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Schlage WK, Iskandar AR, Kostadinova R, Xiang Y, Sewer A, Majeed S, Kuehn D, Frentzel S, Talikka M, Geertz M, Mathis C, Ivanov N, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. In vitro systems toxicology approach to investigate the effects of repeated cigarette smoke exposure on human buccal and gingival organotypic epithelial tissue cultures. Toxicol Mech Methods 2014; 24:470-87. [PMID: 25046638 PMCID: PMC4219813 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2014.943441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Smoking has been associated with diseases of the lung, pulmonary airways and oral cavity. Cytologic, genomic and transcriptomic changes in oral mucosa correlate with oral pre-neoplasia, cancer and inflammation (e.g. periodontitis). Alteration of smoking-related gene expression changes in oral epithelial cells is similar to that in bronchial and nasal epithelial cells. Using a systems toxicology approach, we have previously assessed the impact of cigarette smoke (CS) seen as perturbations of biological processes in human nasal and bronchial organotypic epithelial culture models. Here, we report our further assessment using in vitro human oral organotypic epithelium models. We exposed the buccal and gingival organotypic epithelial tissue cultures to CS at the air-liquid interface. CS exposure was associated with increased secretion of inflammatory mediators, induction of cytochrome P450s activity and overall weak toxicity in both tissues. Using microarray technology, gene-set analysis and a novel computational modeling approach leveraging causal biological network models, we identified CS impact on xenobiotic metabolism-related pathways accompanied by a more subtle alteration in inflammatory processes. Gene-set analysis further indicated that the CS-induced pathways in the in vitro buccal tissue models resembled those in the in vivo buccal biopsies of smokers from a published dataset. These findings support the translatability of systems responses from in vitro to in vivo and demonstrate the applicability of oral organotypical tissue models for an impact assessment of CS on various tissues exposed during smoking, as well as for impact assessment of reduced-risk products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter K. Schlage
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Anita R. Iskandar
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Radina Kostadinova
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Yang Xiang
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Alain Sewer
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Diana Kuehn
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Marja Talikka
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Marcel Geertz
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Nikolai Ivanov
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Manuel C. Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
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Effects of formaldehyde on lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in the peripheral blood of exposed workers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104069. [PMID: 25157974 PMCID: PMC4144836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is a well-known irritant, and it is suggested to increase the risk of immune diseases and cancer. The present study aimed to evaluate the distribution of major lymphocyte subsets and cytokine expression profiles in the peripheral blood of FA-exposed workers. A total of 118 FA-exposed workers and 79 controls were enrolled in the study. High performance liquid chromatography, flow cytometry, and cytometric bead array were used to analyze FA in air sample and formic acid in urine, blood lymphocyte subpopulations, and serum cytokines, respectively. The FA-exposed workers were divided into low and high exposure groups according to their exposure levels. The results showed that both the low and high FA-exposed groups had a significant increase of formic acid in urine when compared to the controls. Both the low and high exposure groups had a significant increase in the percentage of B cells (CD19+) compared to the control group (p<0.01). A significant increase in the percentage of the natural killer (NK) cells (CD56+) was observed in the low exposure group compared to the control (p = 0.013). Moreover, the FA-exposed workers in both exposure groups showed a significant higher level of IL-10 but lower level of IL-8 than the control (p<0.01). Subjects in the high exposure group had a higher level of IL-4 but a lower level of IFN-γ than the control (p<0.05). Finally, there is a significant correlation between the levels of IL-10, IL-4, and IL-8 and formic acid (p<0.05). The findings from the present study may explain, at least in part, the association between FA exposure and immune diseases and cancer.
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Oerlemans AJM, van Hoek MEC, van Leeuwen E, Dekkers WJM. Hype and expectations in tissue engineering. Regen Med 2014; 9:113-22. [PMID: 24351011 DOI: 10.2217/rme.13.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Scientific progress and the development of new technologies often incite enthusiasm, both in scientists and the public at large, and this is especially apparent in discussions of emerging medical technologies, such as tissue engineering (TE). Future-oriented narratives typically discuss potential applications with much hype and expectations. In this article, we analyze the discourse on TE, its history and the promises present in the discourse surrounding it. Subsequently, we regard discussions about implantable bioartificial kidneys, and consider the concepts of hype and expectations in TE in general. Finally, we discuss what ethically responsible choices should be made in discussing TE to adequately deal with the scientific reality and public expectations surrounding this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke J M Oerlemans
- Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101 (IQ 114), 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Liu FF, Escher BI, Were S, Duffy L, Ng JC. Mixture Effects of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes (BTEX) on Lung Carcinoma Cells via a Hanging Drop Air Exposure System. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:952-9. [DOI: 10.1021/tx5000552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faye F. Liu
- National
Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Brisbane, Queensland 4108, Australia
- CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Beate I. Escher
- National
Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Brisbane, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Stephen Were
- Department
of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct (DAFF), 39 Kessels Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Lesley Duffy
- CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Brisbane, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Jack C. Ng
- National
Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Brisbane, Queensland 4108, Australia
- CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, South Australia 5095, Australia
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Abstract
With the advent of biobanks to store human lung cells and tissues from patient donations and from the procurement of medical waste tissues, it is now possible to integrate (both spatially and temporally) cells into anatomically-correct and physiologically-functional tissues. Modern inhalation toxicology relies on human data on exposure and adverse effects, to determine the most appropriate risk assessments and mitigations for beneficial respiratory health. A point in case is the recapitulation of airway tissue, such as the bronchial epithelium, to investigate the impact of air pollution on human respiratory health. The bronchi are the first point of contact for inhaled substances that bypass defences in the upper respiratory tract. Animal models have been used to resolve such inhalation toxicology hazards. However, the access to medical waste tissues has enabled the Lung Particle Research Group to tissue-engineer the Micro-Lung (TM) and Metabo-Lung(TM) cell culture models, as alternatives to animals in basic research and in the safety testing of aerosolised consumer goods. The former model favours investigations focused on lung injury and repair mechanisms, and the latter model provides the element of metabolism, through the co-culturing of lung and liver (hepatocyte) cells. These innovations represent examples of the animal-free alternatives advocated by the 21st century toxicology paradigm, whereby human-derived cell/tissue data will lead to more-accurate and more-reliable public health risk assessments and therapeutic mitigations (e.g. exposure to ambient air pollutants and adverse drug reactions) for lung disease.
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Hynds RE, Giangreco A. Concise review: the relevance of human stem cell-derived organoid models for epithelial translational medicine. Stem Cells 2014. [PMID: 23203919 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial organ remodeling is a major contributing factor to worldwide death and disease, costing healthcare systems billions of dollars every year. Despite this, most fundamental epithelial organ research fails to produce new therapies and mortality rates for epithelial organ diseases remain unacceptably high. In large part, this failure in translating basic epithelial research into clinical therapy is due to a lack of relevance in existing preclinical models. To correct this, new models are required that improve preclinical target identification, pharmacological lead validation, and compound optimization. In this review, we discuss the relevance of human stem cell-derived, three-dimensional organoid models for addressing each of these challenges. We highlight the advantages of stem cell-derived organoid models over existing culture systems, discuss recent advances in epithelial tissue-specific organoids, and present a paradigm for using organoid models in human translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Hynds
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
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Zheng M, Ahuja M, Bhattacharya D, Clement TP, Hayworth JS, Dhanasekaran M. Evaluation of differential cytotoxic effects of the oil spill dispersant Corexit 9500. Life Sci 2013; 95:108-17. [PMID: 24361361 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The British Petroleum (BP) oil spill has raised several ecological and health concerns. As the first response, BP used a chemical dispersant, Corexit-9500, to disperse the crude oil in the Gulf of Mexico to limit shoreline contamination problems. Nevertheless, portions of this oil/Corexit mixture reached the shoreline and still remain in various Gulf shore environments. The use of Corexit itself has become a significant concern since its impacts on human health and environment is unclear. MAIN METHODS In this study, in vitro cytotoxic effects of Corexit were evaluated using different mammalian cells. KEY FINDINGS Under serum free conditions, the LC50 value for Corexit in BL16/BL6 cell was 16 ppm, in 1321N1 cell was 33 ppm, in H19-7 cell was 70 ppm, in HEK293 was 93 ppm, and in HK-2 cell was 95 ppm. With regard to the mechanisms of cytotoxicity, we hypothesize that Corexit can possibly induce cytotoxicity in mammalian cells by altering the intracellular oxidative balance and inhibiting mitochondrial functions. Corexit induced increased reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxide levels; also, it depleted glutathione content and altered catalase activity in H19-7 cells. In addition, there was mitochondrial complex-I inhibition and increase in the pro-apoptotic factors including caspase-3 and BAX expression. SIGNIFICANCE The experimental results show changes in intracellular oxidative radicals leading to mitochondrial dysfunctions and apoptosis in Corexit treatments, possibly contributing to cell death. Our findings raise concerns about using large volumes of Corexit, a potential environmental toxin, in sensitive ocean environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Zheng
- Department of Civil Engineering, 212 Harbert Engineering Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Manuj Ahuja
- Department of Pharmacal Sciences, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Dwipayan Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacal Sciences, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - T Prabhakar Clement
- Department of Civil Engineering, 212 Harbert Engineering Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Joel S Hayworth
- Department of Civil Engineering, 212 Harbert Engineering Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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58
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Oerlemans AJM, van Hoek MEC, van Leeuwen E, van der Burg S, Dekkers WJM. Towards a richer debate on tissue engineering: a consideration on the basis of NEST-ethics. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2013; 19:963-81. [PMID: 23229374 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-012-9419-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In their 2007 paper, Swierstra and Rip identify characteristic tropes and patterns of moral argumentation in the debate about the ethics of new and emerging science and technologies (or "NEST-ethics"). Taking their NEST-ethics structure as a starting point, we considered the debate about tissue engineering (TE), and argue what aspects we think ought to be a part of a rich and high-quality debate of TE. The debate surrounding TE seems to be predominantly a debate among experts. When considering the NEST-ethics arguments that deal directly with technology, we can generally conclude that consequentialist arguments are by far the most prominently featured in discussions of TE. In addition, many papers discuss principles, rights and duties relevant to aspects of TE, both in a positive and in a critical sense. Justice arguments are only sporadically made, some "good life" arguments are used, others less so (such as the explicit articulation of perceived limits, or the technology as a technological fix for a social problem). Missing topics in the discussion, at least from the perspective of NEST-ethics, are second "level" arguments-those referring to techno-moral change connected to tissue engineering. Currently, the discussion about tissue engineering mostly focuses on its so-called "hard impacts"-quantifiable risks and benefits of the technology. Its "soft impacts"-effects that cannot easily be quantified, such as changes to experience, habits and perceptions, should receive more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J M Oerlemans
- Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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59
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Hoogendoorn B, Berube K, Gregory C, Jones T, Sexton K, Brennan P, Brewis IA, Murison A, Arthur R, Price H, Morgan H, Matthews IP. Gene and protein responses of human lung tissue explants exposed to ambient particulate matter of different sizes. Inhal Toxicol 2013; 24:966-75. [PMID: 23216157 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.742600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Exposure to ambient particulate air pollution is associated with increased cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality. It is necessary to understand causal pathways driving the observed health effects, particularly if they are differentially associated with particle size. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of different size ranges of ambient particulate matter (PM) on gene and protein expression in an in vitro model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Normal human tracheobronchial epithelium (NHTBE) three-dimensional cell constructs were exposed for 24 h to washed ambient PM of different sizes (size 1: 7-615 nm; size 2: 616 nm-2.39 µm; size 3: 2.4-10 µm) collected from a residential street. A human stress and toxicity PCR array was used to investigate gene expression and iTRAQ was used to perform quantitative proteomics. RESULTS Eighteen different genes of the 84 on the PCR array were significantly dysregulated. Treatment with size 2 PM resulted in the greatest number of genes with altered expression, followed by size 1 and lastly size 3. ITRAQ identified 317 proteins, revealing 20 that were differentially expressed. Enrichment for gene ontology classification revealed potential changes to various pathways. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Different size fractions of ambient PM are associated with dysregulatory effects on the cellular proteome and on stress and toxicity genes of NHTBE cells. This approach not only provides an investigative tool to identify possible causal pathways but also permits the relationship between particle size and responses to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan Hoogendoorn
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Neuadd Meirionnydd, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
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Sauer UG, Vogel S, Hess A, Kolle SN, Ma-Hock L, van Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. In vivo–in vitro comparison of acute respiratory tract toxicity using human 3D airway epithelial models and human A549 and murine 3T3 monolayer cell systems. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:174-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Mathis C, Poussin C, Weisensee D, Gebel S, Hengstermann A, Sewer A, Belcastro V, Xiang Y, Ansari S, Wagner S, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. Human bronchial epithelial cells exposed in vitro to cigarette smoke at the air-liquid interface resemble bronchial epithelium from human smokers. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 304:L489-503. [PMID: 23355383 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00181.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Organotypic culture of human primary bronchial epithelial cells is a useful in vitro system to study normal biological processes and lung disease mechanisms, to develop new therapies, and to assess the biological perturbations induced by environmental pollutants. Herein, we investigate whether the perturbations induced by cigarette smoke (CS) and observed in the epithelium of smokers' airways are reproducible in this in vitro system (AIR-100 tissue), which has been shown to recapitulate most of the characteristics of the human bronchial epithelium. Human AIR-100 tissues were exposed to mainstream CS for 7, 14, 21, or 28 min at the air-liquid interface, and we investigated various biological endpoints [e.g., gene expression and microRNA profiles, matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) release] at multiple postexposure time points (0.5, 2, 4, 24, 48 h). By performing a Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, we observed a significant enrichment of human smokers' bronchial epithelium gene signatures derived from different public transcriptomics datasets in CS-exposed AIR-100 tissue. Comparison of in vitro microRNA profiles with microRNA data from healthy smokers highlighted various highly translatable microRNAs associated with inflammation or with cell cycle processes that are known to be perturbed by CS in lung tissue. We also found a dose-dependent increase of MMP-1 release by AIR-100 tissue 48 h after CS exposure in agreement with the known effect of CS on this collagenase expression in smokers' tissues. In conclusion, a similar biological perturbation than the one observed in vivo in smokers' airway epithelium could be induced after a single CS exposure of a human organotypic bronchial epithelium-like tissue culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Product SA, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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Cyto-genotoxic effects of smoke from commercial filter and non-filter cigarettes on human bronchial and pulmonary cells. Mutat Res 2012; 750:1-11. [PMID: 23010388 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of chemicals, some of which are known as carcinogens. The cyto-genotoxic effects of cigarette-smoke extract (CSE) from commercial cigarettes without (A and B) and with filter (C and D) were evaluated at different CSE concentrations on A549 and BEAS-2B cells. The particle content of the cigarette smoke and the metal composition of the CSE were also analyzed. The cells were exposed to 1-10% of the CSE from one cigarette per experiment. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by use of the MTT assay after 24h, and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay after 30min and 24h. The Fpg-modified comet assay was used to evaluate direct-oxidative DNA damage on cells exposed for 30min. As expected, unfiltered cigarette smoke (particularly from the B cigarette) contained a higher number of particles than filtered smoke. With smoke extract from the B cigarette we found a decrease in cell viability only in BEAS-2B cells. The results of the LDH test showed membrane damage for B-cigarette smoke extract, particularly in BEAS-2B cells. Extracts from unfiltered cigarette smoke induced significant direct DNA damage, to a larger extent in A549 cells. Filtered cigarette-smoke extract induced a significant direct DNA damage at 5-10%. A significant induction of oxidative DNA damage was found at the highest CSE concentration in both cell types (by smoke extracts from B and C cigarettes in A549 cells, and from A and D cigarettes in BEAS-2B cells). Smoke extracts from filter cigarettes induced less direct DNA damage than those from unfiltered cigarettes in A549 cells, probably due to a protective effect of filter. In BEAS-2B cells the smoke extract from the B-cigarette showed the highest genotoxic effect, with a concentration-dependent trend. These findings show a higher cyto-genotoxicity for smoke extracts from the B-cigarette and oxidative effects for those from the A and D cigarettes, particularly in BEAS-2B cells. Moreover, there was a higher responsiveness of A549 cells to genotoxic insult of CSE, and a cigarette-dependent genotoxicity in BEAS-2B cells. Our experimental model demonstrated to be suitable to sensitively detect early genotoxic response of different lung-cell types to non-cytotoxic concentrations of complex inhalable mixtures.
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Hutter V, Hilgendorf C, Cooper A, Zann V, Pritchard DI, Bosquillon C. Evaluation of layers of the rat airway epithelial cell line RL-65 for permeability screening of inhaled drug candidates. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 47:481-9. [PMID: 22820031 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A rat respiratory epithelial cell culture system for in vitro prediction of drug pulmonary absorption is currently lacking. Such a model may however enhance the understanding of interspecies differences in inhaled drug pharmacokinetics by filling the gap between human in vitro and rat in/ex vivo drug permeability screens. The rat airway epithelial cell line RL-65 was cultured on Transwell inserts for up to 21 days at an air-liquid (AL) interface and cell layers were evaluated for their suitability as a drug permeability measurement tool. These layers were found to be morphologically representative of the bronchial/bronchiolar epithelium when cultured for 8 days in a defined serum-free medium. In addition, RL-65 layers developed epithelial barrier properties with a transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) >300 Ω cm(2) and apparent (14)C-mannitol permeability (P(app)) values between 0.5-3.0 × 10(-6)cm/s; i.e., in the same range as established in vitro human bronchial epithelial absorption models. Expression of P-glycoprotein was confirmed by gene analysis and immunohistochemistry. Nevertheless, no vectorial transport of the established substrates (3)H-digoxin and Rhodamine123 was observed across the layers. Although preliminary, this study shows RL-65 cell layers have the potential to become a useful in vitro screening tool in the pre-clinical development of inhaled drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Hutter
- Division of Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, UK
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64
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Tralau T, Luch A. Drug-mediated toxicity: illuminating the ‘bad’ in the test tube by means of cellular assays? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:353-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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65
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Razi CH, Akin KO, Harmanci K, Ozdemir O, Abaci A, Hizli S, Renda R, Celik A. Relationship between hair cadmium levels, indoor ETS exposure and wheezing frequency in children. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2012; 40:51-9. [PMID: 21414712 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal and the components of tobacco and scalp hair effectively reflect a long-term environmental exposure. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the concentration of Cd levels in the hair of children with recurrent wheezing, and to evaluate the predictors of elevated Cd levels with a focus on anthropometric, environmental, and dietary factors. METHODS In this case-control study, scalp hair was obtained from 65 children with recurrent wheezing (RW) and from 65 healthy children (HC). Hair Cd concentrations were determined by ICP-MS. RESULTS Median (IQR) hair Cd levels were 0.22 μg/kg (0.10-0.35) in RW group and 0.12 μg/kg (0.04-0.23) in HC group (p = 0.013). Multivariable logistic regression model results showed that being a child with RW (OR = 6.28; p = 0.001), ETS exposure at home (OR=22.56; p < 0.001), and mother's education level (OR = 0.49; p = 0.020), are the major predictor variables for elevated hair Cd levels (cut off >0.17 μg/kg). In RW group, multivariable logistic regression results showed that hair Cd levels of >0.17 μg/kg was significantly predictive of having three or more wheezing episodes in RW group after adjustment for ETS exposure at home (OR = 5.48; p = 0.012). CONCLUSION We demonstrated that the more children are exposed to ETS at home, the more they are exposed to heavy metals like Cd. Especially children who have had three or more wheezing attacks over the last six months are much more susceptible than the other asthmatic and non-asthmatic children, and Cd exposure aggravates their asthmatic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Razi
- Kecioren Education and Research Hospital, Department of Pediatric Allergy, Turkey.
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66
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Mura S, Hillaireau H, Nicolas J, Kerdine-Römer S, Le Droumaguet B, Deloménie C, Nicolas V, Pallardy M, Tsapis N, Fattal E. Biodegradable Nanoparticles Meet the Bronchial Airway Barrier: How Surface Properties Affect Their Interaction with Mucus and Epithelial Cells. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:4136-43. [DOI: 10.1021/bm201226x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Mura
- UMR
CNRS 8612, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie and ‡INSERM UMR996,
Cytokines, Chimiokines et immunopathologie, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie,
5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay Malabry
cedex, France
- TRANS-PROT and ⊥Imagerie Cellulaire, IFR IPSIT (Institut Paris-Sud d’Innovation
Thérapeutique)
, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry
cedex, France
| | - Hervé Hillaireau
- UMR
CNRS 8612, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie and ‡INSERM UMR996,
Cytokines, Chimiokines et immunopathologie, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie,
5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay Malabry
cedex, France
- TRANS-PROT and ⊥Imagerie Cellulaire, IFR IPSIT (Institut Paris-Sud d’Innovation
Thérapeutique)
, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry
cedex, France
| | - Julien Nicolas
- UMR
CNRS 8612, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie and ‡INSERM UMR996,
Cytokines, Chimiokines et immunopathologie, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie,
5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay Malabry
cedex, France
- TRANS-PROT and ⊥Imagerie Cellulaire, IFR IPSIT (Institut Paris-Sud d’Innovation
Thérapeutique)
, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry
cedex, France
| | - Saadia Kerdine-Römer
- UMR
CNRS 8612, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie and ‡INSERM UMR996,
Cytokines, Chimiokines et immunopathologie, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie,
5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay Malabry
cedex, France
- TRANS-PROT and ⊥Imagerie Cellulaire, IFR IPSIT (Institut Paris-Sud d’Innovation
Thérapeutique)
, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry
cedex, France
| | - Benjamin Le Droumaguet
- UMR
CNRS 8612, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie and ‡INSERM UMR996,
Cytokines, Chimiokines et immunopathologie, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie,
5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay Malabry
cedex, France
- TRANS-PROT and ⊥Imagerie Cellulaire, IFR IPSIT (Institut Paris-Sud d’Innovation
Thérapeutique)
, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry
cedex, France
| | - Claudine Deloménie
- UMR
CNRS 8612, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie and ‡INSERM UMR996,
Cytokines, Chimiokines et immunopathologie, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie,
5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay Malabry
cedex, France
- TRANS-PROT and ⊥Imagerie Cellulaire, IFR IPSIT (Institut Paris-Sud d’Innovation
Thérapeutique)
, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry
cedex, France
| | - Valérie Nicolas
- UMR
CNRS 8612, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie and ‡INSERM UMR996,
Cytokines, Chimiokines et immunopathologie, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie,
5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay Malabry
cedex, France
- TRANS-PROT and ⊥Imagerie Cellulaire, IFR IPSIT (Institut Paris-Sud d’Innovation
Thérapeutique)
, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry
cedex, France
| | - Marc Pallardy
- UMR
CNRS 8612, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie and ‡INSERM UMR996,
Cytokines, Chimiokines et immunopathologie, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie,
5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay Malabry
cedex, France
- TRANS-PROT and ⊥Imagerie Cellulaire, IFR IPSIT (Institut Paris-Sud d’Innovation
Thérapeutique)
, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry
cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Tsapis
- UMR
CNRS 8612, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie and ‡INSERM UMR996,
Cytokines, Chimiokines et immunopathologie, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie,
5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay Malabry
cedex, France
- TRANS-PROT and ⊥Imagerie Cellulaire, IFR IPSIT (Institut Paris-Sud d’Innovation
Thérapeutique)
, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry
cedex, France
| | - Elias Fattal
- UMR
CNRS 8612, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie and ‡INSERM UMR996,
Cytokines, Chimiokines et immunopathologie, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie,
5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay Malabry
cedex, France
- TRANS-PROT and ⊥Imagerie Cellulaire, IFR IPSIT (Institut Paris-Sud d’Innovation
Thérapeutique)
, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry
cedex, France
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Sexton K, Balharry D, Brennan P, McLaren J, Brewis IA, BéruBé KA. Proteomic profiling of human respiratory epithelia by iTRAQ reveals biomarkers of exposure and harm by tobacco smoke components. Biomarkers 2011; 16:567-76. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2011.608855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Klein SG, Hennen J, Serchi T, Blömeke B, Gutleb AC. Potential of coculture in vitro models to study inflammatory and sensitizing effects of particles on the lung. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:1516-34. [PMID: 21963807 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) like nanoparticles (NPs) has increased in the last century due to increased combustion processes, road traffic, etc. In addition, the progress in chemical and cosmetic industry led to many new compounds, e.g. fragrances, which humans are exposed to every day. Many chemicals are known to act as contact and some as respiratory sensitizers, causing allergic reactions. Exposure to small particles of less than 100 nm in diameter is linked with an increased risk of respiratory diseases, such as asthma or rhinitis. To date already more than 1000 customer products contain eNPs without knowing much about the health effects. In comparison to chemicals, the mechanisms by which PM and eNPs can cause sensitization are still not fully understood. Validated and regulatory accepted in vitro models to assess this hazard in its full range are still missing. While a huge number of animal studies contributed to our knowledge about sensitization processes, knowledge on involved cellular mechanisms is still limited. In this review relevant in vitro models to study and elucidate these mechanisms in more detail are presented and their potential to serve as part of a tiered testing strategy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian G Klein
- Department Environment and Agro-biotechnologies (EVA), Centre de Recherche Public, Gabriel Lippmann, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
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Ren D, Daines DA. Use of the EpiAirway model for characterizing long-term host-pathogen interactions. J Vis Exp 2011:e3261. [PMID: 21912369 DOI: 10.3791/3261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) are human-adapted Gram-negative bacteria that can cause recurrent and chronic infections of the respiratory mucosa (1; 2). To study the mechanisms by which these organisms survive on and inside respiratory tissues, a model in which successful long-term co-culture of bacteria and human cells can be performed is required. We use primary human respiratory epithelial tissues raised to the air-liquid interface, the EpiAirway model (MatTek, Ashland, MA). These are non-immortalized, well-differentiated, 3-dimensional tissues that contain tight junctions, ciliated and nonciliated cells, goblet cells that produce mucin, and retain the ability to produce cytokines in response to infection. This biologically relevant in vitro model of the human upper airway can be used in a number of ways; the overall goal of this method is to perform long-term co-culture of EpiAirway tissues with NTHi and quantitate cell-associated and internalized bacteria over time. As well, mucin production and the cytokine profile of the infected co-cultures can be determined. This approach improves upon existing methods in that many current protocols use submerged monolayer or Transwell cultures of human cells, which are not capable of supporting bacterial infections over extended periods(3). For example, if an organism can replicate in the overlying media, this can result in unacceptable levels of cytotoxicity and loss of host cells, arresting the experiment. The EpiAirway model allows characterization of long-term host-pathogen interactions. Further, since the source for the EpiAirway is normal human tracheo-bronchial cells rather than an immortalized line, each is an excellent representation of actual human upper respiratory tract tissue, both in structure and in function(4). For this method, the EpiAirway tissues are weaned off of anti-microbial and anti-fungal compounds for 2 days prior to delivery, and all procedures are performed under antibiotic-free conditions. This necessitates special considerations, since both bacteria and primary human tissues are used in the same biosafety cabinet, and are co-cultured for extended periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabin Ren
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine
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Abstract
The respiratory system acts as a portal into the human body for airborne materials, which may gain access via the administration of medicines or inadvertently during inhalation of ambient air (e.g. air pollution). The burden of lung disease has been continuously increasing, to the point where it now represents a major cause of human morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the UK, more people die from respiratory disease than from coronary heart disease or non-respiratory cancer. For this reason alone, gaining an understanding of mechanisms of human lung biology, especially in injury and repair events, is now a principal focus within the field of respiratory medicine. Animal models are routinely used to investigate such events in the lung, but they do not truly reproduce the responses that occur in humans. Scientists committed to the more robust Three Rs principles of animal experimentation ( Reduction, Refinement and Replacement) have been developing viable alternatives, derived from human medical waste tissues from patient donors, to generate in vitro models that resemble the in vivo human lung environment. In the specific case of inhalation toxicology, human-oriented models are especially warranted, given the new REACH regulations for the handling of chemicals, the rising air pollution problems and the availability of pharmaceutically valuable drugs. Advances in tissue-engineering have made it feasible and cost-effective to construct human tissue equivalents of the respiratory epithelia. The conducting airways of the lower respiratory system are a critical zone to recapitulate for use in inhalation toxicology. Three-dimensional (3D) tissue designs which make use of primary cells, provide more in vivo-like responses, based on the targeted interactions of multiple cell types supported on artificial scaffolds. These scaffolds emulate the native extracellular matrix, in which cells differentiate into a functional pulmonary tissue. When 3-D cell cultures are employed for testing aerosolised chemicals, drugs and xenobiotics, responses are captured that mirror the events in the in situ human lung and provide human endpoint data.
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Bérubé K, Pitt A, Hayden P, Prytherch Z, Job C. Filter-well technology for advanced three-dimensional cell culture: perspectives for respiratory research. Altern Lab Anim 2011; 38 Suppl 1:49-65. [PMID: 21275484 DOI: 10.1177/026119291003801s04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell culture has long been a valuable tool for studying cell behaviour. Classical plastic substrates are two-dimensional, and usually promote cellular proliferation and inhibit differentiation. Understanding cell behaviour within complex multicellular tissues requires the systematic study of cells within the context of specific model microenvironments. A model system must mimic, to a certain degree, the in vivo situation, but, at the same time, can significantly reduce its complexity. There is increasing agreement that moving up to the third dimension provides a more physiologically-relevant and predictive model system. Moreover, many cellular processes (morphogenesis, organogenesis and pathogenesis) have been confirmed to occur exclusively when cells are ordered in a three-dimensional (3-D) manner. In order to achieve the desired in vivo phenotype, researchers can use microporous membranes for improved in vitro cell culture experiments. In the present review, we discuss the applications of filter-well technology for the advanced 3-D cell culture of human pulmonary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Bérubé
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
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Kastner PE, Casset A, Pons F. Formaldehyde interferes with airway epithelium integrity and functions in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Toxicol Lett 2010; 200:109-16. [PMID: 21087659 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a common indoor air pollutant. To assess its potential role and mechanism of action in asthma, we exposed the bronchial epithelial cell lines Calu-3 and 16HBE to HCHO (70-7000 μM) according to two exposure schedules (30 min and 24 h), before measuring cell viability, necrosis and apoptosis, reactive oxygen species production, cytokine release, as well as trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of cell monolayers. Whereas exposure to HCHO for 30 min had a limited effect on cell viability, exposure for 24h to 1400-7000 μM HCHO induced a pronounced dose-dependent cell death. The important decrease in cell viability observed after 24h exposure to the highest concentrations of HCHO (1400-7000 μM) was accompanied by important LDH release and ROS production, whereas a 4h exposure to lower HCHO concentrations (350 μM) induced cell apoptosis. Also, exposure to HCHO for 30 min dose-dependently inhibited basal and lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 production by bronchial epithelial cells. As well, HCHO triggered a dose- and time-dependent decrease in TEER of Calu-3 cell monolayers. The present work demonstrates that HCHO interferes with airway epithelium integrity and functions, and may thus modulate the onset and the severity of asthma. However, importantly, conditions of exposure to HCHO, e.g. level and duration, are determinant in the nature of the effects triggered by the pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Edouard Kastner
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Boactives, UMR 7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 Route du Rhin, BP 60024, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
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Bérubé K, Prytherch Z, Job C, Hughes T. Human primary bronchial lung cell constructs: the new respiratory models. Toxicology 2010; 278:311-8. [PMID: 20403407 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Scientists routinely work within the three R's principles of 'Reduction, Refinement and Replacement' of animal experiments. Accordingly, viable alternatives are regularly developed, and in the specific case of the human lung, in vitro models for inhalation toxicology that mimic in vivo toxic events that may occur in the human lung, are welcomed. This is especially warranted given the new EU regulations (i.e. REACH) coming into force for the handling of chemicals and the advent of nanotoxicology. Furthermore, recent advances in human tissue-engineering has made it feasible and cost effective to construct human tissue equivalents of the respiratory epithelia, as in-house models derived from primary cells. There is an urgent need for engineered tissue equivalents of the lung given the increase in pharmaceutically valuable drugs, toxicity testing of environmental pollutants and the advent of nanotoxicology. Given the well-known problems with 2-dimensional (2-D) cell cultures as test beds, more realistic 3-D tissue constructs are required, especially for preclinical stages of cell- and tissue-based, high-throughput screening in drug discovery. The generation of high-fidelity engineered tissue constructs is based on the targeted interactions of organ-specific cells and intelligent biomimetic scaffolds which emulate the natural environment of their native extracellular matrix, in which the cells develop, differentiate and function. The proximal region of the human respiratory system is a critical zone to recapitulate for use as in vitro alternatives to in vivo inhalation toxicology. Undifferentiated normal human bronchial epithelia cells can be obtained from surgical procedures or purchased from commercial sources and used to establish 3-D, differentiated, organo-typic cell cultures for pulmonary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Bérubé
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF103AX, Wales, UK.
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Holmes A, Brown R, Shakesheff K. Engineering tissue alternatives to animals: applying tissue engineering to basic research and safety testing. Regen Med 2009; 4:579-92. [PMID: 19580406 DOI: 10.2217/rme.09.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus for the rapid progress in the field of tissue engineering has been the clinical potential of the technology to repair, replace, maintain or enhance the function of a particular tissue or organ. However, tissue engineering has much wider applicability in basic research and safety testing, which is often not recognized owing to the clinical focus of tissue engineers. Using examples from a recent National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council symposium, which brought together tissue engineers and scientists from other research communities, this review highlights the potential of tissue engineering to provide scientifically robust alternatives to animals to address basic research questions and improve drug and chemical development in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Holmes
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement & Reduction of Animals in Research, 20 Park Crescent, London, W1B 1AL, UK.
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Trommelmans L, Selling J, Dierickx K. The importance of the values attached to cells for a good informed consent procedure in cell donation for tissue engineering purposes. Cell Tissue Bank 2009; 10:293-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10561-009-9123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Sexton K, Balharry D, BéruBé KA. Genomic biomarkers of pulmonary exposure to tobacco smoke components. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2008; 18:853-60. [PMID: 18794723 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e328307bddf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between smoking and the development of tobacco-related diseases in humans have historically been assessed by epidemiological studies. These studies are further complicated by the number of chemicals used in tobacco and individual smoking habits. An alternative approach is required to assess the biological responses. OBJECTIVE Toxicogenomics was carried out to identify early molecular markers for events in pulmonary injury resulting from tobacco smoke components (TSC) exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS EpiAirway-100 cells were exposed at the air/liquid interface to representative particle (nicotine; cadmium) and vapour phase [formaldehyde (FA) and ethyl carbamate] components of cigarette smoke. Microarray technology was used to compare expression profiles of human genes associated with toxicity and drug resistance, from control and TSC-treated respiratory epithelium (n=5/dose). RESULTS Using the GEArray 'toxicology and drug resistance' microarray followed by significance analysis of microarray analysis, 42 mRNA transcripts were found to be significantly altered by the TSC exposure. The vapour [ethyl carbamate, FA and particle (nicotine, cadmium)] phase TSC exhibited differential transcriptional responses that could not be attributed to their chemical phase. The transcriptional changes could be classified according to a functional family, where ethyl carbamate, FA and cadmium classified as carcinogens, demonstrated the highest gene homology when compared with the noncarcinogen, nicotine. DISCUSSION Analysis of the microarray data and further confirmation (reverse transcriptase-PCR) identified three potential biomarkers for TSC-induced injury. These three genes (CYP7A1, HMOX1 and PTGS1) are highly upregulated and have been linked with mechanistic pathways of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Sexton
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
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