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Katus MC, Szczepiorkowski ZM, Dumont LJ, Dunbar NM. Safety of platelet transfusion: past, present and future. Vox Sang 2014; 107:103-13. [PMID: 24650183 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Platelet components became routinely available to many institutions in the late 1960s and since then utilization has steadily increased. Platelets are produced by three principal methods and their manufacturing process is regulated by multiple agencies. As the field of platelet transfusion has evolved, a broad array of strategies to improve platelet safety has developed. This review will explore the evolution of modern platelet component therapy, highlight the various risks associated with platelet transfusion and describe risk reduction strategies that have been implemented to improve platelet transfusion safety. In closing, the reader will be briefly introduced to select investigational platelet and platelet-mimetic products that have the potential to enhance platelet transfusion safety in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Katus
- Department of Pathology, Transfusion Medicine Service, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
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52
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Avanzi MP, Mitchell WB. Ex Vivoproduction of platelets from stem cells. Br J Haematol 2014; 165:237-47. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro P. Avanzi
- Platelet Biology Laboratory; New York Blood Center; Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute; New York NY USA
| | - William Beau Mitchell
- Platelet Biology Laboratory; New York Blood Center; Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute; New York NY USA
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53
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Maurer AM, Gezer A. Promoting Effects of Heparin on ex vivo Expansion of Megakaryocytopoiesis from Human Cord Blood CD34+ Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 40:344-50. [PMID: 24273488 DOI: 10.1159/000355519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transfusion of ex vivo expanded megakaryocytes (MKs) has been proposed to sustain platelet recovery after cord blood (CB) hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In this study, we investigated the effects of heparin on ex vivo colony forming unit-megakaryocytes (CFU-MKs) and MKs expansion from CB CD34+ cells. METHODS CB CD34+ cells were stimulated by a combination of thrombopoietin (TPO), stem cell factor (SCF), Flt3-Ligand (FL), IL-6, and IL-11 supplemented with autologous serum and heparin during 14 days. Expanded cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and cultured in a CFU-MK assay. RESULTS Compared to control cultures, the 5-factor combination with heparin induced significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher numbers of: CFU-MKs and CD41+ cells on days 7 and 14; CD41+ cells displaying hyperploidy levels (≥8N) on day 14; platelets on day 14. The culture-derived platelets were activated upon collagen stimulation. CONCLUSION Heparin can significantly enhance the stimulating effects of a combination of TPO, SCF, FL, IL-6, and IL-11 supplemented with autologous serum on CFU-MK, MK, and platelet production from CB CD34+ cells. This expansion system could represent a promising method to generate CFU-MKs and MKs cells for transfusion to sustain platelet reconstitution following CB transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Maurer
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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54
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No more sugar-coating it: mucins and platelet biology. Blood 2013; 122:1537-8. [PMID: 23990613 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-07-510974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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55
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Chen S, Su Y, Wang J. ROS-mediated platelet generation: a microenvironment-dependent manner for megakaryocyte proliferation, differentiation, and maturation. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e722. [PMID: 23846224 PMCID: PMC3730424 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Platelets have an important role in the body because of their manifold functions in haemostasis, thrombosis, and inflammation. Platelets are produced by megakaryocytes (MKs) that are differentiated from haematopoietic stem cells via several consecutive stages, including MK lineage commitment, MK progenitor proliferation, MK differentiation and maturation, cell apoptosis, and platelet release. During differentiation, the cells migrate from the osteoblastic niche to the vascular niche in the bone marrow, which is accompanied by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent oxidation state changes in the microenvironment, suggesting that ROS can distinctly influence platelet generation and function in a microenvironment-dependent manner. The objective of this review is to reveal the role of ROS in regulating MK proliferation, differentiation, maturation, and platelet activation, thereby providing new insight into the mechanism of platelet generation, which may lead to the development of new therapeutic agents for thrombocytopenia and/or thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chen
- College of Preventive Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
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56
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Abstract
Although blood suppliers are seeing short-term reductions in blood demand as a result of initiatives in patient blood management, modelling suggests that during the next 5-10 years, blood availability in developed countries will need to increase again to meet the demands of ageing populations. Increasing of the blood supply raises many challenges; new approaches to recruitment and retainment of future generations of blood donors will be needed, and care will be necessary to avoid taking too much blood from these donors. Integrated approaches in blood stock management between transfusion services and hospitals will be important to minimise wastage--eg, by use of supply chain solutions from industry. Cross-disciplinary systems for patient blood management need to be developed to lessen the need for transfusion--eg, by early identification and reversal of anaemia with haematinics or by reversal of the underlying cause. Personalised medicine could be applied to match donors to patients, not only with extended blood typing, but also by using genetically determined storage characteristics of blood components. Growing of red cells or platelets in large quantities from stem cells is a possibility in the future, but challenges of cost, scaling up, and reproducibility remain to be solved.
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57
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Matsubara Y, Ono Y, Suzuki H, Arai F, Suda T, Murata M, Ikeda Y. OP9 bone marrow stroma cells differentiate into megakaryocytes and platelets. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58123. [PMID: 23469264 PMCID: PMC3585802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets are essential for hemostatic plug formation and thrombosis. The mechanisms of megakaryocyte (MK) differentiation and subsequent platelet production from stem cells remain only partially understood. The manufacture of megakaryocytes (MKs) and platelets from cell sources including hematopoietic stem cells and pluripotent stem cells have been highlighted for studying the platelet production mechanisms as well as for the development of new strategies for platelet transfusion. The mouse bone marrow stroma cell line OP9 has been widely used as feeder cells for the differentiation of stem cells into MK lineages. OP9 cells are reported to be pre-adipocytes. We previously reported that 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes differentiated into MKs and platelets. In the present study, we examined whether OP9 cells differentiate into MKs and platelets using MK lineage induction (MKLI) medium previously established to generate MKs and platelets from hematopoietic stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and pre-adipocytes. OP9 cells cultured in MKLI medium had megakaryocytic features, i.e., positivity for surface markers CD41 and CD42b, polyploidy, and distinct morphology. The OP9-derived platelets had functional characteristics, providing the first evidence for the differentiation of OP9 cells into MKs and platelets. We then analyzed gene expressions of critical factors that regulate megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis. The gene expressions of p45NF-E2, FOG, Fli1, GATA2, RUNX1, thrombopoietin, and c-mpl were observed during the MK differentiation. Among the observed transcription factors of MK lineages, p45NF-E2 expression was increased during differentiation. We further studied MK and platelet generation using p45NF-E2-overexpressing OP9 cells. OP9 cells transfected with p45NF-E2 had enhanced production of MKs and platelets. Our findings revealed that OP9 cells differentiated into MKs and platelets in vitro. OP9 cells have critical factors for megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis, which might be involved in a mechanism of this differentiation. p45NF-E2 might also play important roles in the differentiation of OP9 cells into MK lineages cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Matsubara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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58
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Xi J, Zhu H, Liu D, Nan X, Zheng W, Liu K, Shi W, Chen L, Lv Y, Yan F, Li Y, Xie X, Wang Y, Yue W, Xu X, Wei X, Zhu J, Huang X, Pei X. Infusion of megakaryocytic progenitor products generated from cord blood hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells: results of the phase 1 study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54941. [PMID: 23390507 PMCID: PMC3563646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, a constant shortage in the supply of platelets has become an important medical and society challenge, especially in developing country, and the in vitro production of megakaryocytic progenitor cells (MPs) from cord blood could represent an effective platelet substitute. In the present study, our objective was to determine the safety and feasibility of ex vivo generated MPs in patients. Methods and Findings MPs were produced and characterized from cord blood mononuclear cells under a serum free medium with cytokines. We investigated the feasibility of expansion and infusion of cord blood-derived MPs in 24 patients with advanced hematological malignancyes. The primary end point was the safety and tolerability of the infusion of cord blood-derived MPs. No adverse effects were observed in patients who received ex vivo-generated cells at concentrations of up to a median value of 5.45×106cells/kg of body weight. With one year follow-up, acute and chronic GVHD had not been observed among patients who received MPs infusion, even without ABO blood group and HLA typing matching. Conclusions These initial results in patients are very encouraging. They suggest that infusion of cord blood-derived MPs appears safe and feasible for treatment of thrombocytopenia. Trial Registration www.chictr.org ChiCTR-TCH-09000333.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafei Xi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Honghu Zhu
- Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Daqing Liu
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Nan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Kaiyan Liu
- Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Cord Blood Bank, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (KYL); (XX); (XFW)
| | - Wei Shi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Lv
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Yan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhua Li
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xie
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfang Wang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Yue
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Beijing Cord Blood Bank, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (KYL); (XX); (XFW)
| | - Xiaofei Wei
- Beijing Cord Blood Bank, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (KYL); (XX); (XFW)
| | - Jun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Xuetao Pei
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
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59
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Sun S, Wang W, Latchman Y, Gao D, Aronow B, Reems JA. Expression of plasma membrane receptor genes during megakaryocyte development. Physiol Genomics 2013; 45:217-27. [PMID: 23321270 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00056.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Megakaryocyte (MK) development is critically informed by plasma membrane-localized receptors that integrate a multiplicity of environmental cues. Given that the current understanding about receptors and ligands involved in megakaryocytopoiesis is based on single targets, we performed a genome-wide search to identify a plasma membrane receptome for developing MKs. We identified 40 transmembrane receptor genes as being upregulated during MK development. Seven of the 40 receptor-associated genes were selected to validate the dataset. These genes included: interleukin-9 receptor (IL9R), transforming growth factor, β receptor II (TGFBR2), interleukin-4 receptor (IL4R), colony stimulating factor-2 receptor-beta (CSFR2B), adiponectin receptor (ADIPOR2), thrombin receptor (F2R), and interleukin-21 receptor (IL21R). RNA and protein analyses confirmed their expression in primary human MKs. Matched ligands to IL9R, TGFBR2, IL4R, CSFR2B, and ADIPOR2 affected megakaryocytopoiesis. IL9 was unique in its ability to increase the number of MKs formed. In contrast, MK colony formation was inhibited by adiponectin, TGF-β, IL4, and GM-CSF. The thrombin-F2R axis affected platelet function, but not MK development, while IL21 had no apparent detectable effects. ADP-induced platelet aggregation was suppressed by IL9, TGF-β, IL4, and adiponectin. Overall, six of seven of the plasma membrane receptors were confirmed to have functional roles in MK and platelet biology. Also, results show for the first time that adiponectin plays a regulatory role in MK development. Together these data support a strong likelihood that the 40 transmembrane genes identified as being upregulated during MK development will be an important resource to the research community for deciphering the complex repertoire of environmental cues regulating megakaryocytopoiesis and/or platelet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, 2Puget Sound Blood Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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60
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Csaszar E, Cohen S, Zandstra PW. Blood stem cell products: Toward sustainable benchmarks for clinical translation. Bioessays 2013; 35:201-10. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201200118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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61
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Dams-Kozlowska H, Kwiatkowska-Borowczyk E, Gryska K, Mackiewicz A. Designer cytokine hyper interleukin 11 (H11) is a megakaryopoietic factor. Int J Med Sci 2013; 10:1157-65. [PMID: 23869192 PMCID: PMC3714392 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.5638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-11 (IL-11) displays megakaryopoietic activity. We constructed super-cytokine Hyper- IL11 (H11) by linking soluble IL-11 receptor α (sIL-11Rα) with IL-11, which directly targets β-receptor (gp130) signal transducing subunit. The effects of H11 on hematopoiesis with a focus on megakaryopoiesis were studied. The expansion, differentiation and type of colony formation of cord blood progenitor Lin-CD34+ cells were analyzed. H11 was more effective than recombinant human IL-11 (rhIL-11) in enhancement of the Lin-CD34+ cells expansion and differentiation into megakaryocytes (Mk). It induced higher expression of CD41a and CD61 antigens, resulting in a substantially larger population of CD34-CD41a(high)CD61(high) cells. H11 treatment led to increased number of small and mainly medium megakaryocyte colony formation (Mk-CFU). Moreover, it induced the formation of a small number of large colonies, which were not observed following rhIL-11 treatment. Significantly higher number of H11 derived Mk colonies released platelets-like particles (PLP). Furthermore, H11 was considerably more potent than rhIL-11 in promoting differentiation of Lin-CD43+ cells toward erythrocytes. Our results indicate that H11 is more effective than rhIL-11 in enhancing expansion of early progenitors and directing them to megakaryocyte and erythroid cells and in inducing maturation of Mk. Thus, H11 may prove beneficial for thrombocytopenia treatment and/or an ex vivo expansion of megakaryocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Dams-Kozlowska
- Department of Diagnostics and Cancer Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, 61-866, Poland.
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62
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Lambert MP, Sullivan S, Poncz M. Making Platelets Ex Vivo. Platelets 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387837-3.00063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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63
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Pineault N, Robert A, Cortin V, Boyer L. Ex vivo differentiation of cord blood stem cells into megakaryocytes and platelets. Methods Mol Biol 2013. [PMID: 23179834 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-128-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Megakaryocytes (MK) are hematopoietic cells present in the bone marrow that are responsible for the production and release of platelets in the circulation. Given their very low frequency (<1%), human MK often need to be derived in culture to study their development or to generate sufficient material for biological studies. This chapter describes a simplified 14-day culture protocol that efficiently leads to the production of MK and platelets from cord blood enriched progenitor cells. A serum-free medium is suggested for the growth of the CB cells together with an optimized cytokine cocktail developed specifically for MK differentiation, expansion, and maturation. Methodologies for flow cytometry analysis, MK and platelets estimation, and MK progenitor assay are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pineault
- Département de Recherche et Développement, Héma-Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.
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64
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A Meg by any other name. Blood 2012; 120:1970-1. [PMID: 22956528 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-07-439174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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65
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Abstract
Determinant factors leading from stem cells to megakaryocytes (MKs) and subsequently platelets have yet to be identified. We now report that a combination of nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2 p45 unit (p45NF-E2), Maf G, and Maf K can convert mouse fibroblast 3T3 cells and adult human dermal fibroblasts into MKs. To screen MK-inducing factors, gene expressions were compared between 3T3 cells that do not differentiate into MKs and 3T3-L1 cells known to differentiate into MKs. 3T3 cells transfected with candidate factors were cultured in a defined MK lineage induction medium. Among the tested factors, transfection with p45NF-E2/MafG/MafK lead to the highest frequency of CD41-positive cells. Adult human dermal fibroblasts transfected with these genes were cultured in MK lineage induction medium. Cultured cells had megakaryocytic features, including surface markers, ploidy, and morphology. More than 90% of MK-sized cells expressed CD41, designated induced MK (iMK). Infusion of these iMK cells into immunodeficient mice led to a time-dependent appearance of CD41-positive, platelet-sized particles. Blood samples from iMK-infused into thrombocytopenic immunodeficient mice were perfused on a collagen-coated chip, and human CD41-positive platelets were incorporated into thrombi on the chip, demonstrating their functionality. These findings demonstrate that a combination of p45NF-E2, Maf G, and Maf K is a key determinant of both megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis.
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66
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Emmrich S, Henke K, Hegermann J, Ochs M, Reinhardt D, Klusmann JH. miRNAs can increase the efficiency of ex vivo platelet generation. Ann Hematol 2012; 91:1673-84. [PMID: 22763947 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-012-1517-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The process of megakaryopoiesis culminates in the release of platelets, the pivotal cellular component for hemostasis and wound healing. The regulatory architecture including the modulatory role of microRNAs, which underlies megakaryocytic maturation and platelet formation, is incompletely understood, precluding the ex vivo generation of sufficient platelet numbers for transfusion medicine. We derived a highly efficient differentiation protocol to produce mature polyploid megakaryocytes and functional platelets from CD34⁺-hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells by comparing previously published approaches. Our megakaryocytic culture conditions using the cytokines SCF, TPO, IL-9, and IL-6 include nicotinamide and Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y27632 as contextual additives. The potency of our novel megakaryocytic differentiation protocol was validated using cord blood and peripheral blood human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Using this novel megakaryocytic differentiation protocol, we characterized the modulatory capacity of several miRNAs highly expressed in normal megakaryocytic cells or malignant blasts from patients with megakaryoblastic leukemia. Overexpression of candidate microRNAs was achieved by lentiviral transduction of CD34⁺-hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells prior to differentiation. We revealed miR-125b and miR-660 as enhancers of polyploidization, as well as platelet output of megakaryocytes. The oncogene miR-125b markedly expanded the number of megakaryocytes during in vitro culture. Conversely, the miR-23a/27a/24-2 cluster, which is highly expressed in normal megakaryocytes, blocked maturation and platelet formation. Our study on the utilization of microRNAs in conjunction with a highly efficient differentiation protocol constitutes another step towards ex vivo platelet manufacturing on a clinically relevant scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Emmrich
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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67
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Avanzi MP, Chen A, He W, Mitchell WB. Optimizing megakaryocyte polyploidization by targeting multiple pathways of cytokinesis. Transfusion 2012; 52:2406-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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68
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Merico V, Zuccotti M, Carpi D, Baev D, Mulas F, Sacchi L, Bellazzi R, Pastorelli R, Redi CA, Moratti R, Garagna S, Balduini A. The genomic and proteomic blueprint of mouse megakaryocytes derived from embryonic stem cells. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:907-15. [PMID: 22372922 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelets are specialized cells, produced by megakaryocytes (MKs) in the bone marrow, which represent the first defense against hemorrhage. There are many diseases where platelet production or function is impaired, with severe consequences for patients. Therefore, new insights into the process of MK differentiation and platelet formation would have a major impact on both basic and clinical research. OBJECTIVES Embryonic stem (ES) cells represent a good in vitro model to study the differentiation of MKs, with the possibility of being genetically engineered and constituting an unlimited source of MKs. However, lack of knowledge about the molecular identity of ES-derived MKs (ES-MKs) may prevent any further development and application of this model. METHODS This paper presents the first comprehensive transcriptional and proteome profile analyses of mouse ES-MKs in comparison with MKs derived from mouse fetal liver progenitors (FL-MKs). RESULTS In ES-MKs we found a down-regulation of cytoskeleton proteins, specific transcription factors and membrane receptors at both transcriptional and protein levels. At the phenotypic level, this molecular blueprint was displayed by ES-MKs' lower polyploidy, lower nuclear/cytoplasm ratio and reduced capacity to form proplatelets and releasing platelets. CONCLUSIONS Overall our data demonstrate that ES-MKs represent a useful model to clarify many aspects of both MK physiology and pathological conditions where impaired MK functions are related to defective MK development, as in inherited thrombocytopenias and primary myelofibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Merico
- Laboratorio di Biologia dello Sviluppo, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie Lazzaro Spallanzani, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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69
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Leysi-Derilou Y, Duchesne C, Garnier A, Pineault N. Single-cell level analysis of megakaryocyte growth and development. Differentiation 2012; 83:200-9. [PMID: 22387343 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Several fundamental questions regarding cell growth and development can be answered by recording and analyzing the history of cells and their progeny. Herein, long-term and large-field live cell imaging was used to study the process of megakaryopoiesis at the single cell level (n = 9300) from human CD34+ cord blood (CB) in the presence of thrombopoietin (TPO) or the cytokine cocktail BS1 with or without nicotinamide (NIC). Comparative analyses revealed that the cocktail BS1 increased the mitotic and proplatelet rate of diploid and polyploid cells, respectively. Conversely, only NIC treatment increased the endomitotic rate of megakaryocytes (MKs) leading to the formation of CB-MKs with ploidy level frequently observed with BM-MKs. However, NIC failed to enhance platelet production. Rather, a 7- and 31-fold reduction in proplatelet formation was observed in tetraploid and octaploid CB-MKs, respectively, and ex vivo platelet production output was reduced by half due to a reduction in MK output in NIC cultures. Unexpectedly, a significant fraction of di- and polyploid CB-MKs were seen to undergo complete proplatelet regression. Though rare (< 0.6%), proplatelet reversal led to the formation of regular round cells that could at times resume normal development. The cell tracking data was then used to investigate the impact of "developmental fate" and ploidy on cell cycling time, and to identify potential developmental patterns. These analyses revealed that cell fate and ploidy level have major impacts on the cell cycling time of the cells, and that four recurrent cell lineage patterns could be identified for CD34+ cells undergoing MK differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Leysi-Derilou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6.
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70
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Shabrani NC, Khan NFQ, Kale VP, Limaye LS. Polyunsaturated fatty acids confer cryoresistance on megakaryocytes generated from cord blood and also enhance megakaryocyte production from cryopreserved cord blood cells. Cytotherapy 2012; 14:366-80. [PMID: 22250991 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2011.649186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Previous data have shown that the addition of docosahexanoic acid (DHA)/arachidonic acid (AA) has a beneficial effect on cytokine-mediated in vitro generation of megakaryocytes (MK) from umbilical cord blood (UCB).Cryopreservation forms an inherent part of UCB banking and MK progenitors are known to be very sensitive to the stresses of freezing. It is therefore imperative to generate functional cells from cryopreserved cells, and the generated cells need to be cryopreserved until used. In the present study, cryopreservation of ex vivo-expanded MK as well as MK generation from cryopreserved UCB samples was investigated. METHODS MK generated with or without DHA/AA were cryopreserved in freezing medium containing 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Freezing efficacy was tested by quantitating MK after revival. Cryopreserved CD34(+) cells were cultured with stem cell factor (SCF) and thrombopoietin (TPO), in the presence and absence of DHA/AA for 10 days, and then quantitated for MK. Results. We observed a 1.5-3-fold increase in MK numbers, their progenitor content and their expression of phenotypic markers and MK-related transcription factors. DHA/AA sets showed a 2-5-fold improved engraftment in NOD/SCID mice. These data showed that the beneficial effect of DHA/AA obtained during MK expansion was not altered after freezing stress. The enhancement in MK generation obtained from fresh cord blood (CB) cells was reproduced with comparable efficiency when we used cryopreserved CB samples. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data suggest that in vitro-generated DHA/AA MK survive cryoinjuries in a functionally better state. DHA/AA support a more efficient generation of MK from cryopreserved UCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata C Shabrani
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National Center for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
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71
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Abstract
Allogeneic platelet transfusions protect patients from bleeding episodes and also make aggressive medical procedures such as those involving marrow transplants requiring chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy possible. These patients are dependent upon an unfailing supply of platelets that can sometimes be in short supply due to high demands coupled with an extremely short expiration date for platelet products of only 5 days. One approach that is under investigation to overcome platelet shortages is to harness the extraordinary capabilities of stem cells to proliferate and differentiate into various cell types and to use this ability to specifically produce clinical scale quantities of functional platelets in bioreactors. To accomplish such an enormous and complex task requires an appreciation of the regulatory mechanisms that occur during the development of megakaryocytes (MKs) and the subsequent biogenesis of functional platelets from mature MKs. This means understanding the complex network of intracellular and extracellular regulatory mechanisms that act at each phase of a developmental process that ushers stem cells along the MK lineage to produce billions of platelets per day in a healthy individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Anna Reems
- Puget Sound Blood Center, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA.
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72
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Blood platelet production and morphology. Thromb Res 2012; 129:241-4. [PMID: 22226434 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2011.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Circulating platelets are highly specialized cells produced by megakaryocytes (Mks) that participate in hemostatic and inflammatory functions. Despite their critical role little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in their production from megakaryocytes, or about the pathogenesis of platelet disorders. Megakaryopoiesis occurs in a complex microenvironment within the bone marrow. The underlying relationships between Mk maturation and bone marrow components are key factors in this process. Mk interactions with extracellular matrices (ECM) via specific surface receptors control many functions, with chemistry, physical parameters and membrane elasticity as fundamental elements of the processes involved. Alteration of Mk-ECM interactions in the bone marrow environment may lead to pathophysiologic situations, such as myelofibrosis and congenital thrombocytopenia. Searching the mechanisms related to Mks-bone marrow environment interactions, will provide novel insight into fundamental control of Mk function, leading to new concepts in the study of Mk-related disease states and future modes for therapeutic inquiry.
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73
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Robert A, Cortin V, Garnier A, Pineault N. Megakaryocyte and platelet production from human cord blood stem cells. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 788:219-247. [PMID: 22130711 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-307-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The cloning of thrombopoietin together with advances in the culture of hematopoietic stem cells have paved the way for the study of megakaryopoiesis, ongoing clinical trials and, in the future, for the potential therapeutic use of ex vivo produced blood substitutes, such as platelets. This chapter describes a 14-day culture protocol for the production of human megakaryocytes (MKs) and platelets, and assays that can be used to characterize the functional properties of the platelets produced ex vivo. CD34(+) cells isolated from cord blood cells are grown in a serum-free medium supplemented with newly developed cytokine cocktails optimized for MK differentiation, expansion, and maturation. Detailed methodologies for flow cytometry analysis of MKs and platelets, for the purification of platelets and functional assays, are presented together with supporting figures. The chapter also provides a brief review on megakaryocytic differentiation and ex vivo MK cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Robert
- Département de Recherche et Développement, Héma-Québec, Québec City, QC, Canada
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74
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Pallotta I, Lovett M, Kaplan DL, Balduini A. Three-dimensional system for the in vitro study of megakaryocytes and functional platelet production using silk-based vascular tubes. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 17:1223-32. [PMID: 21895494 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets are specialized cells produced by megakaryocytes in the bone marrow that represent the first defense against hemorrhage, yet they also play a pathological role in thrombosis, inflammation, and cancer. Millions of platelet transfusions are conducted each year, and the supply of this blood component is limited. There are many diseases where platelet production or function is impaired with severe consequences for patients. With such clinical need, new insight into the formation of platelets would have a major impact on patients and healthcare. We developed an innovative 3D system to study platelet production that represents the first spatial reconstruction of the bone marrow environment. In this system human megakaryocytes were able to migrate toward the vascular niche, extend proplatelets, and release functional platelets into vascular tubes. The combination of different bone marrow components and the compliance of silk-based vascular tubes makes this model a unique tool for the study of platelet formation and production for use in healthcare needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Pallotta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
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75
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Kimbrel EA, Lu SJ. Potential clinical applications for human pluripotent stem cell-derived blood components. Stem Cells Int 2011; 2011:273076. [PMID: 21437192 PMCID: PMC3062143 DOI: 10.4061/2011/273076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to divide indefinitely without losing pluripotency and to theoretically differentiate into any cell type in the body makes them highly attractive cell sources for large scale regenerative medicine purposes. The current use of adult stem cell-derived products in hematologic intervention sets an important precedent and provides a guide for developing hESC/iPSC based therapies for the blood system. In this review, we highlight biological functions of mature cells of the blood, clinical conditions requiring the transfusion or stimulation of these cells, and the potential for hESC/iPSC-derivatives to serve as functional replacements. Many researchers have already been able to differentiate hESCs and/or iPSCs into specific mature blood cell types. For example, hESC-derived red blood cells and platelets are functional in tasks such as oxygen delivery and blood clotting, respectively and may be able to serve as substitutes for their donor-derived counterparts in emergencies. hESC-derived dendritic cells are functional in antigen-presentation and may be used as off-the-shelf vaccine therapies to stimulate antigen-specific immune responses against cancer cells. However, in vitro differentiation systems used to generate these cells will need further optimization before hESC/iPSC-derived blood components can be used clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Kimbrel
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine International, 33 Locke Drive, Marlborough, MA 01752, USA
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76
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Lu SJ, Li F, Yin H, Feng Q, Kimbrel EA, Hahm E, Thon JN, Wang W, Italiano JE, Cho J, Lanza R. Platelets generated from human embryonic stem cells are functional in vitro and in the microcirculation of living mice. Cell Res 2011; 21:530-45. [PMID: 21221130 PMCID: PMC3193430 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2011.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets play an essential role in hemostasis and atherothrombosis. Owing to their short storage time, there is constant demand for this life-saving blood component. In this study, we report that it is feasible to generate functional megakaryocytes and platelets from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) on a large scale. Differential-interference contrast and electron microscopy analyses showed that ultrastructural and morphological features of hESC-derived platelets were indistinguishable from those of normal blood platelets. In functional assays, hESC-derived platelets responded to thrombin stimulation, formed microaggregates, and facilitated clot formation/retraction in vitro. Live cell microscopy demonstrated that hESC-platelets formed lamellipodia and filopodia in response to thrombin activation, and tethered to each other as observed in normal blood. Using real-time intravital imaging with high-speed video microscopy, we have also shown that hESC-derived platelets contribute to developing thrombi at sites of laser-induced vascular injury in mice, providing the first evidence for in vivo functionality of hESC-derived platelets. These results represent an important step toward generating an unlimited supply of platelets for transfusion. Since platelets contain no genetic material, they are ideal candidates for early clinical translation involving human pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jiang Lu
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine International, 33 Locke Drive, Marlborough, MA 01752, USA.
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Robert A, Boyer L, Pineault N. Glycoprotein Ibα receptor instability is associated with loss of quality in platelets produced in culture. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 20:379-90. [PMID: 20504152 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of culture processes for hematopoietic progenitors could lead to the development of a complementary source of platelets for therapeutic purposes. However, functional characterization of culture-derived platelets remains limited, which raises some uncertainties about the quality of platelets produced in vitro. The aim of this study was to define the proportion of functional platelets produced in cord blood CD34+ cell cultures. Toward this, the morphological and functional properties of culture-derived platelet-like particles (PLPs) were critically compared to that of blood platelets. Flow cytometry combined with transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed that PLPs formed a more heterogeneous population of platelets at a different stage of maturation than blood platelets. The majority of PLPs harbored the fibrinogen receptor αIIbβ3, but a significant proportion failed to maintain glycoprotein (GP)Ibα surface expression, a component of the vWF receptor essential for platelet functions. Importantly, GPIbα extracellular expression correlated closely with platelet function, as the GPIIb+ GPIbα+ PLP subfraction responded normally to agonist stimulation as evidenced by α-granule release, adhesion, spreading, and aggregation. In contrast, the GPIIb+ GPIbα⁻ subfraction was unresponsive in most functional assays and appeared to be metabolically inactive. The present study confirms that functional platelets can be generated in cord blood CD34+ cell cultures, though these are highly susceptible to ectodomain shedding of receptors associated with loss of function. Optimization of culture conditions to prevent these deleterious effects and to homogenize PLPs is necessary to improve the quality and yields of culture-derived platelets before they can be recognized as a suitable complementary source for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Robert
- Département de Recherche et Développement, Héma-Québec, Québec City, Canada
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