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Abstract
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The
year 2017 marks the twentieth anniversary of terpenoid cyclase
structural biology: a trio of terpenoid cyclase structures reported
together in 1997 were the first to set the foundation for understanding
the enzymes largely responsible for the exquisite chemodiversity of
more than 80000 terpenoid natural products. Terpenoid cyclases catalyze
the most complex chemical reactions in biology, in that more than
half of the substrate carbon atoms undergo changes in bonding and
hybridization during a single enzyme-catalyzed cyclization reaction.
The past two decades have witnessed structural, functional, and computational
studies illuminating the modes of substrate activation that initiate
the cyclization cascade, the management and manipulation of high-energy
carbocation intermediates that propagate the cyclization cascade,
and the chemical strategies that terminate the cyclization cascade.
The role of the terpenoid cyclase as a template for catalysis is paramount
to its function, and protein engineering can be used to reprogram
the cyclization cascade to generate alternative and commercially important
products. Here, I review key advances in terpenoid cyclase structural
and chemical biology, focusing mainly on terpenoid cyclases and related
prenyltransferases for which X-ray crystal structures have informed
and advanced our understanding of enzyme structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Christianson
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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52
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Doveston RG, Kuusk A, Andrei SA, Leysen S, Cao Q, Castaldi MP, Hendricks A, Brunsveld L, Chen H, Boyd H, Ottmann C. Small-molecule stabilization of the p53 - 14-3-3 protein-protein interaction. FEBS Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard G. Doveston
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; The Netherlands
| | - Ave Kuusk
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; The Netherlands
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg; Mölndal Sweden
| | - Sebastian A. Andrei
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; The Netherlands
| | - Seppe Leysen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; The Netherlands
| | - Qing Cao
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Waltham MA USA
| | - Maria P. Castaldi
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Waltham MA USA
| | - Adam Hendricks
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Waltham MA USA
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; The Netherlands
| | - Hongming Chen
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg; Mölndal Sweden
| | - Helen Boyd
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg; Mölndal Sweden
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; Germany
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53
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Coskun D, Britto DT, Shi W, Kronzucker HJ. Nitrogen transformations in modern agriculture and the role of biological nitrification inhibition. NATURE PLANTS 2017; 3:17074. [PMID: 28585561 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2017.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen (N)-use efficiency of agricultural plants is notoriously poor. Globally, about 50% of the N fertilizer applied to cropping systems is not absorbed by plants, but lost to the environment as ammonia (NH3), nitrate (NO3-), and nitrous oxide (N2O, a greenhouse gas with 300 times the heat-trapping capacity of carbon dioxide), raising agricultural production costs and contributing to pollution and climate change. These losses are driven by volatilization of NH3 and by a matrix of nitrification and denitrification reactions catalysed by soil microorganisms (chiefly bacteria and archaea). Here, we discuss mitigation of the harmful and wasteful process of agricultural N loss via biological nitrification inhibitors (BNIs) exuded by plant roots. We examine key recent discoveries in the emerging field of BNI research, focusing on BNI compounds and their specificity and transport, and discuss prospects for their role in improving agriculture while reducing its environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Coskun
- Department of Biological Sciences and Canadian Centre for World Hunger Research (CCWHR), University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Dev T Britto
- Department of Biological Sciences and Canadian Centre for World Hunger Research (CCWHR), University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Weiming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Herbert J Kronzucker
- Department of Biological Sciences and Canadian Centre for World Hunger Research (CCWHR), University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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54
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Noar RD, Daub ME. Transcriptome sequencing of Mycosphaerella fijiensis during association with Musa acuminata reveals candidate pathogenicity genes. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:690. [PMID: 27576702 PMCID: PMC5006380 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycosphaerella fijiensis, causative agent of the black Sigatoka disease of banana, is considered the most economically damaging banana disease. Despite its importance, the genetics of pathogenicity are poorly understood. Previous studies have characterized polyketide pathways with possible roles in pathogenicity. To identify additional candidate pathogenicity genes, we compared the transcriptome of this fungus during the necrotrophic phase of infection with that during saprophytic growth in medium. RESULTS Transcriptome analysis was conducted, and the functions of differentially expressed genes were predicted by identifying conserved domains, Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and GO enrichment analysis, Carbohydrate-Active EnZymes (CAZy) annotation, and identification of genes encoding effector-like proteins. The analysis showed that genes commonly involved in secondary metabolism have higher expression in infected leaf tissue, including genes encoding cytochrome P450s, short-chain dehydrogenases, and oxidoreductases in the 2-oxoglutarate and Fe(II)-dependent oxygenase superfamily. Other pathogenicity-related genes with higher expression in infected leaf tissue include genes encoding salicylate hydroxylase-like proteins, hydrophobic surface binding proteins, CFEM domain-containing proteins, and genes encoding secreted cysteine-rich proteins characteristic of effectors. More genes encoding amino acid transporters, oligopeptide transporters, peptidases, proteases, proteinases, sugar transporters, and proteins containing Domain of Unknown Function (DUF) 3328 had higher expression in infected leaf tissue, while more genes encoding inhibitors of peptidases and proteinases had higher expression in medium. Sixteen gene clusters with higher expression in leaf tissue were identified including clusters for the synthesis of a non-ribosomal peptide. A cluster encoding a novel fusicoccane was also identified. Two putative dispensable scaffolds were identified with a large proportion of genes with higher expression in infected leaf tissue, suggesting that they may play a role in pathogenicity. For two other scaffolds, no transcripts were detected in either condition, and PCR assays support the hypothesis that at least one of these scaffolds corresponds to a dispensable chromosome that is not required for survival or pathogenicity. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed major changes in the transcriptome of Mycosphaerella fijiensis, when associating with its host compared to during saprophytic growth in medium. This analysis identified putative pathogenicity genes and also provides support for the existence of dispensable chromosomes in this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roslyn D. Noar
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7616 USA
| | - Margaret E. Daub
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7612 USA
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55
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Islam MT, da Mata AMOF, de Aguiar RPS, Paz MFCJ, de Alencar MVOB, Ferreira PMP, de Carvalho Melo-Cavalcante AA. Therapeutic Potential of Essential Oils Focusing on Diterpenes. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1420-44. [PMID: 27307034 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Among all plant derivates, essential oils (EOs) have gained the attention of many scientists. Diterpenes, a family of components present in some EO, are becoming a milestone in the EOs world. The goal of this review is to describe a scenario of diterpenes taking into health-consumption deportment. Previous studies revealed that diterpenes have antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, antiprotozoal, cytotoxic, anticancer, antigenotoxic, antimutagenic, chemopreventive, antiinflammatory, antinociceptive, immunostimulatory, organoprotective, antidiabetic, lipid-lowering, antiallergic, antiplatelet, antithrombotic, and antitoxin activities. In conclusion, diterpenes may be an immense featuring concern in pharmaceutical consumption from a drug discovery point of view. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Torequl Islam
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil.,Post-graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacy, Southern University Bangladesh, 22-Shahid Mirza Lane (E), Academic Building-II, 1st floor, 739/A, Mehedibag Road, Mehedibag-4000, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | | | - Raí Pablo Sousa de Aguiar
- Post-graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | - Marcia Fernanda Correia Jardim Paz
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil.,Post-graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Oliveira Barros de Alencar
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil.,Post-graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | - Paulo Michel Pinheiro Ferreira
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil.,Post-graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil.,Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | - Ana Amélia de Carvalho Melo-Cavalcante
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil.,Post-graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil
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56
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Chen M, Chou WKW, Toyomasu T, Cane DE, Christianson DW. Structure and Function of Fusicoccadiene Synthase, a Hexameric Bifunctional Diterpene Synthase. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:889-99. [PMID: 26734760 PMCID: PMC4833508 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fusicoccin A is a diterpene glucoside phytotoxin generated by the fungal pathogen Phomopsis amygdali that causes the plant disease constriction canker, first discovered in New Jersey peach orchards in the 1930s. Fusicoccin A is also an emerging new lead in cancer chemotherapy. The hydrocarbon precursor of fusicoccin A is the tricyclic diterpene fusicoccadiene, which is generated by a bifunctional terpenoid synthase. Here, we report X-ray crystal structures of the individual catalytic domains of fusicoccadiene synthase: the C-terminal domain is a chain elongation enzyme that generates geranylgeranyl diphosphate, and the N-terminal domain catalyzes the cyclization of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to form fusicoccadiene. Crystal structures of each domain complexed with bisphosphonate substrate analogues suggest that three metal ions and three positively charged amino acid side chains trigger substrate ionization in each active site. While in vitro incubations reveal that the cyclase domain can utilize farnesyl diphosphate and geranyl diphosphate as surrogate substrates, these shorter isoprenoid diphosphates are mainly converted into acyclic alcohol or hydrocarbon products. Gel filtration chromatography and analytical ultracentrifugation experiments indicate that full-length fusicoccadiene synthase adopts hexameric quaternary structure, and small-angle X-ray scattering data yield a well-defined molecular envelope illustrating a plausible model for hexamer assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengbin Chen
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104-6323, United States
| | - Wayne K. W. Chou
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Box H, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, United States
| | - Tomonobu Toyomasu
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Wakaba-cho 1-23, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - David E. Cane
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Box H, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, United States
| | - David W. Christianson
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104-6323, United States
- Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
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Tang Y, Xue Y, Du G, Wang J, Liu J, Sun B, Li XN, Yao G, Luo Z, Zhang Y. Structural Revisions of a Class of Natural Products: Scaffolds of Aglycon Analogues of Fusicoccins and Cotylenins Isolated from Fungi. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:4069-73. [PMID: 26916098 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Yongbo Xue
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation; School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Guang Du
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation; School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Junjun Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation; School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Bin Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation; School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Xiao-Nian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming China
| | - Guangmin Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation; School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Zengwei Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation; School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation; School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
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58
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Tang Y, Xue Y, Du G, Wang J, Liu J, Sun B, Li XN, Yao G, Luo Z, Zhang Y. Structural Revisions of a Class of Natural Products: Scaffolds of Aglycon Analogues of Fusicoccins and Cotylenins Isolated from Fungi. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201600313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Yongbo Xue
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation; School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Guang Du
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation; School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Junjun Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation; School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Bin Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation; School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Xiao-Nian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming China
| | - Guangmin Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation; School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Zengwei Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation; School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation; School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
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Liang XR, Miao FP, Song YP, Guo ZY, Ji NY. Trichocitrin, a new fusicoccane diterpene from the marine brown alga-endophytic fungus Trichoderma citrinoviride cf-27. Nat Prod Res 2016; 30:1605-10. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1126264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Rui Liang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- Department of Basic Sciences, Naval Aeronautical and Astronautical University, Yantai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Ping Miao
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Yin-Ping Song
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhan-Yong Guo
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Nai-Yun Ji
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
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Wu YH, Chen GD, He RR, Wang CX, Hu D, Wang GQ, Guo LD, Yao XS, Gao H. Pericolactines A-C, a New Class of Diterpenoid Alkaloids with Unusual Tetracyclic Skeleton. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17082. [PMID: 26611465 PMCID: PMC4661464 DOI: 10.1038/srep17082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusicoccane diterpenoids usually possess a fused 5-8-5 tricyclic ring system, which are biogenetically generated from geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP). In our report, three novel diterpenoid alkaloids with fusicoccane skeleton, pericolactines A-C (1-3), were isolated from Periconia sp.. Their structures with absolute configurations were determined by spectroscopic analyses and quantum chemical ECD calculation. Pericolactines A-C (1-3) are a new class of diterpenoid alkaloids with an unusual fused 5-5-8-5 tetracyclic ring system, which derive from a geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP) and serine conjugated biosynthesis. They belong to the atypical diterpenoid alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Hua Wu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-Dong Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong-Rong He
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Xi Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Hu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gao-Qian Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang-Dong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
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Serrano-Posada H, Centeno-Leija S, Rojas-Trejo S, Stojanoff V, Rodríguez-Sanoja R, Rudiño-Piñera E, Sánchez S. Crystallization and X-ray diffraction analysis of a putative bacterial class I labdane-related diterpene synthase. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2015; 71:1194-9. [PMID: 26323307 PMCID: PMC4555928 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x15014363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Labdane-related diterpenoids are natural products with potential pharmaceutical applications that are rarely found in bacteria. Here, a putative class I labdane-related diterpene synthase (LrdC) identified by genome mining in a streptomycete was successfully crystallized using the microbatch method. Crystals of the LrdC enzyme were obtained in a holo form with its natural cofactor Mg(2+) (LrdC-Mg(2+)) and in complex with inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) (LrdC-Mg(2+)-PPi). Crystals of native LrdC-Mg(2+) diffracted to 2.50 Å resolution and belonged to the trigonal space group P3221, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 107.1, c = 89.2 Å. Crystals of the LrdC-Mg(2+)-PPi complex grown in the same conditions as the native enzyme with PEG 8000 diffracted to 2.36 Å resolution and also belonged to the trigonal space group P3221. Crystals of the LrdC-Mg(2+)-PPi complex grown in a second crystallization condition with PEG 3350 diffracted to 2.57 Å resolution and belonged to the monoclinic space group P21, with unit-cell parameters a = 49.9, b = 104.1, c = 66.5 Å, β = 111.4°. The structure was determined by the single-wavelength anomalous dispersion (SAD) technique using the osmium signal from a potassium hexachloroosmate (IV) derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Serrano-Posada
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México, DF, Mexico
| | - Sara Centeno-Leija
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México, DF, Mexico
| | - Sonia Rojas-Trejo
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, 62210 Cuernavaca, MOR, Mexico
| | - Vivian Stojanoff
- NSLS, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 75 Brookhaven Avenue, Building 725D, Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA
| | - Romina Rodríguez-Sanoja
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México, DF, Mexico
| | - Enrique Rudiño-Piñera
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, 62210 Cuernavaca, MOR, Mexico
| | - Sergio Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México, DF, Mexico
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Subbarao GV, Yoshihashi T, Worthington M, Nakahara K, Ando Y, Sahrawat KL, Rao IM, Lata JC, Kishii M, Braun HJ. Suppression of soil nitrification by plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 233:155-164. [PMID: 25711823 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitrification, the biological oxidation of ammonium to nitrate, weakens the soil's ability to retain N and facilitates N-losses from production agriculture through nitrate-leaching and denitrification. This process has a profound influence on what form of mineral-N is absorbed, used by plants, and retained in the soil, or lost to the environment, which in turn affects N-cycling, N-use efficiency (NUE) and ecosystem health and services. As reactive-N is often the most limiting in natural ecosystems, plants have acquired a range of mechanisms that suppress soil-nitrifier activity to limit N-losses via N-leaching and denitrification. Plants' ability to produce and release nitrification inhibitors from roots and suppress soil-nitrifier activity is termed 'biological nitrification inhibition' (BNI). With recent developments in methodology for in-situ measurement of nitrification inhibition, it is now possible to characterize BNI function in plants. This review assesses the current status of our understanding of the production and release of biological nitrification inhibitors (BNIs) and their potential in improving NUE in agriculture. A suite of genetic, soil and environmental factors regulate BNI activity in plants. BNI-function can be genetically exploited to improve the BNI-capacity of major food- and feed-crops to develop next-generation production systems with reduced nitrification and N2O emission rates to benefit both agriculture and the environment. The feasibility of such an approach is discussed based on the progresses made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guntur Venkata Subbarao
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan.
| | - Tadashi Yoshihashi
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiko Nakahara
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ando
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan
| | - Kanwar Lal Sahrawat
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Jean-Christophe Lata
- Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR 7618, InstitutiEESParis, Ecole Normale Superieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75230 Paris Cedex, France; Department of Geoecology and Geochemistry, Institute of Natural Resources, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenin Street, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Masahiro Kishii
- CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center), Apdo Postal 6-641, 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - Hans-Joachim Braun
- CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center), Apdo Postal 6-641, 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico
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63
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Urabe D, Asaba T, Inoue M. Convergent Strategies in Total Syntheses of Complex Terpenoids. Chem Rev 2015; 115:9207-31. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500716f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Urabe
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Taro Asaba
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masayuki Inoue
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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64
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Small molecules, peptides and natural products: getting a grip on 14-3-3 protein-protein modulation. Future Med Chem 2015; 6:903-21. [PMID: 24962282 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the proteins that is found in a diverse range of eukaryotic protein-protein interactions is the adaptor protein 14-3-3. As 14-3-3 is a hub protein with very diverse interactions, it is a good model to study various protein-protein interactions. A wide range of classes of molecules, peptides, small molecules or natural products, has been used to modify the protein interactions, providing both stabilization or inhibition of the interactions of 14-3-3 with its binding partners. The first protein crystal structures were solved in 1995 and gave molecular insights for further research. The plant analog of 14-3-3 binds to a plant plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase and this protein complex is stabilized by the fungal phytotoxin fusicoccin A. The knowledge gained from the process in plants was transferred to and applied in human models to find stabilizers or inhibitors of 14-3-3 interaction in human cellular pathways.
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65
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Giordanetto F, Schäfer A, Ottmann C. Stabilization of protein–protein interactions by small molecules. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1812-1821. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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66
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McLachlan DH, Kopischke M, Robatzek S. Gate control: guard cell regulation by microbial stress. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:1049-1063. [PMID: 25040778 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial plants rely on stomata, small pores in the leaf surface, for photosynthetic gas exchange and transpiration of water. The stomata, formed by a pair of guard cells, dynamically increase and decrease their volume to control the pore size in response to environmental cues. Stresses can trigger similar or opposing movements: for example, drought induces closure of stomata, whereas many pathogens exploit stomata and cause them to open to facilitate entry into plant tissues. The latter is an active process as stomatal closure is part of the plant's immune response. Stomatal research has contributed much to clarify the signalling pathways of abiotic stress, but guard cell signalling in response to microbes is a relatively new area of research. In this article, we discuss present knowledge of stomatal regulation in response to microbes and highlight common points of convergence, and differences, compared to stomatal regulation by abiotic stresses. We also expand on the mechanisms by which pathogens manipulate these processes to promote disease, for example by delivering effectors to inhibit closure or trigger opening of stomata. The study of pathogen effectors in stomatal manipulation will aid our understanding of guard cell signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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67
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Janke R, Görner C, Hirte M, Brück T, Loll B. The first structure of a bacterial diterpene cyclase: CotB2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 70:1528-37. [PMID: 24914964 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004714005513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes and diterpenes are a diverse class of secondary metabolites that are predominantly derived from plants and some prokaryotes. The properties of these natural products encompass antitumor, antibiotic and even insecticidal activities. Therefore, they are interesting commercial targets for the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Owing to their structural complexity, these compounds are more efficiently accessed by metabolic engineering of microbial systems than by chemical synthesis. This work presents the first crystal structure of a bacterial diterpene cyclase, CotB2 from the soil bacterium Streptomyces melanosporofaciens, at 1.64 Å resolution. CotB2 is a diterpene cyclase that catalyzes the cyclization of the linear geranylgeranyl diphosphate to the tricyclic cyclooctat-9-en-7-ol. The subsequent oxidation of cyclooctat-9-en-7-ol by two cytochrome P450 monooxygenases leads to bioactive cyclooctatin. Plasticity residues that decorate the active site of CotB2 have been mutated, resulting in alternative monocyclic, dicyclic and tricyclic compounds that show bioactivity. These new compounds shed new light on diterpene cyclase reaction mechanisms. Furthermore, the product of mutant CotB2(W288G) produced the new antibiotic compound (1R,3E,7E,11S,12S)-3,7,18-dolabellatriene, which acts specifically against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. This opens a sustainable route for the industrial-scale production of this bioactive compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Janke
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Abteilung Strukturbiochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Görner
- Fachgebiet Industrielle Biokatalyse, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Max Hirte
- Fachgebiet Industrielle Biokatalyse, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Brück
- Fachgebiet Industrielle Biokatalyse, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Bernhard Loll
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Abteilung Strukturbiochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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68
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Milroy LG, Grossmann TN, Hennig S, Brunsveld L, Ottmann C. Modulators of Protein–Protein Interactions. Chem Rev 2014; 114:4695-748. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400698c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lech-Gustav Milroy
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech
2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tom N. Grossmann
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Otto-Hahn Straße 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sven Hennig
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Otto-Hahn Straße 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech
2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech
2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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69
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Schmidt-Dannert C. Biosynthesis of terpenoid natural products in fungi. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 148:19-61. [PMID: 25414054 DOI: 10.1007/10_2014_283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tens of thousands of terpenoid natural products have been isolated from plants and microbial sources. Higher fungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) are known to produce an array of well-known terpenoid natural products, including mycotoxins, antibiotics, antitumor compounds, and phytohormones. Except for a few well-studied fungal biosynthetic pathways, the majority of genes and biosynthetic pathways responsible for the biosynthesis of a small number of these secondary metabolites have only been discovered and characterized in the past 5-10 years. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on fungal terpenoid biosynthesis from biochemical, genetic, and genomic viewpoints. Enzymes involved in synthesizing, transferring, and cyclizing the prenyl chains that form the hydrocarbon scaffolds of fungal terpenoid natural products are systematically discussed. Genomic information and functional evidence suggest differences between the terpenome of the two major fungal phyla--the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota--which will be illustrated for each group of terpenoid natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schmidt-Dannert
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minneapolis, MN, 55108, USA,
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70
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Görner C, Häuslein I, Schrepfer P, Eisenreich W, Brück T. Targeted Engineering of Cyclooctat-9-en-7-ol Synthase: A Stereospecific Access to Two New Non-natural Fusicoccane-Type Diterpenes. ChemCatChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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71
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Interaction of 14-3-3 proteins with the estrogen receptor alpha F domain provides a drug target interface. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:8894-9. [PMID: 23676274 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1220809110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes, including breast cancer. Breast cancer therapy is therefore currently directed at inhibiting the transcriptional potency of ERα, either by blocking estrogen production through aromatase inhibitors or antiestrogens that compete for hormone binding. Due to resistance, new treatment modalities are needed and as ERα dimerization is essential for its activity, interference with receptor dimerization offers a new opportunity to exploit in drug design. Here we describe a unique mechanism of how ERα dimerization is negatively controlled by interaction with 14-3-3 proteins at the extreme C terminus of the receptor. Moreover, the small-molecule fusicoccin (FC) stabilizes this ERα/14-3-3 interaction. Cocrystallization of the trimeric ERα/14-3-3/FC complex provides the structural basis for this stabilization and shows the importance of phosphorylation of the penultimate Threonine (ERα-T(594)) for high-affinity interaction. We confirm that T(594) is a distinct ERα phosphorylation site in the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 using a phospho-T(594)-specific antibody and by mass spectrometry. In line with its ERα/14-3-3 interaction stabilizing effect, fusicoccin reduces the estradiol-stimulated ERα dimerization, inhibits ERα/chromatin interactions and downstream gene expression, resulting in decreased cell proliferation. Herewith, a unique functional phosphosite and an alternative regulation mechanism of ERα are provided, together with a small molecule that selectively targets this ERα/14-3-3 interface.
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72
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Anders C, Higuchi Y, Koschinsky K, Bartel M, Schumacher B, Thiel P, Nitta H, Preisig-Müller R, Schlichthörl G, Renigunta V, Ohkanda J, Daut J, Kato N, Ottmann C. A Semisynthetic Fusicoccane Stabilizes a Protein-Protein Interaction and Enhances the Expression of K+ Channels at the Cell Surface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:583-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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73
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Mousa WK, Raizada MN. The diversity of anti-microbial secondary metabolites produced by fungal endophytes: an interdisciplinary perspective. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:65. [PMID: 23543048 PMCID: PMC3608919 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytes are microbes that inhabit host plants without causing disease and are reported to be reservoirs of metabolites that combat microbes and other pathogens. Here we review diverse classes of secondary metabolites, focusing on anti-microbial compounds, synthesized by fungal endophytes including terpenoids, alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, aliphatic compounds, polyketides, and peptides from the interdisciplinary perspectives of biochemistry, genetics, fungal biology, host plant biology, human and plant pathology. Several trends were apparent. First, host plants are often investigated for endophytes when there is prior indigenous knowledge concerning human medicinal uses (e.g., Chinese herbs). However, within their native ecosystems, and where investigated, endophytes were shown to produce compounds that target pathogens of the host plant. In a few examples, both fungal endophytes and their hosts were reported to produce the same compounds. Terpenoids and polyketides are the most purified anti-microbial secondary metabolites from endophytes, while flavonoids and lignans are rare. Examples are provided where fungal genes encoding anti-microbial compounds are clustered on chromosomes. As different genera of fungi can produce the same metabolite, genetic clustering may facilitate sharing of anti-microbial secondary metabolites between fungi. We discuss gaps in the literature and how more interdisciplinary research may lead to new opportunities to develop bio-based commercial products to combat global crop and human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Kamel Mousa
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph Guelph, ON, Canada ; Department of Pharmacognosy, Mansoura University Mansoura, Egypt
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74
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Shafawati MS, Inagaki F, Kawamura T, Mukai C. Syntheses of 6-8-5 tricyclic ring systems by carbonylative [2+2+1] cycloaddition of bis(allene)s. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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75
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Faulkner C, Robatzek S. Plants and pathogens: putting infection strategies and defence mechanisms on the map. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 15:699-707. [PMID: 22981427 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
All plant organs are vulnerable to colonisation and molecular manipulation by microbes. When this interaction allows proliferation of the microbe at the expense of the host, the microbe can be described as a pathogen. In our attempts to understand the full nature of the interactions that occur between a potential pathogen and its host, various aspects of the molecular mechanisms of infection and defence have begun to be characterised. There is significant variation in these mechanisms. While previous research has examined plant-pathogen interactions with whole plant/organ resolution, the specificity of infection strategies and changes in both gene expression and protein localisation of immune receptors upon infection suggest there is much to be gained from examination of plant-microbe interactions at the cellular level.
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76
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Natural Arabidopsis brx Loss-of-Function Alleles Confer Root Adaptation to Acidic Soil. Curr Biol 2012; 22:1962-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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