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Li H, Uittenbogaard M, Hao L, Chiaramello A. Clinical Insights into Mitochondrial Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders: Their Biosignatures from Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics. Metabolites 2021; 11:233. [PMID: 33920115 PMCID: PMC8070181 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11040233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic multitask organelles that function as hubs for many metabolic pathways. They produce most ATP via the oxidative phosphorylation pathway, a critical pathway that the brain relies on its energy need associated with its numerous functions, such as synaptic homeostasis and plasticity. Therefore, mitochondrial dysfunction is a prevalent pathological hallmark of many neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders resulting in altered neurometabolic coupling. With the advent of mass spectrometry (MS) technology, MS-based metabolomics provides an emerging mechanistic understanding of their global and dynamic metabolic signatures. In this review, we discuss the pathogenetic causes of mitochondrial metabolic disorders and the recent MS-based metabolomic advances on their metabolomic remodeling. We conclude by exploring the MS-based metabolomic functional insights into their biosignatures to improve diagnostic platforms, stratify patients, and design novel targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haorong Li
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Science and Engineering Hall 4000, 800 22nd St., NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA;
| | - Martine Uittenbogaard
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, 2300 I Street N.W. Ross Hall 111, Washington, DC 20037, USA;
| | - Ling Hao
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Science and Engineering Hall 4000, 800 22nd St., NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA;
| | - Anne Chiaramello
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, 2300 I Street N.W. Ross Hall 111, Washington, DC 20037, USA;
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52
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Moore AT, Yu-Wai-Man P. Mitochondrial Disorders and the Eye: A New Era for Diagnosis. Ophthalmology 2021; 128:632-633. [PMID: 33745530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Alston CL, Stenton SL, Hudson G, Prokisch H, Taylor RW. The genetics of mitochondrial disease: dissecting mitochondrial pathology using multi-omic pipelines. J Pathol 2021; 254:430-442. [PMID: 33586140 PMCID: PMC8600955 DOI: 10.1002/path.5641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play essential roles in numerous metabolic pathways including the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate through oxidative phosphorylation. Clinically, mitochondrial diseases occur when there is mitochondrial dysfunction – manifesting at any age and affecting any organ system; tissues with high energy requirements, such as muscle and the brain, are often affected. The clinical heterogeneity is parallel to the degree of genetic heterogeneity associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Around 10% of human genes are predicted to have a mitochondrial function, and defects in over 300 genes are reported to cause mitochondrial disease. Some involve the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA), but the vast majority occur within the nuclear genome. Except for a few specific genetic defects, there remains no cure for mitochondrial diseases, which means that a genetic diagnosis is imperative for genetic counselling and the provision of reproductive options for at‐risk families. Next‐generation sequencing strategies, particularly exome and whole‐genome sequencing, have revolutionised mitochondrial diagnostics such that the traditional muscle biopsy has largely been replaced with a minimally‐invasive blood sample for an unbiased approach to genetic diagnosis. Where these genomic approaches have not identified a causative defect, or where there is insufficient support for pathogenicity, additional functional investigations are required. The application of supplementary ‘omics’ technologies, including transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, has the potential to greatly improve diagnostic strategies. This review aims to demonstrate that whilst a molecular diagnosis can be achieved for many cases through next‐generation sequencing of blood DNA, the use of patient tissues and an integrated, multidisciplinary multi‐omics approach is pivotal for the diagnosis of more challenging cases. Moreover, the analysis of clinically relevant tissues from affected individuals remains crucial for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial pathology. © 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte L Alston
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,NHS Highly Specialised Services for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sarah L Stenton
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, München, Germany.,Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gavin Hudson
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Bioscience Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Holger Prokisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, München, Germany.,Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Robert W Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,NHS Highly Specialised Services for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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54
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Blackout in the powerhouse: clinical phenotypes associated with defects in the assembly of OXPHOS complexes and the mitoribosome. Biochem J 2021; 477:4085-4132. [PMID: 33151299 PMCID: PMC7657662 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria produce the bulk of the energy used by almost all eukaryotic cells through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) which occurs on the four complexes of the respiratory chain and the F1–F0 ATPase. Mitochondrial diseases are a heterogenous group of conditions affecting OXPHOS, either directly through mutation of genes encoding subunits of OXPHOS complexes, or indirectly through mutations in genes encoding proteins supporting this process. These include proteins that promote assembly of the OXPHOS complexes, the post-translational modification of subunits, insertion of cofactors or indeed subunit synthesis. The latter is important for all 13 of the proteins encoded by human mitochondrial DNA, which are synthesised on mitochondrial ribosomes. Together the five OXPHOS complexes and the mitochondrial ribosome are comprised of more than 160 subunits and many more proteins support their biogenesis. Mutations in both nuclear and mitochondrial genes encoding these proteins have been reported to cause mitochondrial disease, many leading to defective complex assembly with the severity of the assembly defect reflecting the severity of the disease. This review aims to act as an interface between the clinical and basic research underpinning our knowledge of OXPHOS complex and ribosome assembly, and the dysfunction of this process in mitochondrial disease.
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55
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Chakrabarty S, Govindaraj P, Sankaran BP, Nagappa M, Kabekkodu SP, Jayaram P, Mallya S, Deepha S, Ponmalar JNJ, Arivinda HR, Meena AK, Jha RK, Sinha S, Gayathri N, Taly AB, Thangaraj K, Satyamoorthy K. Contribution of nuclear and mitochondrial gene mutations in mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome. J Neurol 2021; 268:2192-2207. [PMID: 33484326 PMCID: PMC8179915 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10390-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial disorders are clinically complex and have highly variable phenotypes among all inherited disorders. Mutations in mitochon
drial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear genome or both have been reported in mitochondrial diseases suggesting common pathophysiological pathways. Considering the clinical heterogeneity of mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) phenotype including focal neurological deficits, it is important to look beyond mitochondrial gene mutation. Methods The clinical, histopathological, biochemical analysis for OXPHOS enzyme activity, and electron microscopic, and neuroimaging analysis was performed to diagnose 11 patients with MELAS syndrome with a multisystem presentation. In addition, whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole mitochondrial genome sequencing were performed to identify nuclear and mitochondrial mutations. Results Analysis of whole mtDNA sequence identified classical pathogenic mutation m.3243A > G in seven out of 11 patients. Exome sequencing identified pathogenic mutation in several nuclear genes associated with mitochondrial encephalopathy, sensorineural hearing loss, diabetes, epilepsy, seizure and cardiomyopathy (POLG, DGUOK, SUCLG2, TRNT1, LOXHD1, KCNQ1, KCNQ2, NEUROD1, MYH7) that may contribute to classical mitochondrial disease phenotype alone or in combination with m.3243A > G mutation. Conclusion Individuals with MELAS exhibit clinical phenotypes with varying degree of severity affecting multiple systems including auditory, visual, cardiovascular, endocrine, and nervous system. This is the first report to show that nuclear genetic factors influence the clinical outcomes/manifestations of MELAS subjects alone or in combination with m.3243A > G mutation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00415-020-10390-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiban Chakrabarty
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Periyasamy Govindaraj
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India.,Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India.,Neuromuscular Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Bindu Parayil Sankaran
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India.,Neuromuscular Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India.,Genetic Metabolic Disorders Service, Children's Hospital At Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Madhu Nagappa
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India.,Neuromuscular Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Shama Prasada Kabekkodu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Pradyumna Jayaram
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Sandeep Mallya
- Department of Bioinformatics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Sekar Deepha
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India.,Neuromuscular Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - J N Jessiena Ponmalar
- Neuromuscular Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Hanumanthapura R Arivinda
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | | | - Rajan Kumar Jha
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sanjib Sinha
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Narayanappa Gayathri
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India.,Neuromuscular Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Arun B Taly
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India.,Neuromuscular Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Kumarasamy Thangaraj
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.,Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, India
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
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56
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Allouche S, Schaeffer S, Chapon F. [Mitochondrial diseases in adults: An update]. Rev Med Interne 2021; 42:541-557. [PMID: 33455836 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases, characterized by a respiratory chain deficiency, are considered as rare genetic diseases but are the most frequent among inherited metabolic disorders. The complexity of their diagnosis is due to the dual control by the mitochondrial (mtDNA) and the nuclear DNA (nDNA), and to the heterogeneous clinical presentations; illegitimate association of symptoms should prompt the clinician to evoke a mitochondrial disorder. The goals of this review are to provide clinicians a better understanding of mitochondrial diseases in adults. After a brief overview on the mitochondrial origin and functions, especially their role in the energy metabolism, we will describe the genetic bases for mitochondrial diseases, then we will describe the various clinical presentations with the different affected tissues as well as the main symptoms encountered. Even if the new sequencing approaches have profoundly changed the diagnostic process, the brain imaging, the biological, the biochemical, and the histological explorations are still important highlighting the need for a multidisciplinary approach. While for most of the patients with a mitochondrial disease, only supportive and symptomatic therapies are available, recent advances in the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms have been made and new therapies are being developed and are evaluated in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Allouche
- Laboratoire de biochimie, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire, avenue côte de nacre, 14033 Caen cedex, France.
| | - S Schaeffer
- Centre de compétence des maladies neuromusculaires, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire, avenue côte de nacre, 14033 Caen cedex, France
| | - F Chapon
- Centre de compétence des maladies neuromusculaires, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire, avenue côte de nacre, 14033 Caen cedex, France
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57
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Gervasoni J, Primiano A, Marini F, Sabino A, Biancolillo A, Calvani R, Picca A, Marzetti E, Persichilli S, Urbani A, Servidei S, Primiano G. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of Skeletal Muscle Tissue: Expanding Biomarkers in Primary Mitochondrial Myopathies. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11121522. [PMID: 33352713 PMCID: PMC7766922 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary mitochondrial myopathies (PMM) are a group of mitochondrial disorders characterized by a predominant skeletal muscle involvement. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the biochemical profile determined by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic technique would allow to distinguish among patients affected by progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO), the most common PMM presentation, oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD), and healthy controls. Thirty-four participants were enrolled in the study. FTIR spectroscopy was found to be a sensitive and specific diagnostic marker for PEO. In particular, FTIR spectroscopy was able to distinguish PEO patients from those affected by OPMD, even in the presence of histological findings similar to mitochondrial myopathy. At the same time, FTIR spectroscopy differentiated single mtDNA deletion and mutations in POLG, the most common nuclear gene associated with mitochondrial diseases, with high sensitivity and specificity. In conclusion, our data suggest that FTIR spectroscopy is a valuable biodiagnostic tool for the differential diagnosis of PEO with a high ability to also distinguish between single mtDNA deletion and mutations in POLG gene based on specific metabolic transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Gervasoni
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (J.G.); (A.P.); (R.C.); (A.P.); (E.M.); (S.P.); (A.U.); (S.S.)
| | - Aniello Primiano
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (J.G.); (A.P.); (R.C.); (A.P.); (E.M.); (S.P.); (A.U.); (S.S.)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy;
| | - Federico Marini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Andrea Sabino
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Biancolillo
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (J.G.); (A.P.); (R.C.); (A.P.); (E.M.); (S.P.); (A.U.); (S.S.)
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Picca
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (J.G.); (A.P.); (R.C.); (A.P.); (E.M.); (S.P.); (A.U.); (S.S.)
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (J.G.); (A.P.); (R.C.); (A.P.); (E.M.); (S.P.); (A.U.); (S.S.)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy;
| | - Silvia Persichilli
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (J.G.); (A.P.); (R.C.); (A.P.); (E.M.); (S.P.); (A.U.); (S.S.)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy;
| | - Andrea Urbani
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (J.G.); (A.P.); (R.C.); (A.P.); (E.M.); (S.P.); (A.U.); (S.S.)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy;
| | - Serenella Servidei
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (J.G.); (A.P.); (R.C.); (A.P.); (E.M.); (S.P.); (A.U.); (S.S.)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy;
| | - Guido Primiano
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (J.G.); (A.P.); (R.C.); (A.P.); (E.M.); (S.P.); (A.U.); (S.S.)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-30154279
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Schlieben LD, Prokisch H. The Dimensions of Primary Mitochondrial Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:600079. [PMID: 33324649 PMCID: PMC7726223 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.600079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of a mitochondrial disorder was initially described in 1962, in a patient with altered energy metabolism. Over time, mitochondrial energy metabolism has been discovered to be influenced by a vast number of proteins with a multitude of functional roles. Amongst these, defective oxidative phosphorylation arose as the hallmark of mitochondrial disorders. In the premolecular era, the diagnosis of mitochondrial disease was dependent on biochemical criteria, with inherent limitations such as tissue availability and specificity, preanalytical and analytical artifacts, and secondary effects. With the identification of the first mitochondrial disease-causing mutations, the genetic complexity of mitochondrial disorders began to unravel. Mitochondrial dysfunctions can be caused by pathogenic variants in genes encoded by the mitochondrial DNA or the nuclear DNA, and can display heterogenous phenotypic manifestations. The application of next generation sequencing methodologies in diagnostics is proving to be pivotal in finding the molecular diagnosis and has been instrumental in the discovery of a growing list of novel mitochondrial disease genes. In the molecular era, the diagnosis of a mitochondrial disorder, suspected on clinical grounds, is increasingly based on variant detection and associated statistical support, while invasive biopsies and biochemical assays are conducted to an ever-decreasing extent. At present, there is no uniform biochemical or molecular definition for the designation of a disease as a “mitochondrial disorder”. Such designation is currently dependent on the criteria applied, which may encompass clinical, genetic, biochemical, functional, and/or mitochondrial protein localization criteria. Given this variation, numerous gene lists emerge, ranging from 270 to over 400 proposed mitochondrial disease genes. Herein we provide an overview of the mitochondrial disease associated genes and their accompanying challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea D Schlieben
- School of Medicine, Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Holger Prokisch
- School of Medicine, Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
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59
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Skeletal Phenotypes Due to Abnormalities in Mitochondrial Protein Homeostasis and Import. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218327. [PMID: 33171986 PMCID: PMC7664180 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial disease represents a collection of rare genetic disorders caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. These disorders can be quite complex and heterogeneous, and it is recognized that mitochondrial disease can affect any tissue at any age. The reasons for this variability are not well understood. In this review, we develop and expand a subset of mitochondrial diseases including predominantly skeletal phenotypes. Understanding how impairment ofdiverse mitochondrial functions leads to a skeletal phenotype will help diagnose and treat patients with mitochondrial disease and provide additional insight into the growing list of human pathologies associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. The underlying disease genes encode factors involved in various aspects of mitochondrial protein homeostasis, including proteases and chaperones, mitochondrial protein import machinery, mediators of inner mitochondrial membrane lipid homeostasis, and aminoacylation of mitochondrial tRNAs required for translation. We further discuss a complex of frequently associated phenotypes (short stature, cataracts, and cardiomyopathy) potentially explained by alterations to steroidogenesis, a process regulated by mitochondria. Together, these observations provide novel insight into the consequences of impaired mitochondrial protein homeostasis.
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60
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Domenick TM, Gill EL, Vedam-Mai V, Yost RA. Mass Spectrometry-Based Cellular Metabolomics: Current Approaches, Applications, and Future Directions. Anal Chem 2020; 93:546-566. [PMID: 33146525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor M Domenick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Emily L Gill
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4283, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4283, United States
| | - Vinata Vedam-Mai
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Richard A Yost
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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