed to different stresses was analyzed from transmission electron microscopy and MFI images. Shaking samples without NaCl generated the most fibrillar particles, whereas stirring created largely spherical particles. The composition of the particles was evaluated for covalent cross-linking by SDS-PAGE, overall secondary structure by FTIR microscopy, and surface apolarity by extrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy. Freeze-thaw and shaking led to particles containing protein with native-like secondary structure. Heating and stirring produced IgG1-containing aggregates and particles with some non-native disulfide cross-links, varying levels of intermolecular beta sheet content, and increased surface hydrophobicity. These results highlight the importance of evaluating protein particle morphology and composition, in addition to particle number and size distributions, to better understand the effect of solution conditions and environmental stresses on the formation of protein particles in mAb solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srivalli N Telikepalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66047
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57
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Barton C, Spencer D, Levitskaya S, Feng J, Harris R, Schenerman MA. Heterogeneity of IgGs: Role of Production, Processing, and Storage on Structure and Function. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2014-1176.ch003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Barton
- Analytical Biotechnology, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David Spencer
- Analytical Biotechnology, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sophia Levitskaya
- Analytical Biotechnology, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jinhua Feng
- Analytical Biotechnology, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Reed Harris
- Analytical Biotechnology, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mark A. Schenerman
- Analytical Biotechnology, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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58
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Jetani HC, Bhadra AK, Jain NK, Roy I. Nucleic acid aptamers stabilize proteins against different types of stress conditions. J Pharm Sci 2013; 103:100-6. [PMID: 24258428 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
It has been observed that the same osmolyte cannot provide protection to a protein exposed to more than one stress condition. We wanted to study the effect of nucleic acid aptamers on the stabilization of proteins against a variety of stress conditions. Adjuvanted tetanus toxoid was exposed to thermal, freeze-thawing, and agitation stress. The stability and antigenicity of the toxoid were measured. Using nucleic acid aptamers selected against tetanus toxoid, we show that these specific RNA sequences were able to stabilize alumina-adsorbed tetanus toxoid against thermal-, agitation-, and freeze-thawing-induced stress. Binding affinity of the aptamer-protein complex did not show any significant change at elevated temperature as compared with that at room temperature, indicating that the aptamer protected the protein by remaining bound to it under stress conditions and did not allow either the protein to unfold or to promote protein-protein interaction. Thus, we show that by changing the stabilization strategy from a solvent-centric to a protein-centric approach, the same molecule can be employed as a stabilizer against more than one stress condition and thus probably reduce the cost of the product during its formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardik C Jetani
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Punjab, 160 062, India
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